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Lennard Funk 
@theshoulderdoc
PLAN 
Posterior instability:! 
Pathomechanics! 
Diagnosis! 
Management ! 
Results
HISTORY 
20th Century! 
Plethora of surgical techniques ! 
Poor results (Hawkins, 1984)! 
Poor understanding
POSTERIOR RESTRAINTS 
1. Capsule! 
2. Labrum – Posterior Bankart! 
3. Glenoid Shape
POSTERIOR LABRUM
POSTERIOR CAPSULE 
Thin RHAGL! 
Mid-capsule
KIM LESION 
Seung-Ho Kim. Arthroscopy. 2004
REDUCED EXTERNAL ROTATION
GLENOID 
Version! 
Deficiencies 
Semogas, Granville-Chapman & Funk, 2014
GLENOID WEAR
POSTERIOR INSTABILITY 
1. Traumatic 2. Atraumatic
ATRAUMATIC 
Capsular Laxity +/- Muscle Patterning Disorder
TRAUMATIC 
Contact sports! 
May be minor! 
Convulsion
RUGBY SHOULDER INJURIES 
Malone, Funk, Mohammed, Ball. Shoulder injury patterns in Rugby - the Collision Shoulder. 
JBJS (Suppl). 2008. 
ABER Tackle Direct Impact 
Neurological Lesion 32% 15% 
Soft tissue Bankart 79% 33% 
Bony Bankart 26% 11% 
Posterior Labral Tear 11% 50% 
SLAP 7% 35% 
Partial Cuff Tear 32% 12%
Specificity Sensitivity Notes Reference 
Posterior 
Drawer Test 
No data 
Load & Shift 100% 14% For Laxity Gerber & 
TRADITIONAL TESTS 
Ganz. JBJSB. 
1984 
Posterior 
Apprehension 
99% 20% Jia et al. 
JBJSA. 2009 
Jerk Test 85% 90% posteroinf. 
labral tear 
Kim et al. 
AJSM. 2004 
Kim Test 95% 80% posteroinf. 
labral tear 
Kim et al. 
CORR. 1993
MODIFIED O’BRIEN’S TEST (MOB)! 
WRIGHTINGTON POSTERIOR INSTABILITY TEST (WPIT) 
• Conducted in a similar manner to that initially described by 
O’Brien 
• Patient asked to forward flex the affected arm 90° with the 
elbow in full extension. 
• Adduct the arm fully, medial to the sagittal plane of the body. 
• Internally rotate so that the thumb points downward. 
• The examiner then applies a downward force to the arm 
being resisted by the patient. 
• The test is considered positive with objective weakness 
observed by the examiner when downward force on the arm 
resulted in loss of forward flexion from 90°. 
Owen, Mackenzie, Boulter, Funk, 2014
MODIFIED O’BRIEN’S TEST (MOB)! 
WRIGHTINGTON POSTERIOR INSTABILITY TEST (WPIT) 
Owen, Mackenzie, Boulter, Funk, 2014
Specificity Sensitivity Notes Reference 
Posterior 
Drawer Test 
No data 
Load & Shift 100% 14% For Laxity Gerber & 
Ganz. JBJSB. 
1984 
Posterior 
Apprehension 
99% 20% Jia et al. 
JBJSA. 2009 
Jerk Test 85% 90% posteroinf. 
labral tear 
Kim et al. 
AJSM. 2004 
Kim Test 95% 80% posteroinf. 
labral tear 
Kim et al. 
CORR. 1993 
MOB/WPIT 25% 83% Muscular 
Athletes 
Owen et al. 
IJSS. 2014 
POSTERIOR INSTABILITY TESTS
MR ARTHROGRAM
GOLFER’S SHOULDER
MUSCLE EFFECTS
JOINT CAPSULE
EXCESS INTERNAL ROTATION
POSTERIOR STABILISATION 
Arthroscopic superseding Open 
>85% Success at 2 years ! 
Lower Morbidity! 
Easier Revision! 
Treat Associated Pathology:! 
Reverse HS; SLAP; Anterior Labrum; Rotator Cuff
OPEN SURGERY 
Glenoid bone loss > 25%! 
Failed Revision soft tissue repairs! 
Massive Reverse Hill-Sachs Lesion! 
(Reverse HAGL)
EXAMINATION UNDER ANAESTHESIA
BEACH CHAIR POSITION
PORTALS
POSTERIOR GLENOID 
BONE LOSS
POST-OP
POST-OP 
Phase 1: (Level 1 Exercises) 
Core stability & Scapula control! 
Proprioceptive exercises (minimal weightbearing below 90 degrees)! 
Active assisted ROM as comfortable (in 'safe zone' )! 
Do not force or stretch 
No combined adduction & internal rotation 
Phase 2: (Level 2 Exercises) 
Progress active assisted to active ROM as comfortable! 
Phase 3: (Level 3+ Exercises) 
Regain scapula & glenohumeral stability working for shoulder joint control rather 
than range! 
Gradually Strengthen! 
Sports-specific rehabilitation - Plyometrics and pertubation training
RESULTS 
Badge, Tambe, Funk. Arthroscopic isolated posterior labral repair in rugby players. 
Int J Should Surg. 2009. 
143 shoulders; 32m FU 
Return to Play = 4.3m! 
Recurrent Instability = 6/143 (5%) 
Pre-Op Post-Op 
Constant Score 65 99 
Oxford Score 33 18 
Oxford Instability Score 52 13
SUMMARY 
Posterior instability:! 
Types! 
Mechanisms! 
Management ! 
Results
THANK YOU 
lenfunk@shoulderdoc.co.uk 
@theshoulderdoc
@THESHOULDERDOC 
Full Time / Part Time 
LENFUNK@SHOULDERDOC.CO.UK

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Posterior instability of the shoulder lennard funk

  • 2. PLAN Posterior instability:! Pathomechanics! Diagnosis! Management ! Results
  • 3. HISTORY 20th Century! Plethora of surgical techniques ! Poor results (Hawkins, 1984)! Poor understanding
  • 4. POSTERIOR RESTRAINTS 1. Capsule! 2. Labrum – Posterior Bankart! 3. Glenoid Shape
  • 6. POSTERIOR CAPSULE Thin RHAGL! Mid-capsule
  • 7. KIM LESION Seung-Ho Kim. Arthroscopy. 2004
  • 9. GLENOID Version! Deficiencies Semogas, Granville-Chapman & Funk, 2014
  • 11. POSTERIOR INSTABILITY 1. Traumatic 2. Atraumatic
  • 12. ATRAUMATIC Capsular Laxity +/- Muscle Patterning Disorder
  • 13. TRAUMATIC Contact sports! May be minor! Convulsion
  • 14.
  • 15. RUGBY SHOULDER INJURIES Malone, Funk, Mohammed, Ball. Shoulder injury patterns in Rugby - the Collision Shoulder. JBJS (Suppl). 2008. ABER Tackle Direct Impact Neurological Lesion 32% 15% Soft tissue Bankart 79% 33% Bony Bankart 26% 11% Posterior Labral Tear 11% 50% SLAP 7% 35% Partial Cuff Tear 32% 12%
  • 16.
  • 17. Specificity Sensitivity Notes Reference Posterior Drawer Test No data Load & Shift 100% 14% For Laxity Gerber & TRADITIONAL TESTS Ganz. JBJSB. 1984 Posterior Apprehension 99% 20% Jia et al. JBJSA. 2009 Jerk Test 85% 90% posteroinf. labral tear Kim et al. AJSM. 2004 Kim Test 95% 80% posteroinf. labral tear Kim et al. CORR. 1993
  • 18. MODIFIED O’BRIEN’S TEST (MOB)! WRIGHTINGTON POSTERIOR INSTABILITY TEST (WPIT) • Conducted in a similar manner to that initially described by O’Brien • Patient asked to forward flex the affected arm 90° with the elbow in full extension. • Adduct the arm fully, medial to the sagittal plane of the body. • Internally rotate so that the thumb points downward. • The examiner then applies a downward force to the arm being resisted by the patient. • The test is considered positive with objective weakness observed by the examiner when downward force on the arm resulted in loss of forward flexion from 90°. Owen, Mackenzie, Boulter, Funk, 2014
  • 19. MODIFIED O’BRIEN’S TEST (MOB)! WRIGHTINGTON POSTERIOR INSTABILITY TEST (WPIT) Owen, Mackenzie, Boulter, Funk, 2014
  • 20. Specificity Sensitivity Notes Reference Posterior Drawer Test No data Load & Shift 100% 14% For Laxity Gerber & Ganz. JBJSB. 1984 Posterior Apprehension 99% 20% Jia et al. JBJSA. 2009 Jerk Test 85% 90% posteroinf. labral tear Kim et al. AJSM. 2004 Kim Test 95% 80% posteroinf. labral tear Kim et al. CORR. 1993 MOB/WPIT 25% 83% Muscular Athletes Owen et al. IJSS. 2014 POSTERIOR INSTABILITY TESTS
  • 22.
  • 25.
  • 28. POSTERIOR STABILISATION Arthroscopic superseding Open >85% Success at 2 years ! Lower Morbidity! Easier Revision! Treat Associated Pathology:! Reverse HS; SLAP; Anterior Labrum; Rotator Cuff
  • 29. OPEN SURGERY Glenoid bone loss > 25%! Failed Revision soft tissue repairs! Massive Reverse Hill-Sachs Lesion! (Reverse HAGL)
  • 35. POST-OP Phase 1: (Level 1 Exercises) Core stability & Scapula control! Proprioceptive exercises (minimal weightbearing below 90 degrees)! Active assisted ROM as comfortable (in 'safe zone' )! Do not force or stretch No combined adduction & internal rotation Phase 2: (Level 2 Exercises) Progress active assisted to active ROM as comfortable! Phase 3: (Level 3+ Exercises) Regain scapula & glenohumeral stability working for shoulder joint control rather than range! Gradually Strengthen! Sports-specific rehabilitation - Plyometrics and pertubation training
  • 36. RESULTS Badge, Tambe, Funk. Arthroscopic isolated posterior labral repair in rugby players. Int J Should Surg. 2009. 143 shoulders; 32m FU Return to Play = 4.3m! Recurrent Instability = 6/143 (5%) Pre-Op Post-Op Constant Score 65 99 Oxford Score 33 18 Oxford Instability Score 52 13
  • 37. SUMMARY Posterior instability:! Types! Mechanisms! Management ! Results
  • 39. @THESHOULDERDOC Full Time / Part Time LENFUNK@SHOULDERDOC.CO.UK