conférence au Colloque International Democracy Promotion and Nation Building in United States Foreign Policy. The U.S. Model Reconsidered, From the Post-Cold War Balkans to the Arab Revolts, 18 Octobre 2012, Université Paris 3/The German Marshall Fund of the Unites States

1. SMART POWER,
PHILANTROCAPITALISM
& MOBILE PHONE
Laurence Allard, Communication Studies, IRCAV-Paris
3/Lille 3
http://www.mobactu.fr

2. Global Uses
 Mobile phones: the first global
communication technology.
 Radio and Television = broadcast media only.
 More than 6,2 billions subscribers in 2012.
 75% of world inhabitants have a mobile phone
(World Bank, 2012).
 Africa is the second regional market after the
Americas.
 China and India who are the first global markets
(Wireless Intelligence, sept.2011).
 Penetration rate of 100% in 97 countries and two
thirds covered by mobile telephony network (ITU
sept.2011).
 The rate of Internet penetration in low income
countries grows at 4.6% in 2010.
 Mobile phones diffusion mirrors contemporary
geopolitics.
 Mobile as a factor in the economic and social
emergence of BRICS.
 Penetration rates in BRICs: 70-80% in India /
China 100%+, Brazil, SA.
 In many countries, Internet access mainly or
even only through mobile, Egypt at the time of
the blackout January 27, 2011: 57%.

3. Social Uses &
individualization
 Mobile phone: the first
communications technology
immediately and readily accessible to
women and poor people in history
(not a simple media).
 See “Petite poucette” that sends
SMS with his thumbs" Michel Serres
as a figure symbolizing the mobile
revolution.
 Globalization for several reasons:
Technologies of the self / support for
personal expression
 Technology of individuation :
- for women forced into marriage and
living away from their families = can Maximizing
keep contacts and can be “yourself”. Mobile
- in families living in India for several
generations in the same house: cell (Rapport,
phone number can have a "home" Banque
number that is your personal
address. Mondiale,
 -for young people all around the Juillet
world : tool of autonomy : personal 2012)
number, personal content.

4. Smart Power :
Technological Augmented Influence
 American diplomacy has a long tradition of using communication
technologies to transmit ideas abroad, as was the case with radio
and Voice of America.
 Under President Obama, the State department under the leadership
of Hilary Clinton has directed its diplomatic line around Smart
Power.
 Concept of Smart Power was proposed in 2004 by the president of
the Human Rights Watch organization in opposition to the militarist
policy of the Bush administration.
 In a few words, Smart Power can be defined by selecting tools
depending on the diplomatic, economic, military, political, legal and
cultural situation.
 It can be understood as a variant of Soft Power, advocated by
Joseph Nye in Bound to Lead (Basic Books, 1990), which was
definable ability to influence indirectly through non-coercive means
(structural, cultural or ideological).


5. A new diplomatic courier : Commotion
Project
:
 A lesson of the ArabSpring: When
diplomacy meets Hacktivism.
 Typical Smart Diplomacy’s proiect :
funded at $ 2 million by the Secretary of
State.
 Is to create an internet and cell
autonomous in taking a suitcase to bypass
censorship or cuts as in Egypt.
 This is to allow freedom of expression to
accomplish, “to be able to speak and
communicate with others" in all countries
under censorsphip.
 Technical principles of the project :
-Commotion allow wireless broadband
independent of existing infrastructure
operating on frequencies WIFI
-Software - which can be contained in a USB
key - turns a simple router a PC or
smartphone to send and relay information
to another relay and to the final recipient.

6. La nouvelle valise diplomatique :
le projet Commotion (à passer)
 In addition Commotion integrates
security and anonymity of the
connection with Freedom Box to
transform a basic computer into
secure encrypted server to store
offline videos and other
documents
 Commotion’s project leader,
Sascha Meinrath, therefore
received a grant [from ???] to
develop this device.
 Thus, smart diplomacy
converged to the concern of
historical hacktivists: "information
wants to be free."

7. Short Code 4636
 January 12, 2009 when an earthquake
stroke in Haiti, urgent need for relief
occured.
 Some use the features of the mobile
phone a GIS used called Ushahidi
based on SMS and geolocation, mapping
needs emergency requests for assistance,
missing
 Ushahidi (Swahili for testimony) has been
developed in 2007 by a group of citizens in
Kenya to report on post-election violence.
 One of the developers of the scheme,
David Kobia, was called by a US expert in
crisis mapping, Patrick Meier (Tufts
Fletcher School).
 A grass root project, dubbed “Location
Based Mobile Alerts “ was developed.
 Digicel, a Haitian mobile service provider,
which covers a quarter of the country's
population, set up a single emergency
number with charging $ 5 call the 4636

8. Short Code 4636
Maps can save lives
 Through an SMS gateway run by a start-
up, InSTEDD, working in the field of http://vimeo.com/18394059
technologies for crisis situations and
natural disasters, it was possible for
rescue personnel such as the Red Cross,
but also for U.S. Marines to receive SMS
alert reports, providing details on the
location and the nature of problems:
missing persons, lack of food or water in
orphanages, etc.
 Emergency SMS messages were first
translated from creole into English, French
by two NGOs Samasource and
Crowdflower before being published on a
map of Haiti by a team of volunteers
gathered at the Fletcher School of Law
and Diplomacy.
 Samasource (whose founder recently
received an Innovation Award for the
Empowerment of Women by the
Department of State) and Crowdflower, are
NGOs specializing in equity payment to
the task by refugees or inhabitants of poor
areas.

9. Haiti and Hilary Clinton :
Inaugural speech
 The Crowdsourced map of Haiti has been used by the U.S. Marines sent as a relief
force.
 Department of state secretary Hilary Clinton has expressed a clear awareness
among of the role played by communication technologies in diplomatic action.
 Her speech has given a mobile turn to US diplomacy:
"The technical community has set up interactive maps technology to help us identify
needs and target resources”. Alluding to rescue action in Haiti, she mentioned “ a
seven year old girl and two women [who] were pulled from the rubble of a collapsed
supermarket by an American team of search and rescue texted after calling for help.
“
 In this speech, Hilary Clinton said the need to provide digital technologies to people
to advance democracy and human rights.
 To this purpose, she called for "a partnership between industry and academia to non-
governmental organizations to establish an ongoing effort that will harness the power
of connection technologies and apply them to our diplomatic goals.
Relying on mobile phones, mapping applications and other new tools, we can give
more power to citizens and strengthen our traditional diplomacy. '
(21 January 2010: http://www.state.gov/secretary/rm/2010/01/135519.htm)

10. Afghanistan: mobile field
experiments
 18 million mobile subscribers out of 28 million
inhabitants  "Digital Silk Roads" initiated by the Internet Bar
 52% of households in rural areas Organization/USIP
 44% mobile subscribers
 11% use SMS  85% of Afghans live on their land.
Major conflicts of land ownership after years of
 The U.S. Army has invested $ 113 million for war and expropriation by the Taliban.
civilian communications and developed a mobile
device strategy  Using GPS / SMS to send photos and information
Including $ 50 million to create an independent in a secure database and made ​virtual
network of mobile telephony. Legal assistance in connection with the custom
 USAID took over with programs oriented towards
students, such as an contest on mobile
applications organized in cooperation with the
Afghan Ministry of Education in September 2012.
 "Digital Silk Roads" initiated by the Internet Bar
Organization/USIP
 85% of Afghans live on their land.
Major conflicts of land ownership after years of
war and expropriation by the Taliban.
 Using GPS / SMS to send photos and information
in a secure database and made ​virtual
Legal assistance in connection with the custom

11. Mbanking : dématerialized cash
(to Africa from Afghanistan)
 M PESA Kenya
In Africa, 60% of the 400,000 African M Paisa Afghanistan
villages covered by mobile networks On the model of M-PESA
 5 to 10% of African households unbanked Roshan / Vodafone USAID
(IFRI, 2010)
in 2008.
 M PESA, 2007: Vodafone Foundation and
Western Union ("philanthrocapitalism"). •First mobile money to pay
 Network of approved agents (call box, for the Afghan police and
small shops ...) : 28 000 (2011)
then to the public (electricity
 Proceed to setting the SIM card and
receive a commission credited to their M- payment, pay teatcher,
PESA account. governement employees…)
 M-PESA team 70% of the Kenyan
population today.
•95% non-banked
 $ 14.2 billion in 2011 transited M PESA in population
Kenya •65% mobile penetration
 30% increase in income in rural areas rate
through the financial inclusion and flow of
money formal (Report of Consultative •IVR built as 72% illiterate
Group to Assist the Poor, Oct.2010) population.
•130,000 customers of M-
PAISA in 2010.
•mBanking used here for
security issues related to

12. M-Banking : M-PESA Interface

13. From mBanking to mobile voucher
in humanitarian actions
 Niger, May 2010
 Zain, a leading mobile telecommunications
provider in the Middle East and North Africa and
Concern, a US-based NGO, have teamed up to
set up a money transfer scheme via SMS
 Zain’s Mobile payment called “Zap” : 13,000
women most at risk have benefited a total of
20,000 CFA francs (about € 30.50 or feed a family
for one month) in 116 villages
 Identification card was created for lack of ID
card) as part of this action.
 Code by SMS for each recipient against cash
from a retailer of mobile phone cards to buy food.
 Syria sept.2010
 Pilot Program, through a code sent by SMS,
dematerialized voucher equivalent to $ 30 per
person for two months.
 UN program that allows families to choose the
food and shops.
 Extended to 1,000 Iraqi refugees in Syria to 9,600
families or about 32,500 people based in
Damascus and across the country.

14. Digitizing Food Assistance : Better
Then Cash Alliance
 The next frontier : digitizing food assistance.
 Alliance Better than Cash Alliance.
Through mobile phones and text messages, the Better
than Cash Alliance can deliver digital food vouchers,
or “e-vouchers,” that enable people to buy food from
local markets.
 the World Food Programme (WFP) helped launch the
Better than Cash Alliance. (septembre 2012)
 According to WFP Executive Director Ertharin Cousin,
“By 2015, WFP expects 30 percent of its assistance
programs to be delivered in the form of cash and
digital food.”
 WFP is utilizing MasterCard’s technological platform to
distribute food vouchers through mobile phones and
banking cards. These vouchers can be used at local
markets, thereby bolstering local economies as well.
Such a partnership also facilitates online donations to
WFP.
 Digital Food is already seeing success in providing
humanitarian assistance for refugee Syrian families
who are fleeing into neighboring Lebanon, for
instance. According to WFP
 These initiatives will focus primarily on improving the
welfare of mothers and children, empowering women
while ending malnutrition.

15. Haiti : toward a cashless
society
 NGOs (Mercy Corps) + Bill and Melinda Gates
Foundation) + Bill Clinton Challenge.
 January 2012 : At the time of the earthquake, two
bank branches per 100 000 inhabitants.
 10% of population are unbanked before the
earthquake.
 40% of banks are destroyed during Earthquake
 63% population covered by to mobile phone
subscriptions.
 246,000 people affected and more than 6 million
transferred through these [???] programs.

In the aftermath of the disaster, $ 40 per person
mobile money transfers via using USSD.
 Advantage of paperless cash: 5 days period for
nine days against mobile money distribution with
vouchers.
 Since, shops reconstruction is pegged to the
mobile banking
 July 2012: Exhibition at the British Museum in
London in the room Citi Money Gallery of artifacts
illustrating the transition from Haiti to a "cashless
society."
 August 2012: Cyclone Isaac : government
assistance program for victims sent directly by the
operator Digicel subscribers to TchoTcho Money

16. Mobile Money by USAID
 USAID government Development Agency
launched money supply mobile in late
2011 :
 «This is why the Mobile Solutions team is
so excited about mobile money. All of a
sudden, we live in a world where you do
not need to build a bank to serve families
with financial services. Today, people can
store money safely using their phone, as
well as send money instantaneously to
friends and family in need. It puts the
opportunity to plan for tomorrow quite
literally in the palm of the one’s hand. In a
world with 500,000 bank branches and 4
billion phones, this changes the game.”
 “We’re doing so because we believe that
mobile money not only empowers people
to send money home, save money, pay for
unexpected medical costs, school fees, or
invest in their business, but it also allows
the poor to reclaim a sense of stability,
security, and connection in a world often
characterized by pervasive anxiety,
insecurity, and alienation.”

17. African Market of
Transparency
« I vote I see I send » U.S. Embassy in Guinea supported
 Issue of transparency at the the country's electoral commission in
heart of Obama’s governance.
the implementation of a monitoring
 Open Governement combining program of the first elections since
government transparency and 1958, called “I vote, I see, I send.“
encouraging citizen participation
as "co-producers" of public life.  On the official website of the U.S.
 Open Government Directive of 8 Government, Madam Ambassador
December 2008. explains the ability elections of 27
June 2010 of texting then relayed to
 A policy of transparency that a website where they can be
some radical activists have taken
very seriously at both the U.S. analyzed by observers and voters.
itself as the Sunlight Foundation,  The purpose of this logistical support,
which conducts an anti lobbies she said, is to support the action of a
but Wikileaks. democratic government in favor of
 US diplomacy was the victim in "more transparency for the future
what some have appointed a economic development of the
“9/11 Foreign Affairs”. country, particularly in the mining and
natural resources (bauxite, iron ore,
gold, diamonds).”
 Note that the Embassy of France has
been associated with this program

18. Market of Transparency :
From Serbia to Kenya
 Note that there is a tradition of
monitoring elections carried by major
U.S. organizations such as
National Democratic Institute (NDI),
chaired by Madeleine Albright.
 Implementation of monitoring
elections in financially and technically
assist local organizations and
political parties to organize.
 Monitoring elections to establish the
conditions for a popular movement to
defend the victory gained by the polls
Serbia after the anti-Milosevic
protests.
 The new idea here is to consider
Africa as a hotbed of technological
innovations especially with mobile
payment via SMS or mapping
systems like Ushahidi (2008).

19. African Market of
Transparency :

Accountability Culture
We can speak of an injunction foreign  As part of this culture of accountability
investors transparency including Sub-
Saharan Africa.  Mobile phone can be considered as an
ideal tool for accountability
 This implies in particular the transparency  It allows functions through SMS but
publicizing issues of electoral fraud and also cameras, answering machines,
violence through communication GPS and mobile internet now make
technologies. problems visible and public in various
 The goal is to empower the governors and forms:
the governed. SMS reports circulating at the speed of
 Explicitly include the symposium entitled a text, photos or videos stored on a
“From Impunity to Accountability: Africa's memory card, phone messages can be
Development in the 21st Century” at the sent in real time to other observers or
New School of New York (Ford Foundation posted on the Internet, located tweets
including financial support) in November sent across the web etc..
2010:
It was to discuss "issues of African
development in countries that are fighting Dispositif SMS
poverty, protecting human rights, but also
increase the accountability of electoral –Carto /
systems and the management of Elections
international aid. ". Ghana 7 déc.
2012/CODEO/U
SAID

20. African Market of transparency :
Tech For Transparency
Network
 ideology of transparency equipped with Monitoring of elections by the people and citizens
technology controls the process of a website that in emerging democracies in Africa has intensified
exists in Kenya since 2005.
in the example of Ushahidi developers in Kenya.
 This is a site for citizen oversight of parliament, (see the map of Haiti)
and Mzalando Watch was initiated at the time by
the inhabitants of the country in the absence of  In Liberia, October 2011, device monitoring and
official website. (Mzalando signifaint "patriot" in reporting of election by the citizens helped NDI.
Swahili)
This site participates with other initiatives in the SMS reports on the voting process and possible
world of Tech for Transparency project. fraud: no opportunity to vote, ballots for
http://www.diploweb.com/Geopolitique-des- candidates who fail ...) but also irregularities
fondations.html during the campaign (harassment, illegal certain
 This network is supported by Omidyar Networks, actions, hatred ...) especially can report problems
the founder of eBay. Omidyar Network ((we'll post-election violence, ranging from arrests to
come back at the end of his journey on model)
murders.
 Omidyar Networks has created an investment
fund to incubate in SSA initiatives focused on
"technology that give citizens the tools that
governments take into account.
 During the Summit of September 2010, the
Clinton Global Initiative, founded in 2005 by
former President Bill Clinton to help the works of
economic globalization, the Foundation Omidyar
Network has announced $ 55 million, including $
25 million dedicated to innovation in the mobile
domain.
 Among other projects already supported by this
foundation, we can mention FrontlineSMS, SMS
gateway dedicated to communication and NGOs
recalls associated with the Ushahidi platform.

21. Apps4Africa : Diplomacy,
Economy, Art
 American diplomacy using new tools such
as mobile phones for mobile banking or to
monitor elections.
 It also means supporting economic
cooperation between different actors, the
people behind these tools, innovators and
entrepreneurs themselves.
 "We know that entrepreneurs are likely to
want to spend part of their business
expertise to solve problems in the world,
but they often do not know how.To fill this
gap, we approach new public-private
partnerships that link the field experience
of our diplomats and development
specialists and resources of the business
community. “ (Hilary Clinton, Speech of 18
October 2010: http://bit.ly/exKJoU)
 Goldman Sachs report of March 2012
"Africa Turn" comparing buisiness
opportunities with Africa with those of
China in the early 1990s.
http://www.fusioninvestmentsltd.com/downl
oads/gs_research_africas_turn.pdf
 Other kind of recognition: the artistic
consecration with a mention at Ars
Electronica 2012 iHub Nairobi: Kenyan
start-up incubator

22. Apps for Women!
 Economic development model of mobile
innovation supported by American
diplomacy:  Note a strong orientation towards women in
 Model contest of mobile applications. these contests Apps4Africa.
 Contest typical governance Obama to  Issue of gender gap, that is to say 300 million
associate citizens and developers an open differential between men and women in the
and mobile government concerned with world according to the report of the Cherie Blair
transparency Foundation, GSMA.
 For example, “Apps4Democracy” based on  Women are 21% less equipped than men in
open data from data.gov developing countries: less than 23% in Africa,
 Apps4Africa launched in July 2010 in 24% in the Middle East and 37% in South Asia.
Nairobi, Kenya, by the Secretary for Public  Some studies show, for example, in India, the
Diplomacy Judith McHale, engaging mobile access allows for greater financial
twenty proposals Kenya, Rwanda, Uganda autonomy and correspond to five years of
and Tanzania.
additional education.
 Tech4Women étendu à de nombreux pays
africains en mars 2012 : « Launched by  BOP Apps Challenge mWomen competition
Secretary of State Hillary Rodham Clinton organized by the GMSA whose aim is to create
in 2011, TechWomen builds on her vision applications specific to women in poor
of “smart power” diplomacy. It embraces countries.
the full range of diplomatic tools, in this  Hilary Clinton in announcing his support for this
case technology, to bring people together project reminds us that "the mobile phone is
for greater understanding and empower
women and girls worldwide.” also a gateway to information and education.
 Next Drop rewarded in 2011: application to
locate drinking water in India

23. Innovating Financial Services for Women :
mBanking + mHealth=Mamabika
 Mamabika: winner application of Apps4Africa
contest in 2010
 Mamakiba, offers pregnant women in the slums of
Nairobi to give birth in a clinic for 9 months by
saving the amount required = service health
savings.
 Of 38, 6 million Kenyans 700,000 only have
health insurance.
 The money saved is paid into an account and
that M-PESA is SMS payment amount and
account balance are notified.
 The idea of ​crossing mHealth service and
mBanking came to founder observing that some
women gave birth not to have clinical fault at the
time of delivery of the money needed to pay.
 This service acts as a "savings calculator" for 9
months and is associated with a social venture
called Jacaranda, which includes a health
program aimed at pregnant women.
 When a mobile savings account is opened for the
costs of clinic, women should also go to the four
prenatal visits provided by WHO.

24. Beyond Smart Power, a buisiness
model named
« philanthropocapitalism »
 One of the most important players in the world of
philanthropy phone today is Bill Gates.
 He believes that we should not sell computers in poor
countries but there is a great need to use mobile
phones to save lives.
And particularly in the field of mHealth that occurs
through competition for public health applications of
the fight against HIV, malaria, tuberculosis ...) towards
poor countries.
 These projects naturally turn mobile Windows Mobile
and Nokia, present in most LDCs and developing
countries.
In France, around three projects supported polio
vaccines and genetic mechanisms of tuberculosis
(Institut Pasteur and Inserm)

25. Beyond Smart Power, a buisiness
model named
« philanthropocapitalism »
 The Melinda and Bill Gates Foundation was founded in 1994 and
now has a capital of 66 billion (2/3 of the world have a GDP less
than this amount).
To qualify for the tax exemption of foundations in the U.S., at least
5% of assets must be spent on donations.
 Remaining 95% are invested in profitable activities.
 In 2009, the BMGF has brought more than $ 3 billion in grants and
$ 409 million in operating expenses, primarily for projects to
improve the lives of poor people living in developing countries.
 Some analysts believe that in the field of public health, from the
government of the United States itself, no donor is as influential as
the Gates Foundation. (Health Diplomacy).
 The foundation more than doubled its initial background becoming
the largest charitable institution through the donation of more than $
30 billion in 2006 made ​him the second richest man in the world,
Warren Buffet, the billionaire who has proposed in August 2011,
when the debt crisis that the highest American fortunes are still
taxed more.

26. Philanthropocapitalism : a new
buisiness model ?
 The meeting Bill Gates / Warren Buffet inspired Matthew Bishop, bureau chief of The
Economist in New York, the key concept of "philanthrocapitalism" to formalize the
meeting between major causes and bargains.
 According to the author of the book written with Michael Green,
“Philanthrocapitalism: How the Rich Can Save the World”(Bloomsbury Press, 2008),
Buffet and Gates require a new approach to philanthropy in their social and
humanitarian activities.
 They are based on a partnership between business, charities and governments.
 Then, the ompany may be "the greatest force for good in the world" when states cut
social spending and often take less risk that can not stand these new philanthropic
organizations.
"Giving" could well become the biggest lever for change in the world.
 These new philanthropists should be understood as social investors within the
meaning of the word.
 They are detached from the act of charity that animated the first industrial
foundations as Andrew Carnegie and John D. Rockefeller.

27. Map of projects supported
by the BMGF

28. Philanthropocapitalism : a new buisiness model
blurring distinction between profit and non-profit.
 Pierre Omydar written for the Harvard Buisness Review article
clearly explaining the principles of its economic model hybridizing
profit and non profit philanthropy in a new innovation-oriented.
Omydar Pierre, "How I Did It: EBay's Founder on Innovating the
Business Model of Social Change" in Harvard Business Review,
September 2011
http://www.forimpact.org/downloads/hbr_innovatingbusinessmodel_
082311.pdf
 Omydar tells how he won a lot of money with the IPO of Ebay and it
has created a philanthropic foundation because he did not need the
money for himself.
 After a few years, it seemed necessary to "professionalize" its
foundation.
He eventually abandon the model foundation to create a society
that mixes Networks Omydar to-profit and philanthropic using the
tools of business management in the field of non-profit.

29. Mobile Phone : a new
chronometer for philantrocapitalism
?
 In the business culture of philanthropocapitalism, technologies are widely used to examine the
contribution to returns.
 In this context, the phone seems to philanthropocapitalism the equivalent of chronometer to
Taylorism.
 The mobile sector is therefore a good investment because is a good tool for reporting and hence
accountability of philanthropic giving.
 With features of SMS, cameraphone, GPS and mobile internet, mobile phone is the tool of
accountability makes it visible and public problems in different forms.
 Through SMS reports sent to public health projects or mapped through election monitoring, the
actions supported financially by these foundations are presentable donors.
 Everyone can see that the project is used and how useful it is.
 Digitalizing humanitarian action through communication technologies unfolds when philanthropy
streamlines, where charitable giving is financial investment.
 These new and rich Silicon Valley, these millionaires with their computer firms like Microsoft or
eBay, Marc Abeles had described in his book of 1992 as new philantropists, are sometimes
retired for a few years but seem to decide to conquer emerging economies and the means of
communication is the most popular, namely the mobile phone.
 And in partnership with US diplomacy
 Marc Abeles, Les nouveaux riches : un ethnologue dans la Silicon Valley, Paris, Odile Jacob,
2002

30. «Mobile Phone is the tool of
liberty » (Bill Clinton, Time,
septembre 2012)
 “Morozov argues the State Department's
online democratising efforts have fallen
prey to the same problems that plagued
President George W. Bush's lower-tech
"Freedom Agenda," - his unrealised push
for democracy across the broader Middle
East. "By aligning themselves with internet
companies and organisations, Clinton's
digital diplomats have convinced their
enemies abroad that internet freedom is
another Trojan horse for American
imperialism." He says the State
Department's forging of closer ties with
Silicon Valley - something led largely by
Ross - means that repressive regimes now
see Google, Facebook and Twitter as
tentacles of American foreign policy's
reach, putting all users of those internet
tools under suspicion. Nancy Scola at
TechPresident sees a further problem.
Silicon Valley's close relationships with the
State Department gives the impression of
American contractors being given a leg up
by the US government in foreign lands,
with insufficient thought to local impact.”

31. Digital life of US diplomacy (février
2012)
 On Internets
 125 YouTube
channels with 23
940 subscribers
and12,729,885
million video views
 195 Twitter
accounts and 403
322 followers
 288 Facebook
pages ans 7 530 095
fans.

32. THANKS!