Presentation on the design of learning experiences for science teaching & faculty development for the Washington University Education Research Group. What do students "see" in visualizations? What theories of learning apply?

1. (and use)
Design of learning experiences for
science teaching & faculty
development:
What theories of learning apply?
Liz Dorland
Dec. 2013 for the Education Research Group (ERG)
Washington University in St. Louis
dorland@wustl.edu
(with live links to research, information & resources)

2. What should we teach?
How should we teach it?
How do we decide?
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Theories of Learning
Mapping the Theory Landscape
How many are there? Which is true?
Disciplines, Theorists, Theories
Applications in science and chemistry
Do the same theories apply to students &
faculty?

3. What Theories Underlie the Practice of
Faculty Development?
tinyurl.com/mckeachie

4. AISHE: Emerging issues in the practice of University Learning and Teaching
AISHE: Emerging issues in the practice of University Learning and
Teaching
http://www.aishe.org/readings/2005-1/toc.html
www.aishe.org/readings/2005-1/toc.html

5. Emerging Perspectives on
Learning, Teaching, and Technology
Overview of Learning
Theories and Strategies
From an AECT online
textbook:
Department of
Educational Psychology
and Instructional
Technology, University
of Georgia

6. Learning Paradigms –
Oversimplified - Behaviorist vs
Cognitivist vs Constructivist

7. “Learning Theory” Googled

8. 50+ Theories of Learning
www.instructionaldesign.org/theories/
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ACT (Anderson)
Adult Learning Theory (Cross)
Algo-Heuristic Theory (Landa)
Andragogy (Knowles)
Anchored Instruction
(Bransford-CTGV)
Aptitude-Treatment Interaction
(Cronbach & Snow)
Attribution Theory (Weiner)
Cognitive Dissonance (Festinger)
Cognitive Flexibility (Spiro)
Cognitive Load Theory (Sweller)
Component Display (Merrill)
Conditions of Learning (Gagne)
Connectionism (Thorndike)
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Constructivist Theory (Bruner)
Contiguity Theory (Guthrie)
Conversation Theory (Pask)
Criterion Referenced Instruction
(Mager)
Double Loop Learning (Argyris)
Drive Reduction Theory (Hull)
Dual Coding Theory (Paivio)
Elaboration Theory (Reigeluth)
Experiential Learning (Rogers)
Functional Context (Sticht)
Genetic Epistemology (Piaget)
Gestalt Theory (Wertheimer)
GOMS (Card, Moran & Newell)
GPS (Newell & Simon)

9. 50+ Theories of Learning (2)
www.instructionaldesign.org/theories/
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Information Pickup (Gibson)
Information Processing (Miller)
Lateral Thinking (DeBono)
Levels of Processing (Craik & Lockhart)
Mathematical Learning Theory
(Atkinson)
Mathematical Problem Solving
(Schoenfeld)
Minimalism (Carroll)
Model Centered Instruction & Design
Layering (Gibbons)
Modes of Learning
(Rumelhart & Norman)
Multiple Intelligences (Gardner)
Operant Conditioning (Skinner)
Originality Theory (Maltzman)
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Phenomenonography
(Marton & Entwistle)
Repair Theory (VanLehn)
Script Theory (Schank)
Sign Theory (Tolman)
Situated Learning (Lave)
Soar (Newell et al.)
Social Development (Vygotsky)
Social Learning (Bandura)
Stimulus Sampling (Estes)
Structural Learning (Scandura)
Structure of Intellect (Guilford)
Subsumption Theory (Ausubel)
Symbol Systems (Salomon)
Triarchic Theory (Sternberg)
Transformational Theory (Mezirow)

10. Map of Learning Theories
www.greatmathsteachingideas.com/2013/05/09/infographic-of-learning-theories/

11. Color code zoom: Theorists, Disciplines,Theories, Applications:
infographic-of-learning-theories

12. 5 main theories of learning: summary
of Carleton Reeve’s mapping of
theories:www.bioteams.com/2012/11
/05/the_five_major.html
Summary of Carleton Reeve’s mapping:
www.bioteams.com/2012/11/05/the_five_major.html

13. Who is this man?
“... People with great
passions, people who
“... People with great passions, people who accomplish great deeds, people who possess strong feelings, even
people with great minds and a strong personality, rarely come out of good little boys and girls.”
accomplish great
deeds, people who possess
from Educational Psychology
strong feelings, even people
(a practical manual for teachers) - Lev Vygotsky (1926)
with great minds and a
strong personality, rarely
marxists.anu.edu.au/archive/vygotsky
come out of good little boys
and girls.”
/
from Educational Psychology
(a practical manual for teachers)
Lev Vygotsky (1926)
(first English translation – 1972)
marxists.anu.edu.au/archive/vygotsky/

14. Two-Store or Dual Memory Model
Cognitivist Theory - e.g. Baddeley (1970s)
Control or executive processes regulate
the flow of information throughout the
information processing system…
Control or Executive Processes
Input
Sensory
Register
Working
Memory
Long-term
Memory

15. Alex Johnstone: JCE 1983
How many chunks?
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Miller number 7
Working memory
Chunking
Perception filter
Information
Processing Model
Organic Chem Topics
After repeated attempts

16. Alex Johnstone:
Journal of Chemical Education (1997)
Information Processing Model

17. Kolb’s Experiential Learning
- Based on Dewey & Lewin

18. Illeris:
A Unified
Concept
for Theories of
Learning?

19. DNA Images:
What do students see?

20. Google Images: “NaCl dissolving”

21. Representational Competence &
Multiple Representations
are these the
Same or
Different?
Tom Greenbowe
Roy Tasker

22. Levels of Representation
Macroscopic (water) – Symbolic (formula) – Sub-microscopic (molecule)
Symbolic
H2O
Macroscopic
Sub-Microscopic

23. “Dissolving NaCl” - add salt to water
Run web animation: NCSSM Chapter5-Animations/Dissolving_NaCl-Electrolyte
Screenshots from NCSSM C.O.R.E. - Chemistry Online Resource Essentials
North Carolina School of Science and Mathematics

24. “Dissolving NaCl” - salt dissolves
Animation from NCSSM (2007)
Screenshots from NCSSM Animation (2007)

25. “Dissolving NaCl”
H2O solvates Na+ & Cl- ions
Screenshots from NCSSM Animation (2007)

26. “Dissolving NaCl”- ions hydrated
Animation from NCSSM (2007)
Screenshots from NCSSM Animation (2007)

27. “Dissolving NaCl” – Solution
Animation from NCSSM (2007)
Screenshots from NCSSM Animation (2007)

28. “Dissolving NaCl” - Water or Salt Water?
Animation from NCSSM (2007)
Screenshots from NCSSM Animation (2007)

29. What do students see?
Mixing Polar and Non-Polar Liquids
Animation
Run NCSS Web-based Animation: Polar vs Non-Polar

30. What do students see?
Do hexane and water mix (dissolve)?
Animation
Screenshots from NCSSM Animation (2007)

31. What do students see?
See the layers? Which is more dense?
Play Animation of Polar and Non-Polar in Solution

34. Student Drawings (Chiu & Linn – JSE&T)
Increased connections among symbolic and molecular
representations, limiting reactants, and conservation of mass
If only the molecules shown
in the closed container
KR
below react according to
the equation, draw the
expected products in the
box to the right:
RB
2S + 3O2 -> 2SO3
BW
Pretest
Post test
(1)
(1)
(2)
Draw the container after the reaction.

35. Ionization Energies & The Periodic Table
Ionization Energies Movie: www.rsc.org/chemsoc/visualelements/anim/ioniz.mov
Element Movies (from H): www.periodicvideos.com/videos/001.htm
Periodic Table Trends: www.rsc.org/periodic-table/trends/
Are Videos Effective?

36. “She Calls It ‘Phenomena’
Everyone Else Calls It Art”
Felice Frankel, NYT June 2007
2001 speaker: Visualization in Sci & Edu GRC

37. MIT-NSF: “Picturing to Learn”
web.mit.edu/i-m/picturing/pict_students.html
“We compared scores on the final exams 2004 vs 2005 and saw
evidence in support of deeper understanding of concepts addressed
in the picturing homework assignments.”

38. Donald Sadoway, MIT (with Felice Frankel)
Department of Materials Science and Engineering
web.mit.edu/i-m/picturing/pict_stu04.html
web.mit.edu/i-m/assets/picturing/mari.mov (QT)
Student Animations of their Understanding of Polymerization

39. 2003 & 2009 GRC Speaker
Barbara Tversky, Psychology
Stanford & Columbia University
“Animation, Does it Facilitate Learning?”
www-psych.stanford.edu/~bt/
Diagrams: www-psych.stanford.edu/~bt/diagrams/papers/
Space: www-psych.stanford.edu/~bt/space/papers/
Events: www-psych.stanford.edu/~bt/events/papers/
• Animations have not been proven more effective than equivalent
static graphics.
• Animations that are invented and used in exploring phenomena and
data, often by experts in pursuit of understanding, may be effective.
• Creating animations may confer benefits to the creators.
• Expertise in the specific content and animation may make some
animations effective.

40. What should we teach?
How should we teach it?
How do we decide?
What’s your theory??
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•
•
Theories of Learning
Mapping the Theory Landscape
How many are there? Which is true?
Disciplines, Theorists, Theories
Applications in science and chemistry
Do the same theories apply to students & faculty?

41. Learning & Instruction
Cognition & Instruction
Journal of Research in Science Teaching
International Journal of Science Education
Applied Cognitive Psychology
Journal of the Learning Sciences
Cognitive Science
Learning Theory in Research Journals
Ed. Technology Research & Development
Journal of Science, Ed & Technology
British Journal of Educational Technology
Technology, Pedagogy and Education
Canadian J of Learning Technology
Computers & Human Behavior
Learning, Media & Technology
Liz Dorland
Washington University in St. Louis
dorland@wustl.edu

42. 50+ Theories of Learning (linked)
www.instructionaldesign.org/theories/
ACT-R (John Anderson)
Adult Learning Theory (P. Cross)
Algo-Heuristic Theory (L. Landa)
Andragogy (Malcolm Knowles)
Anchored Instruction (John Bransford)
Aptitude-Treatment Interaction (L.
Cronbach & R. Snow)
Attribution Theory (B. Weiner)
Cognitive Dissonance Theory (L.
Festinger)
Cognitive Flexibility Theory (R. Spiro)
Cognitive Load Theory (J. Sweller)
Component Display Theory (M. David
Merrill)
Conditions of Learning (Robert Gagne)
Connectionism (Edward Thorndike)
Constructivist Theory (Jerome Bruner)
Contiguity Theory (Edwin Guthrie)
Conversation Theory (Gordon Pask)
Criterion Referenced Instruction (Robert
Mager)
Double Loop Learning (C. Argyris)
Drive Reduction Theory (C. Hull)
Dual Coding Theory (A. Paivio)
Elaboration Theory (C. Reigeluth)
Experiential Learning (C. Rogers)
Functional Context Theory (Tom Sticht)
Genetic Epistemology (J. Piaget)
Gestalt Theory (M. Wertheimer)
GOMS (Card, Moran & Newell)
General Problem Solver (A. Newell & H.
Simon)
Information Pickup Theory (J.J. Gibson)

43. 50+ Theories of Learning (2)
www.instructionaldesign.org/theories/
Information Processing Theory (G.A.
Miller)
Lateral Thinking (E. DeBono)
Levels of Processing (Craik & Lockhart)
Mathematical Learning Theory (R.C.
Atkinson)
Mathematical Problem Solving (A.
Schoenfeld)
Minimalism (J. M. Carroll)
Model Centered Instruction and Design
Layering (Andrew Gibbons)
Modes of Learning (D. Rumelhart & D.
Norman)
Multiple Intelligences (Howard
Gardner)
Operant Conditioning (B.F. Skinner)
Originality (I. Maltzman)
Phenomenonography (F. Marton & N.
Entwistle)
Repair Theory (K. VanLehn)
Script Theory (Roger Schank)
Sign Theory (E. Tolman)
Situated Learning (J. Lave)
Soar (A. Newell et al.)
Social Development (L. Vygotsky)
Social Learning Theory (A. Bandura)
Stimulus Sampling Theory (W. Estes)
Structural Learning Theory (J. Scandura)
Structure of Intellect (J. Guilford)
Subsumption Theory (D. Ausubel)
Symbol Systems (G. Salomon)
Triarchic Theory (R. Sternberg)
Transformational Theory (J. Mezirow)