1. RAJDHANI INSTITUTE OF
TECHNOLOGY
A
Presentation of Practical Training
on
Unix /Linux system
Presented By :
KULDEEP SHARMA
B.TECH(IT)

2. History Of UNIX & Linux
 1957: Bell Labs found they needed an operating system
which at the time was running various batch jobs.
 1965: Bell Labs create Multics (Multiplexed Information and
Computing Service)
 1969: Summer 1969 UNIX was developed by AT&T
 1975: Sixth edition of UNIX released May 1975
 1985: GNU project started
 1991: Linux is introduced by Linus Benedict Torvalds who
was a second year student of Computer Science at the
University of Helsinki
 1993: NetBSD & FreeBSD released
 1994: Red Hat Linux is introduced

3. Shell
• Program that interacts with kernel
• Bridge between kernel and the user
• Command interpreter
• User can type command and the command is
conveyed to the kernel and it will be executed
Softsmith Infotech

4. Linux Shellls whoami
pwd
 Shell interprets the command and Bash, Tcsh, Zsh
request service from kernel
 Similar to DOS but DOS has only one
set of interface while Linux can select Kernel
different shell
– Bourne Again shell (Bash), TC shell
(Tcsh), Z shell (Zsh)
 Different shell has similar but different functionality
 Bash is the default for Linux
 Graphical user interface of Linux is in fact an application program work on the shell

5. Linux File Types
Normal - Normal file
Directories d Normal directory
Hard link -
Symbolic link l Shortcut to a file or directory
Socket s Pass data between 2 process
Named pipe p Like sockets, user can’t work directly with
Character device c Processes character hw communication
Block device b Major & minor numbers for controling dev.

6. Some of Linux Commands(1)
 echo  man  help  info  ls
 cat  tac  cp  mv  rm
 cd  touch  pwd  mkdir  rmdir
 clear  alias  less  date  logout
 exit  reboot  halt

7. Basic Commands
Commands
• su switch user
• passwd change password
• useradd create new user account
• userdel delete user account
• mount mount file system
• umount unmount file system
• df show disk space usage
• shutdown reboot or turn off machine

8. Some of Linux Commands(3)
 Create Partitions and Filesystem
fdisk, mke2fs, mkfs.*
 Maintain the Integrity of Filesystem
e2fsck, fsck.*, du, df
 Filesystem Mounting & Umounting
mount, umount, /etc/fstab

9. ‘vi’ Powerful Text Editor
• Insert Text
 Insert Mode • Delete  n+dd (Delete)
• dd
• yy  n+yy (Copy)
•p (paste)
 Normal Mode •P (Paste)
•/ (Search)
•w • q!
• v (Visual) (Text Selection)
 Command Mode •q •r
• wq = x • s///

10. All LINUX commands start with the name of the command and
can be followed by options and arguments.
Linux text-based interface
command to show the content of current
directory
The prompt $ shows that bash
shell is using
command to show the content of current
directory with option -al

11. Some of the basic commands you should
learn are the ones that help you navigate
Commands: the file system.
/ (root directory)
/root – home directory of the user root
pwd – you can see your home directory
df – to see disk space available
cd – to change to different directory or to go back to home dir
.. - move to parent directory
ls – list the contents of a directory; Options: -l (more info)
-a (displays hidden files)
-t (sort by time)
-r (oldest first)
Example: ls –ltr : display an long list of files that are sorted by time, display the oldest ones first

12. cp : copy one file to another
rm : remove a file
man : ask for the manual (or help) of a command
e.g. man cd ask for the manual of the command cd
cat : to show the content of a text file
e.g. cat abc.txt show the content of abc.txt
whoami : to show the username of the current user
Directory is denoted by a / (slash) character
Executable program by a *
Hidden file preceded by a . (dot)

13. Permission
Command
• chmod change file mode, add or remove
permission
• chown change owner of the file
Example)
chmod a+w filename
add writable permission to all users
chmod o-x filename
remove executable permission from others
chmod a+x
Gives permission to the usser to execute a file
• u: user (owner), g: group,o: others a: all

14. Process Management
Commands
• kill Stop a program. The program is
specified by process ID.
• killall Stop a program. The program is
specified by command name.
• ps Show process status
• top Show system usage statistics

15. Foreground and Background
• Running job has two modes, “foreground” and “background”
• If program is running as “background”,
the program keeps running even after your session was closed
• If program is running as “foreground”,
Ctrl-C stop program
Ctrl-Z let program background

16. Foreground and Background
• To run programs in background mode, use “&”
[nomura@ssc-1]$ command &
• To get background job back into foreground mode, use “fg”
command.
[nomura@ssc-1]$ fg

17. Why Use Linux?
• Costs less
• Stable
• Reliable
• Extremely powerful

18. The Advantage of Linux
• Low purchase cost
• Open Source Software (OSS)
• UNIX heritage
• Multi User
• Scalability
• Vendor support
• Reliable uptime
• Security
• Logging System
• …

19. The Disadvantage of Linux
• Steep learning curve
• Hardware support
• End-user applications