Martin Luther, a lawyer turned monk, nailed the 95 Theses disputing church abuses to a church door in 1517, sparking the Protestant Reformation. He translated the New Testament to German and was excommunicated in 1521 for his teachings on justification by faith alone. John Calvin formed conservative Calvinism in Switzerland, while Henry VIII established the Church of England after separating from the Catholic Church to divorce his wife. The Council of Trent reaffirmed Catholicism in response and established seminaries for clergy as the divisions between Protestant and Catholic spread across Europe.

1. Protestant
Reformation
Ch. 1
Sec. 3

2. Martin Luther (1483-1546)
 Lawyer
turned monk
 Justification by faith
 Dispute with Pope Leo X over church
abuses
 On October 31st, 1517 Luther nailed
the 95 Theses on the church door in
Wittenberg

3. Luther’s Protest
 Church
sold indulgences to pay for St.
Peter’s Basilica
 In 1520 Luther was condemned and
his works banned
 In 1521 Luther was excommunicated
 Translated the New Testament into
German-(significance?)

4. Spread of
Protestantism
John Calvin
Ch. 1 Sec. 4
Henry VIII

5. Church of England
 Henry
VIII wanted a male heir so he
wanted to divorce his wife, Catherine
 Catherine was the Aunt to Charles V,
Holy Roman Emperor
Pope
needed for protection
 Henry
passed the Act of Supremacy
in 1534
Separated
from the Catholic Church

6. Church of England
 Under
Edward VI, Protestant ideas
entered the Church of England
 Mary tried to restore Catholicism
 Elizabeth I introduced a moderate
blend of both called Anglicanism.
 Puritans wanted to “purify” Church of
England of Catholicism

7. Calvinists (1541)
 John
Calvin formed the very
conservative Calvinists in Switzerland
 Geneva became a theocracy
 God determined events-predestination
 Spread quickly
Presbyterians-Scotland
Huguenots-France
 Philosophies
led to later revolutions

8. Other Protestant
Movements
 Anabaptists
Baptized
as adults
Separate church and state
 Viewed
Led
as radicals
to Mennonites, Amish, Quakers,
Baptists

10. Catholic
Reformation
Ignatius Loyola
Council of Trent

11. Reaffirming Catholicism
 Council
of Trent reaffirmed what
protestants had challenged
 Eliminated abuses by clergy and
required them to attend seminary
 Latin Vulgate Bible only accepted
 Inquisition did more to attack heresy
and instituted censorship to fight the
influx of new ideas

12. Fallout from the
Reformations
 Jesuits
helped spread Catholicism
and educated many around the world
 Division arose between Catholics and
Protestants-Peace of Augsburg
 Many rulers chose Protestantism for
their people as a way to promote the
economy and keep money out of Italy

13. Baroque Art
 Emotion,
complexity,
exaggeration
 Peter Paul Rubensartist
 Lorenzo Bernini-St.
Peter’s Square