Martin Luther, a lawyer turned monk, nailed the 95 Theses disputing church abuses to a church door in 1517, sparking the Protestant Reformation. He translated the New Testament to German and was excommunicated in 1521 for his teachings on justification by faith alone. John Calvin formed conservative Calvinism in Switzerland, while Henry VIII established the Church of England after separating from the Catholic Church to divorce his wife. The Council of Trent reaffirmed Catholicism in response and established seminaries for clergy as the divisions between Protestant and Catholic spread across Europe.
2. Martin Luther (1483-1546)
Lawyer
turned monk
Justification by faith
Dispute with Pope Leo X over church
abuses
On October 31st, 1517 Luther nailed
the 95 Theses on the church door in
Wittenberg
3. Luther’s Protest
Church
sold indulgences to pay for St.
Peter’s Basilica
In 1520 Luther was condemned and
his works banned
In 1521 Luther was excommunicated
Translated the New Testament into
German-(significance?)
5. Church of England
Henry
VIII wanted a male heir so he
wanted to divorce his wife, Catherine
Catherine was the Aunt to Charles V,
Holy Roman Emperor
Pope
needed for protection
Henry
passed the Act of Supremacy
in 1534
Separated
from the Catholic Church
6. Church of England
Under
Edward VI, Protestant ideas
entered the Church of England
Mary tried to restore Catholicism
Elizabeth I introduced a moderate
blend of both called Anglicanism.
Puritans wanted to “purify” Church of
England of Catholicism
7. Calvinists (1541)
John
Calvin formed the very
conservative Calvinists in Switzerland
Geneva became a theocracy
God determined events-predestination
Spread quickly
Presbyterians-Scotland
Huguenots-France
Philosophies
led to later revolutions
11. Reaffirming Catholicism
Council
of Trent reaffirmed what
protestants had challenged
Eliminated abuses by clergy and
required them to attend seminary
Latin Vulgate Bible only accepted
Inquisition did more to attack heresy
and instituted censorship to fight the
influx of new ideas
12. Fallout from the
Reformations
Jesuits
helped spread Catholicism
and educated many around the world
Division arose between Catholics and
Protestants-Peace of Augsburg
Many rulers chose Protestantism for
their people as a way to promote the
economy and keep money out of Italy