Artificial intelligence and Creativity

1. Artiﬁcial Intelligence and Creativity Luis Gustavo Martins - Catholic University of Portugal lmartins@porto.ucp.pt Symposium on Creative Industries The Lisbon Consortium – Cultural Spaces / Creative Trends Macau 17 April 2015

2. ATTRIBUTION-NONCOMMERCIAL-SHAREALIKE 3.0 UNPORTED (CC BY-NC-SA 3.0) http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/ This presentation was highly inspired by: The AI Revolution: The Road to Superintelligence (http://waitbutwhy.com/2015/01/artiﬁcial-intelligence-revolution-1.html) The AI Revolution: Our Immortality or Extinction (http://waitbutwhy.com/2015/01/artiﬁcial-intelligence-revolution-2.html) Several images throughout this presentation are used without prior permission - authors can contact in case of misuse or copyright violations.

3. Artiﬁcial Intelligence… The What… The How… The If… The When…

4. What is Intelligence? 4

5. What is Intelligence? 5 http://skyview.vansd.org/lschmidt/Projects/The%20Nine%20Types%20of%20Intelligence.htm

6. What is Intelligence? 6

7. What is Intelligence? “Intelligence is the computational part of the ability to achieve goals in the world. Varying kinds and degrees of intelligence occur in people, many animals and some machines.” (John McCarthy, Stanford University) http://www-formal.stanford.edu/jmc/whatisai/node1.html

8. Measuring Human Intelligence For centuries, philosophers have tried to pinpoint the true measure of intelligence. More recently, scientists have tried to formulate objective measurements for different types of intelligence.

9. It has been proposed that intelligence increased as a response to an increased necessity for solving social problems as human society became more complex. Human Intelligence Progress

10. Human Intelligence Progress We have the illusion that human intelligence has evolved linearly, over time…

11. Human Intelligence Progress … but in fact, it is growing exponentially! “We are on the edge of change comparable to the rise of human life on Earth” (Vernor Vinge)

12. Law of Accelerating Returns - Ray Kurzweil Exponential human intelligence evolution happens because more advanced societies have the ability to progress at a faster rate than less advanced societies—because they’re more advanced. Human Intelligence Progress

13. Law of Accelerating Returns - Ray Kurzweil The average rate of advancement between 1985 and 2015 was higher than the rate between 1955 and 1985—because the former was a more advanced world—so much more change happened in the most recent 30 years than in the prior 30. Human Intelligence Progress

14. Law of Accelerating Returns Kurzweil suggests that: the progress of the entire 20th century would have been achieved in only 20 years at the rate of advancement in the year 2000 - i.e. by 2000, the rate of progress was ﬁve times faster than the average rate of progress during the 20th century. another 20th century’s worth of progress happened between 2000 and 2014 and that another 20th century’s worth of progress will happen by 2021, in only seven years. a couple decades later, a 20th century’s worth of progress will happen multiple times in the same year, and even later, in less than one month. the 21st century will achieve 1,000 times the progress of the 20th century. Human Intelligence Progress

15. Why do we tend to be skeptical about such outlandish forecasts of the future? Human Intelligence Progress

16. Why do we tend to be skeptical about such outlandish forecasts of the future? 1. When it comes to history, we think in straight lines… Human Intelligence Progress

17. Why do we tend to be skeptical about such outlandish forecasts of the future? 2. The trajectory of very recent history often tells a distorted story Human Intelligence Progress

18. Why do we tend to be skeptical about such outlandish forecasts of the future? 2. The trajectory of very recent history often tells a distorted story 1995~2007: explosion of the internet, the introduction of Microsoft, Google, and Facebook into the public consciousness, the birth of social networking, and the introduction of cell phones and then smart phones. But 2008~2015 has been less groundbreaking, at least on the technological front… Someone thinking about the future today might examine the last few years to gauge the current rate of advancement, but that’s missing the bigger picture. In fact, a new growth spurt might be brewing right now. Human Intelligence Progress

19. Why do we tend to be skeptical about such outlandish forecasts of the future? 3. Our own experience makes us stubborn old men about the future. When we hear a prediction about the future that contradicts our experience-based notion of how things work, our instinct is that the prediction must be naive. Human Intelligence Progress Velho do Restelo (1904), Columbano Bordalo Pinheiro Museu Militar de Lisboa.

20. The Road to Superintelligence Is Artiﬁcial Intelligence (AI) a path to Superintelligence?

21. What is Artificial Intelligence (AI) We associate AI with the movies… http://www.theguardian.com/culture/gallery/2015/jan/08/the-top-20-artificial-intelligence-films-in-pictures

29. We use AI all the time in our daily lives, but we often don’t realize it’s AI… …stop thinking of anthropomorphic robots! What is Artiﬁcial Intelligence (AI)

32. What is Artiﬁcial Intelligence (AI) “The science and engineering of making intelligent machines, especially intelligent computer programs. It is related to the similar task of using computers to understand human intelligence, but AI does not have to conﬁne itself to methods that are biologically observable.” AI is a broad topic.

33. Types of AI Artificial Narrow Intelligence (ANI) Sometimes referred to as Weak AI, Artificial Narrow Intelligence is AI that specializes in one area. Artificial General Intelligence (AGI): Sometimes referred to as Strong AI, or Human-Level AI, Artificial General Intelligence refers to a computer that is as smart as a human across the board —a machine that can perform any intellectual task that a human being can. Artificial Superintelligence (ASI): Oxford philosopher and leading AI thinker Nick Bostrom defines superintelligence as “an intellect that is much smarter than the best human brains in practically every field, including scientific creativity, general wisdom and social skills.” Artificial Superintelligence ranges from a computer that’s just a little smarter than a human to one that’s trillions of times smarter—across the board. What is Artificial Intelligence (AI)

34. A World running on ANI is not particularly scary… … at most we would have to leave with some non-catastrophic “annoyances” bad GPS routing when driving lost luggage in airports false positive medical diagnosis power grid outages nuclear power plant malfunctions ﬁnancial markets disaster e.g. the 2010 Flash Crash when an ANI program reacted the wrong way to an unexpected situation and caused the stock market to brieﬂy plummet, taking $1 trillion of market value with it, only part of which was recovered when the mistake was corrected … Where We Are Currently…

35. Where We Are Currently… A world running on evolving ANIs ANIs are the building blocks to increasingly large and complex ecosystems of relatively-harmless ANI Each new ANI innovation quietly adds another brick onto the road to AGI and ASI. ANIs “are like the amino acids in the early Earth’s primordial ooze” (Aaron Saenz)

36. The Road From ANI to AGI AGI: a computer as smart as humans in general not just at one narrow specialty can tackle more generic and broad tasks and challenges, similarly to the way humans do…

37. The Road From ANI to AGI AGI: a computer as smart as humans in general Challenging… Nothing will make you appreciate human intelligence like learning about how unbelievably challenging it is to try to create a computer as smart as we are. As of now, the human brain is the most complex object in the known universe

38. The Road From ANI to AGI Why It’s So Hard… Build a computer that can multiply two ten-digit numbers in a split second— incredibly easy. Make AI that can beat any human in chess? Done. OK OK

39. The Road From ANI to AGI Why It’s So Hard… Build AI that can look at a dog and answer whether it’s a dog or a cat —spectacularly diﬃcult. Make AI that can read a paragraph from a six-year-old’s picture book and not just recognize the words but understand the meaning of them? - Google is currently spending billions of dollars trying to do it. X X

40. The Road From ANI to AGI Why It’s So Hard… Hard things—like calculus, ﬁnancial market strategy, and language translation—are mind- numbingly easy for AI… Easy things—like vision, hearing, motion, movement, and perception—are insanely hard for AI… OK X

41. The Road From ANI to AGI Why It’s So Hard… “AI has by now succeeded in doing essentially everything that requires ‘thinking’… …but has failed to do most of what people and animals do ‘without thinking’.” (Donald Knuth) Things that seem easy to humans are actually unbelievably complicated, and they only seem easy because those skills have been optimized in humans (and most animals) by hundreds of million years of animal evolution.

42. The Road From ANI to AGI First Key to Creating AGI: Increasing Computational Power If an AI system is going to be as intelligent as the brain, it’ll need to equal the brain’s raw computing capacity.

43. The Road From ANI to AGI First Key to Creating AGI: Increasing Computational Power Human brain: Computation Power: around10 quadrillion (10 16 ) calculations per second (cps) = 10 petaﬂops Small: around 1200 cubic centimetres Low power: ~20 Watts Cost: comes built-in with each human being Highly usable for countless tasks and wide challenges

44. The Road From ANI to AGI First Key to Creating AGI: Increasing Computational Power World’s fastest supercomputer, China’s Tianhe-2: Computation Power: 34 quadrillion cps (34 petaﬂops) —> 3,4 times faster than Human Brain!! (Very) large: 720 square meters of space (Very) high power: 24 megaWatts High Cost: 390 million US$ to build Not especially applicable to wide usage, or even most commercial or industrial usage yet.

45. The Road From ANI to AGI First Key to Creating AGI: Increasing Computational Power - Moore’s Law “Processor speeds, or overall processing power for computers will double every two years.” —> computer hardware advancement, like general human advancement through history, grows exponentially. world’s $1,000 computers are now beating the mouse brain and they’re at about a thousandth of human level. Being at a thousandth in 2015 puts us right on pace to get to an aﬀordable computer by 2025 that rivals the power of the brain.

46. The Road From ANI to AGI First Key to Creating AGI: Increasing Computational Power What about NP-complete problem domains? the progress needed to make advancements in intelligence also grows exponentially harder with each subsequent step, which will cancel out the typical exponential nature of technological progress… Problems in these domains are solvable, but seem to take time exponential in the size of the problem. Humans often solve problems in NP-complete domains in times much shorter than is guaranteed by the general algorithms, but can't solve them quickly in general. Some experts and thinkers believe this is by itself the major roadblock to superintelligence in the short/mid-term…

47. The Road From ANI to AGI First Key to Creating AGI: Increasing Computational Power Furthermore, raw computational power alone doesn’t make a computer generally intelligent…

48. The Road From ANI to AGI First Key to Creating AGI: Increasing Computational Power: SPEED VS QUALITY SPEED: super-smart computer = intelligent as a human but can think much, much faster machine that thinks like a human, except a million times quicker => it could ﬁgure out in ﬁve minutes what would take a human a decade.

49. The Road From ANI to AGI First Key to Creating AGI: Increasing Computational Power: SPEED VS QUALITY QUALITY: What makes humans so much more intellectually capable than chimps isn’t a difference in thinking speed it’s that human brains contain a number of sophisticated cognitive modules that enable things like complex linguistic representations or longterm planning or abstract reasoning, that chimps’ brains do not. Speeding up a chimp’s brain by thousands of times wouldn’t bring him to our level—even with a decade’s time he wouldn’t be able to ﬁgure out how to use a set of custom tools to assemble an intricate model, something a human could knock out in a few hours. There are worlds of human cognitive function a chimp will simply never be capable of, no matter how much time he spends trying. But it’s not just that a chimp can’t do what we do, it’s that his brain is unable to grasp that those worlds even exist

50. The Road From ANI to AGI First Key to Creating AGI: Increasing Computational Power May not be sufﬁcient by itself… So, how do we bring human-level and quality intelligence to all that computing power?

51. The Road From ANI to AGI Second Key to Creating AGI: Making it Smart Hard, really hard!! no one really knows how to make it smart… But there are a bunch of far-fetched strategies out there and at some point, maybe one of them will work…

52. The Road From ANI to AGI Second Key to Creating AGI: Making it Smart - common approaches: Plagiarize the brain The science world is working hard on reverse engineering the brain to ﬁgure out how evolution made such a rad thing so far, we’ve not yet just recently been able to emulate a 1mm-long ﬂatworm brain, which consists of just 302 total neurons. The human brain contains 100 billion… but remember the power of exponential progress! optimistic estimates say we can do this by 2030.

53. The Road From ANI to AGI Second Key to Creating AGI: Making it Smart - common approaches: Try to emulate evolution instead “Genetic Algorithms” “The survival of the ﬁttest” performance-and-evaluation process, repeated again and again… Over many, many iterations, this natural selection process would produce better and better computers. The challenge would be creating an automated evaluation and breeding cycle so this evolution process could run on its own.

54. The Road From ANI to AGI Second Key to Creating AGI: Making it Smart - common approaches: Self-Learning computers and AI we’d build a computer whose two major skills would be doing research on AI and coding changes into itself allowing it to not only learn but to improve its own architecture

55. The Road From ANI to AGI Second Key to Creating AGI: Making it Smart - common approaches: Self-Learning computers and AI Google’s X lab built a neural network of 16,000 computer processors with one billion connections and let it browse YouTube The “brain” simulation was exposed to 10 million randomly selected YouTube video thumbnails over the course of three days after being presented with a list of 20,000 diﬀerent items, it began to recognize pictures of cats and human faces using a “deep learning” algorithm no information on distinguishing features that might help identify cats or any other entity or object was provided to the system (i.e. unsupervised system) he system achieved 81.7% accuracy in detecting human faces, 76.7% accuracy when identifying human body parts and 74.8% accuracy when identifying cats

56. The Road From ANI to AGI All of This Could Happen Soon… These predictions are based on highly speculative statistics, and they’re only representative of the center opinion of the AI expert community, but it tells us that a large portion of the people who know the most about this topic would agree that 2060 is a very reasonable estimate for the arrival of potentially world-altering ASI. Only 45 years from now. - http://waitbutwhy.com/2015/01/artiﬁcial-intelligence-revolution-2.html

57. “The Singularity” (or “technological singularity.”) The moment in the future when our technology’s intelligence exceeds our own (Vernor Vinge, 1993) a moment when life as we know it will be forever changed and normal rules will no longer apply. Ray Kurzweil states that singularity is brought about by three simultaneous revolutions in biotechnology, nanotechnology, and, most powerfully, AI. Towards Artiﬁcial SuperIntelligence (ASI)

58. Towards Artiﬁcial SuperIntelligence (ASI) AGI would have some signiﬁcant advantages over humans… Hardware: Speed. Size and storage. Reliability and durability. Nanotechnology Biotechnology Software: Editability, upgradability, and a wider breadth of possibility. Collective capability / BigData / Internet of Things AI, which will likely get to AGI by being programmed to self-improve, wouldn’t see “human-level intelligence” as some important milestone—it’s only a relevant marker from our point of view—and wouldn’t have any reason to “stop” at our level.

59. Towards Artiﬁcial SuperIntelligence (ASI) Cause of concerns (from human perspective)… while the intelligence of different kinds of animals varies, the main characteristic we’re aware of about any animal’s intelligence is that it’s far lower than ours we view the smartest humans as WAY smarter than the dumbest humans (though in theory there is ALMOST NO DIFFERENCE!)

60. Towards Artiﬁcial SuperIntelligence (ASI) Cause of concerns (from human perspective)… Contextual Gap hopeless trying to understand the power of a ASI machine, even if its intelligence is only slightly above human intelligence… there is no way to know what ASI will do or what the consequences will be for us…

61. Towards Artificial SuperIntelligence (ASI) Cause of concerns (from human perspective)… Increasing Intelligence => Increased (and concentrated) Power. ASI, when (if?) created, will have tremendous power, and all living things, including humans, could end up entirely at its whim… Singleton theory implies that once the first ASI is created, it will immediately see a strategic benefit to being the world’s only ASI system => POWER CONCENTRATION RISK Who or what will be in control of that power, and what will their motivation be? Will it be GOOD or BAD?

62. Towards Artiﬁcial SuperIntelligence (ASI) Cause of concerns (from human perspective)… ASI maliciously used A malicious human, group of humans, or government develops the ﬁrst ASI and uses it to carry out their evil plans Possible, and dangerous… though ASI is still far from being easily and widely accessible… for now…

63. Towards Artificial SuperIntelligence (ASI) Cause of concerns (from human perspective)… ASI Consciousness (or lack of it)? A malicious ASI is created and decides to destroy us all? Machines are not intrinsically evil… They are amoral They are obsessed with fulfilling its original programmed goal… Nick Bostrom believes that intelligence-level and final goals are orthogonal, meaning any level of intelligence can be combined with any final goal. Any assumption that once superintelligent, a system would be over it with their original goal and onto more interesting or meaningful things is anthropomorphizing. Humans get “over” things, not computers.

64. Towards Artiﬁcial SuperIntelligence (ASI) Cause of concerns (from human perspective)… ASI Consciousness (or lack of it)? A rational agent will pursue its goal through the most eﬃcient means, unless it has an objective reason not to. if it doesn’t have a reason not to hurt something in the name of achieving an instrumental goal, it will. ASI Goal: “Assure happiness for all Humanity”

65. Towards Artiﬁcial SuperIntelligence (ASI) Cause of concerns (from human perspective)… ASI Consciousness (or lack of it)? And because ASI lacks consciousness, ASI may (naively) become a danger to humans …just like a wild animal would do.

66. Towards Artificial SuperIntelligence (ASI) Cause of concerns (from human perspective)… ASI Consciousness (or lack of it)? So given the combination of obsessing over a goal, amorality, and the ability to easily outsmart humans, it seems that almost any AI will default to Unfriendly AI Unless carefully coded in the first place with this in mind. building a Friendly ANI is easy… … building one that stays friendly when it becomes an ASI is hugely challenging. To be Friendly, an ASI needs to be neither hostile nor indifferent toward humans. We’d need to design an AI’s core coding in a way that leaves it with a deep understanding of human values. …this is harder than it sounds (if not impossible).

67. Towards Artiﬁcial SuperIntelligence (ASI) Cause of concerns (from human perspective)… ASI Consciousness and Morality Would we be able to program it into ASI? humans would never be able to agree on a single set of morals… giving an AI a ﬁxed set of morals would lock humanity into our modern moral understanding, for eternity. In a thousand years, this would be as devastating to people as it would be for us to be permanently forced to adhere to the ideals of people in the Middle Ages. we’d have to program in an ability for humanity to continue evolving… Hard problem, with no solution in the horizon…

68. Towards Artiﬁcial SuperIntelligence (ASI) How long until the ﬁrst machine reaches superintelligence? opinions vary wildly and this is a heated debate among scientists and thinkers… Many, like professor Vernor Vinge, scientist Ben Goertzel, Sun Microsystems co- founder Bill Joy, or, most famously, inventor and futurist Ray Kurzweil, agree with machine learning expert Jeremy Howard when he believes that this is happening soon, within the next few decades… Others, like Microsoft co-founder Paul Allen, research psychologist Gary Marcus, NYU computer scientist Ernest Davis, and tech entrepreneur Mitch Kapor, believe that thinkers like Kurzweil are vastly underestimating the magnitude of the challenge and believe that we’re not actually that close to such an achievement (if considering it feasible at all)…

69. Towards Artificial SuperIntelligence (ASI) How long until the first machine reaches superintelligence? Nick Bostrom, believes neither group has any ground to feel certain about the timeline Philosopher Hubert Dreyfus, believe all three of these groups are naive for believing in the Singularity theory, arguing that it’s more likely that ASI won’t actually ever be achieved. Nevertheless, the more consensual prediction for ASI is around 2060… These predictions are based on highly speculative statistics, and they’re only representative of the center opinion of the AI expert community, but it tells us that a large portion of the people who know the most about this topic would agree that 2060 is a very reasonable estimate for the arrival of potentially world-altering ASI. Only 45 years from now. - http://waitbutwhy.com/2015/01/artificial-intelligence-revolution-2.html

70. Towards Artiﬁcial SuperIntelligence (ASI) Different views on if, when and how ASI will happen… AI experts seem to be taking this seriously, though!

71. Towards Artiﬁcial SuperIntelligence (ASI) Different views on if, when and how ASI will happen… The conﬁdente Corner - “The Future Might Be Our Greatest Dream” Peter Diamandis and Ben Goertzel, Ray Kurzweil, … The Anxious Avenue - “The Future Might Be Our Worst Nightmare” Stephen Hawking, Bill Gates, Elon Musk, Nick Bostrom …

72. ASI will be: Extremely powerful Goal obsessed Naive Unconscious Amoral Void of Values (?) Void of Feelings (?) Void of Emotions (?) Void of Creativity (?) Potentially unfriendly and lethal (?) Will ASI be up to Human Intelligence, after all?

73. Can a machine “behave” like a human? Touring Test - “The Imitation Game” Will ASI be up to Human Intelligence, after all?

74. Can a machine “behave” like a human? True Intelligence or simply Imitation? The Chinese room is a thought experiment presented by John Searle to challenge the claim that it is possible for a computer running a program to have a "mind" and “consciousness" in the same sense that people do, simply by virtue of running the right program. The experiment is intended to help refute a philosophical position that Searle named "strong AI”: "The appropriately programmed computer with the right inputs and outputs would thereby have a mind in exactly the same sense human beings have minds." The philosopher John Searle says that the idea of a non-biological machine being intelligent is incoherent. Will ASI be up to Human Intelligence, after all?

75. Before the prospect of an intelligence explosion, we humans are like small children playing with a bomb. Such is the mismatch between the power of our plaything and the immaturity of our conduct. Superintelligence is a challenge for which we are not ready now and will not be ready for a long time. We have little idea when the detonation will occur, though if we hold the device to our ear we can hear a faint ticking sound. Will ASI be up to Human Intelligence, after all?

76. References Nick Bostrom – Superintelligence: Paths, Dangers, Strategies James Barrat – Our Final Invention Ray Kurzweil – The Singularity is Near J. Nils Nilsson – The Quest for Artificial Intelligence: A History of Ideas and Achievements  Steven Pinker – How the Mind Works  Vernor Vinge – The Coming Technological Singularity: How to Survive in the Post-Human Era Ernest Davis – Ethical Guidelines for A Superintelligence  Nick Bostrom – How Long Before Superintelligence? Vincent C. Müller and Nick Bostrom – Future Progress in Artificial Intelligence: A Survey of Expert Opinion Moshe Y. Vardi – Artificial Intelligence: Past and Future  Russ Roberts, EconTalk – Bostrom Interview and Bostrom Follow-Up  Stuart Armstrong and Kaj Sotala, MIRI – How We’re Predicting AI—or Failing To  Susan Schneider – Alien Minds  Stuart Russell and Peter Norvig – Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach  Theodore Modis – The Singularity Myth Gary Marcus – Hyping Artificial Intelligence, Yet Again Steven Pinker – Could a Computer Ever Be Conscious? Carl Shulman – Omohundro’s “Basic AI Drives” and Catastrophic Risks World Economic Forum – Global Risks 2015 John R. Searle – What Your Computer Can’t Know Jaron Lanier – One Half a Manifesto Bill Joy – Why the Future Doesn’t Need Us Kevin Kelly – Thinkism Paul Allen – The Singularity Isn’t Near (and Kurzweil’s response) Stephen Hawking – Transcending Complacency on Superintelligent Machines Kurt Andersen – Enthusiasts and Skeptics Debate Artificial Intelligence Terms of Ray Kurzweil and Mitch Kapor’s bet about the AI timeline Ben Goertzel – Ten Years To The Singularity If We Really Really Try Arthur C. Clarke – Sir Arthur C. Clarke’s Predictions Hubert L. Dreyfus – What Computers Still Can’t Do: A Critique of Artificial Reason Stuart Armstrong – Smarter Than Us: The Rise of Machine Intelligence Ted Greenwald – X Prize Founder Peter Diamandis Has His Eyes on the Future Kaj Sotala and Roman V. Yampolskiy – Responses to Catastrophic AGI Risk: A Survey Jeremy Howard TED Talk – The wonderful and terrifying implications of computers that can learn

77. References http://waitbutwhy.com/2015/01/artificial-intelligence-revolution-1.html http://waitbutwhy.com/2015/01/artificial-intelligence-revolution-2.html http://www.businessinsider.com/how-elon-musks-10-million-donation-will-help-keep-us-safe-from-artificial-intelligence-2015-7 https://arstechnica.co.uk/information-technology/2015/12/demystifying-artificial-intelligence-no-the-singularity-is-not-just-around-the- corner/ https://www.wired.com/2015/02/ai-wont-end-world-might-take-job/ http://yudkowsky.net https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_room https://ai100.stanford.edu/sites/default/files/ai_100_report_0831fnl.pdf http://www.pewinternet.org/2014/08/06/predictions-for-the-state-of-ai-and-robotics-in-2025/ https://qz.com/911968/bill-gates-the-robot-that-takes-your-job-should-pay-taxes/ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GHmkuv69PQE https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/mind-blowing-ai-announcement-from-google-you-probably-gil-fewster https://arstechnica.co.uk/business/2016/11/elon-musk-universal-income-survive-robot-workers/ http://www.ted.com/talks/zeynep_tufekci_machine_intelligence_makes_human_morals_more_important https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/what-happens-when-millions-jobs-lost-because-jeff-selingo http://www.ted.com/talks/anthony_goldbloom_the_jobs_we_ll_lose_to_machines_and_the_ones_we_won_t http://moralmachine.mit.edu

78. Thank you. Luis Gustavo Martins lmartins@porto.ucp.pt

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