2. • Semiotics, Language and Culture
• Developing vocabulary acquisition skills and strategies
• Using inference and deduction to explore layers of meaning
of a word
• Making relevant notes when researching different sources,
comparing and contrasting information.
• Exploring Connotation/Denotation
• Regionalisms and Accent
• Using a variety of resources to study use and usage of a
word
• Improving vocabulary for precision and impact
Learning Objectives:

9. ABC news about Grantham
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4rFVjzVr9i8
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Gl3d-5KU_K0&feature=relmfu
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kYUpkPTcqPY&feature=related
(live footage)

12. Semiotics
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=m6zTvrGirfg&feature=related

14. Britishsms and Britishation of
American English
• Refer to the BBC text worksheet to answer the
questions:
• 1- Write down a list of Briticisms on a vocabulary log.
• 2-What is your opinion about this phenomenon?
• 3- What is the best way to keep yourself up-to-date
with the new language?
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UIXHcOjJpxY (movie snippet)
• http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-19670686 (text)
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GHX2mvFVQMs&NR=1 (american accent and stereotyping)

15. Useful Sites
• BBC Podcast: The English we speak
• http://www.bbc.co.uk/podcasts/series/tae/all
• BBC One-minute news
• http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/video_and_audio/
• Cbbc news
• http://www.bbc.co.uk/newsround/14730600
• cbbcnews mobile phones girl fall in hole
• Webmix
• http://www.symbaloo.com/mix/homewebmix1258?searched=true

16. How Haruli Murakami ‘ 1Q84’ was
translated into English
• Refer to your worksheet and reflect on the questions:
1-According to this article, Gabriel Garcia Marquez allegedly tod Gregory
Rabassa that his English translation of One Hundred Years of Solitude was
better than the Spanish original.
When translating, should one avoid this? What strategies were used for the
purpose of this text? How effective were they?
2- Too many hands spoil the broth? Or Many hands, light work?

17. Memorias de um sargento de milicias
• Ahead of time
• Transition
• Dramatic Irony
• Ilha da Conceicao
• Intertextuality
• Anti-hero
• Dialetica da Malandragem
• Morro do Vidigal

18. • Couple: Portugues e Espanhola
• Pataca
• Magia Negra
• Names without surnames
• ‘ Filho de um beliscao e uma pisadela’
• Barbeiro
• Parteira
• Maria Regalada
• Memorias em primeira pessoa, livro em terceira pessoa.
• Milicia

19. Keneth, Hale
• ‘ When you lose a language, you lose a
culture, intellectual wealth, a work of art.’
He sought to rescue languages that were dying
out.
He held that meaning were fluid to be captured
and readily translated word-for-word from
one language to another.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I8uUjtiaXqE (Dreaming in Different Tongues: Languages and the Way We Think) Extra Time

20. True or False?
The ability to communicate is essential to deep
learning.
• Languages have patterns, structures and systems.
• Language is a tool to access knowledge.
• Language allows humans to share thoughts,
feelings and emotions.
• Language is part of the development of identity.
• Communication is an essential tool for
understanding.

21. Reflection
• Is language learning universal?
• Is there only one way to learn a language?
• Is language acquisition universal?
• How far does your language represent your
culture?

22. Interviews
I have interviewed 5 language teaching native
speakers and have asked them to:
1- Briefly describe where they come from.
2- Share some language typically from their
place of origin.
3- Read an extract of a play.

23. While listening
• 1- Make notes of similarities and differences
in pronunciation.
• 2- Keep track of the new words/expressions in
your vocabulary log.
• 3- Any observations on how easy/difficult to
understand what they say.

24. Our Day Out
By Willy Russell,1977.
‘Carol rushes along the street wearing school uniform
which doubles as a street outfit and her Sunday best’
Snippet Part I
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=d-YQE1whleo
Extract of the Book
http://books.google.com.br/books?id=FOblbV3XBI4C&printsec=frontcover&dq=our+day+out+amazon&source=bl&ots=2lVnKtEsQC&sig=5vil3e82iT3IcRULFiiO6UnQ_Zg&hl=en&sa=X&ei=g

25. Wales
• The country of Wales is part
of Great Britain, but a
region with its own
language, Welsh.
• The accent of the Welsh is
distinct from the rest of
Great Britain.

26. North American
English
USA
• Very distinct from the
English spoken in the UK
• Discrepancies go beyond
the accents (of which the
US has great diversity), as
far as spelling.
Canada
• Although the accent can
sound similar to those
found in the Northern
states of the USA, Canadian
English has retained far
more in common with
British English – including
spelling – than the US.

27. Southern Hemisphere
English
Australia
• Can be divided into three
general categories: Broad
(stronger accent, generally
found in rural regions),
General (most common,
urban majority) and
Cultivated (declining –
strong similarities to British
“BBC” accent) .
New Zealand
• Similar to Australian accent,
although distinct
differences can be
discerned in the
pronunciation of certain
vowels.

28. Understanding Culture
Politically Correct
• 1- How does this vary from
region to region in Brazil?
• 2- How does that affect
effective communication?
• 3- Should it be explicitly
taught in an ESL
environment?
Not so much.
• Can you think of 5 words
that are pejorative?
• Why do they carry the
negative connotation?

30. Being PC
The politically correct use of English
• In order to minimize social and institutional
offense in regards to race, class, gender,
racial, sexual orientation, cultural, religious,
ideological, disability and age-related
contexts, certain vocabulary should be
avoided as it may be perceived as being
politically incorrect.

31. WORDS COMMONLY
IDENTIFIED AS BEING
OFFENSIVE
• Class
– bum
• Racial
– nigger
– Paki
• Gender
– Use of ‘his’
• Sexual orientation
– queer
– poof
• Religious
– mick
• Disability
– spastic
The purpose of Politically Correct
language:
1. It reduces the social acceptability of
using offensive terms.
2. It discourages the reflexive use of
words that import a negative
stereotype, thereby promoting
conscious thinking about how to
describe others fairly on their merits.

32. Check these
• http://www.independent.org/pdf/tir/tir_16_02_8
• http://exchanges.state.gov/englishteaching/forum

33. Watch the
following video
How many
times do
the players
in white
pass the
basketball?

34. Preliminary
Language Learning
X
Learning Acquisition

35. • ACQUISITION OF A LANGUAGE
• Learning a Target Language
Note Taking
‘PICK UP A
LANGUAGE’
‘INCIDENTAL
LEARNING’
Studying it
Intended learning

36. Jonhson, K. (2001) An Introduction to Foreign Language
Learning and Teaching . Harlow : Longman
Attempt to bridge the gap between theorists and
practitioners.
Bruner, J. (1986) Actual Minds, possible worlds.
Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University
Press.
‘ The security of the familiar with the excitement of
the new.’
Good readings

37. • Body movement
• Choreography
• Emotions
• Expression
• Coordination
• Rhythm
Acquiring vocabulary is like performing
a very intricate dance.

38. Words presented with pictures
e.g. Optical illusion

39. • What's an Analogy?
by Ann Reckner
An analogy is a type of word problem that often appears on standardized tests. It is made up of two word pairs, like this:
GRACEFUL : CLUMSY :: late : _______
• Your goal in solving an analogy is to find a word that correctly completes the second pair. At first glance the words in an
analogy may seem to have nothing to do with each other, but the words are always logically related. Both pairs of words
have the same kind of relationship. To solve the analogy you need to find that relationship. Read the analogy like this:
"Graceful is to clumsy as late is to 'blank.'"
• Ask yourself: What is the relationship between graceful and clumsy? They are antonyms—words that have opposite
meanings. The second pair of words must also be antonyms. Fill in the blank with a word that means the opposite of late,
and you've solved the analogy. Early is the best answer.
Besides antonyms, the word pairs in an analogy could have one of these types of relationships: synonyms, or words that
have the same or similar meanings, as in WORK : LABOR
• descriptive, in which one word describes the other word, as in BLUE : SKY
• part to whole, in which one word is a part or piece of the other, as in ARM : BODY
• item to category, in which one word names something that falls into the group named by the other word, as in MILK :
BEVERAGE
PUPPY : DOG :: kitten : _______
Words presented in analogy

40. • Because
• Business
• Drop
• Slippers
• Leave
Using graphics to show word meaning

41. Presented in word families
Root Comes from Means
bio Greek life
cept Latin take
form Latin Form, shape
graph Greek write
script Latin write
spect Latin look
phone Greek voice
hydr Greek water
fect Latin Cause, make
Vid,vis Latin see
cis Latin cut
cent Latin hundred

42.  Providing multiple exposures and opportunities to see, hear,
write and use new words

43. There are also different ways to
learn words

44. Examples

45. Supporting Developing Word Knowledge
• Repeat in various contexts
• Describe words
• Support with visuals
• Connect to yours or other
people’s lives
• Extend meaning with
anecdotes
• Make associations
• Give definitions
• Compare and contrasts
• Question
• Chart characteristics
• Rephrase sentences
• Analyze structure
• Provide tactile examples
• Give examples of correct
and incorrect use

46. IntroductionLet's face it - English is a crazy language. There is no egg in eggplant, nor ham
in hamburger; neither apple nor pine in pineapple.
English muffins weren't invented in England or French fries in France.
Sweetmeats are candies while sweetbreads, which aren't sweet, are meat.
We take English for granted. But if we explore its paradoxes, we find that
quicksand can work slowly, boxing rings are square and a guinea pig is
neither from Guinea nor is it a pig.
‘Learning involves the search for patterns, regularity and
predictability’
Bruner 1960
And why is it that writers write but fingers don't fing, grocers don't groce
and hammers don't ham?
If the plural of tooth is teeth, why isn't the plural of booth, beeth?
One goose, 2 geese. So one moose, 2 meese?

47. Doesn't it seem crazy that you can make amends
but not one amend? If you have a bunch of odds
and ends and get rid of all but one of them, what
do you call it?
if teachers taught, why didn't preachers praught?
If a vegetarian eats vegetables, what does a
humanitarian eat?
...

48. • In what language do people recite at a play
and play at a recital? Ship by truck and send
cargo by ship? Have noses that run and feet
that smell?

49. How can a slim chance and a fat chance be the same, while a wise man and a wise guy
are opposites?
You have to marvel at the unique lunacy of a language in which your house can burn
up as it burns down, in which you fill in a form by filling it out and in which, an
alarm goes off by going on.

50. • English was invented by people, not
computers, and it reflects the creativity of the
human race, which, of course, is not a race at
all.
• That is why, when the stars are out, they are
visible, but when the lights are out, they are
invisible.

51. • Make amends
• usage notes: after to/by/with
• e.g. I hope that by winning this game I will make amends to
my fans for losing such an easy match yesterday.
• at the end of a sentence: I embarressed my friends
and want to make amends.
Note taking

52. • Odds and ends(pl)
• Run an errand /run errands
Note: When logging vocabulary one should add some examples to turn input
comprehensible/ meaningful.

53. • Smelly feet / flat foot/ ingrown nail/ athlete’s
feet/ bunion
• Running nose/ Have the flu / cold/ congested/
feel sick, be sick/ ill
More notes

54. ‘ Memory can be thought of as a kind of conveyor belt, which when in
operation receives a constant stream of information, which it processes as
follows:’

55. • How many words do we know?
• How many do we need to know in order to be
fluent?
• How many do native speakers know at the age
of 3, when they start speaking?
• How many can we learn ?
Numbers

56. How many words do we know?
• Average first grader – 6,000 words
• Average high school senior – 45,000 words
• The Math:
– 39,000 words over 12 years
– About 3,000 words a year or 10 words a day
• The range:
– 1,000 words a year for low achieving children
– 5,000 words a year for high achieving children

57. • I will learn..... words a day.
• 5?
At the end of the year it will be
365X5=1825
Setting a smart target

58. What does it mean to KNOW a word?
• A preliminary definition
– Read/decode a word
– Understand its meaning and use
– Use it in oral response
– Use it in written work
• Levels of word knowledge
– Unknown
– Acquainted
– Established

59. • There are many other strategies used to learn a vocabulary
and the following links may give you food for thought.
• http://www.glencoe.com/sec/teachingtoday/subject/vocab_acq
• http://203.72.145.166/TESOL/TQD_2008/VOL_25_4.PDF#page=9
• http://www.readwritethink.org/professional-development/strat
• http://coachdes.wordpress.com/2005/10/24/english-use-and-us
•

60. EAL teaching strategies - supporting pupils for whom English is an
additional language
EAL strategies and resources to make planning and teaching
easier and help your pupils achieve the four Ps;
- make accelerated progress
- fulfil their potential
- be happy motivated and proactive learners
- be proud of their identity and language skills

61. Useful sources
http://www.eal-teaching-strategies.com/differentiation-strategy.html
• http://www.eal-teaching-strategies.com/assessment.html
• http://www.eal-teaching-strategies.com/resources.html
• http://www.eal-teaching-strategies.com/games.html
• http://www.eal-teaching-strategies.com/assessment.html
• http://www.eal-teaching-strategies.com/resources.html
• http://www.thegrid.org.uk/learning/mecs/eal/newarrivals/index.shtml

62. The Cognitive Neuroscience of Second
Language Acquisition
Perspectives of critical/sensitive periods, maturational
effects, individual differences, neural regions involved,
and processing characteristics. The research methods
used include functional magnetic resonance imaging
(fMRI), positron emission tomography (PET), and event
related potentials (ERP).
Core questions including: which brain areas are reliably
activated in second language processing? Are they the
same or different from those activated in first
language acquisition and use? And what are the
behavioural consequences of individual differences
among brains?

63. Zebra crossing
Marmite
Vegemite
Off you go
Cheers
Top of the morning
Mind your own business
Spot on!
Private school
Public school
My journal

64. • Zebra crossing
Association

65. Marmite(UK) and Vegemite(Aust)

66. • Let’s go X off you go
• Shall we/ you will have ten min to complete
this task...
Analogies

67. • Cheers
• Ta
• Thank you
• Tara

68. • Morning
• Top of the morning
• G’day
• Howdy

69. • Mind you ...
• Mind your own business (-)
• Mind the gap

70. • Public school / Private school
Comprehensive
Grammar
Boarding
Church
Community
Cultural Understanding

71. Spot on!
Way to go
Couldn’t do better myself
Keep at it!
Complimenting a student

72. • Receptive knowledge - decoding
• Conceptual knowledge- applying
• Phonological knowledge- pronouncing
• Grammatical knowledge- usage
• Co notational Knowledge- + or -
• Metalinguistic Knowledge -literal and implied
meaning
• Memory- RETRIEVING
Cameron, L. 2001
Learning a word

73. Studying the word moose
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ejlCv9pAiHY

74. How giant amplifiers can help Mr Moose hear for miles
By DAVID DERBYSHIRE
They are a sign of maturity, impress the ladies and come
in handy for giving rivals a nasty poke in the ribs.
But moose antlers have another crucial function - as giant
amplifiers.
http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-541028/How-giant-amplifiers-help-Mr-Moose-hear-miles.html#ixzz1QOyHJLu2
Text I

75. • 1-What are the words you have come across
in context that you understood without using
a dictionary or consulting someone?
• 2-What are the words related to the original
search ‘moose’ ?
• 3- Did you know that one of the functions of
antlers was to serve as amplifiers?
Learning through Language

76. • Associating it with picture
• Learning other words related to original search
• Learning something interesting about the word
• Experiencing the word in different contexts
• Repetition
• Using the words
Maximizing learning opportunities
Recap

77. 1- Jeopardy, objection, overruled, court, parole,
death sentence, jailhouse, appeal.
Answer:
2- Flood, flash flood, torrent, downpour, in land
tsunami, cats and dogs, flood appeal.
Answer:
What word generated the following
words:

78. Task
• Write down as many words as you can think
of
related to the ones bellow:
1- To walk
2- To say
3- Tired

79. Use the Word
• The drunks swayed as they sang the song.
• The mother rocked the baby in her arms.
• Diamonds dangled on her ears.
• The kids bounced a ball on the sidewalk.
• He nodded his head in agreement.

80. Think of sentences using the words:
• To shiver:
• To flicker:
• To stir
• To wiggle

81. • Grouping them into themes
A very interesting text to be read is the chapter 4 of this Bolivian post-
grad student paper on how she has overcome her difficulties in
learning vocabulary for a post-grad purpose.
http://digitalcollections.sit.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1192&context=i
Among many other things, she mentions that she benefitted from
cognate awareness when acquiring new vocabulary.
So she can draw upon her L1 experience to try and guess the meaning
of a new word as well.
She also calls our attention to the false cognates.
Try and complete this exercise on false cognates and see how many
you know or how many you can guess.
Other strategies

82. Standard
English

83. Double negatives: two ‘negative’
words in the same sentence. For
Standard English to apply one of
the negative words must be
changed.
I ain’t got no pencils I haven’t got any pencils
I don’t want none of that I don’t want any of that.

84. Standard English
These are not written in Standard English, how should they be written?
May I lend your scissors Ben?
May I your scissors Ben?
I should of taken more care with the hammer.
I should taken more care with the hammer.
borrow
have

85. Copy these into your books and write the
correct version underneath.
1. I’d like one of them cakes.
2. My uncle gave me this book whenever I was born.
3. It was thunder what we heard.
4. Mum learned me to ride a bike.
5. He never!
6. It’s right hot!
Try and think of some of your own. Write the non-standard and
standard versions.

86. Received Pronunciation (RP),
also called the Queen's (or
King's) English, Oxford English,
or BBC English, is the accent of
Standard English in England.

87. • Although there is nothing intrinsic about RP
that marks it as superior to any other variety,
sociolinguistic factors have given Received
Pronunciation particular prestige throughout
the world.

88. Spoken Language and Written
Language
• There are many differences between spoken
and written English. In fact, speaking as we
write may be considered stuffy, whereas
writing as we speak may be considered
uneducated. Spoken English and written
English should be considered separately.

89. DAY AT WORK
In the morning I 1-_______ a meeting between management and 2-_____
representatives. The discussion was very 3-________, covering topics like working
hours, days off, retirement age, etc. Both sides were interested in an agreement
and ready to 4-_______. The secretary 5-______everything in the notes. 6-
________, they decided to set a new meeting to sign the final draft of the
agreement.
Back at the 7-______, a colleague of mine asked me if I had 8-_______ that the
proposed agreement would be partially against the company 9________ not to
accept workers that have already 10-________. I 11-_______ to be really busy and
late for an 12-_______, and left for the13-_______. Actually, I didn't want to
discuss the matter at that particular moment because there were some strangers
in the office.
After lunch I attended a lecture given by the mayor, who is an expert in tax
legislation and has a graduate degree in political science. He said his government
intends to assist welfare programs and senior citizens, raise funds to improve
college education and build a public library, and establish tougher limits on vehicle
emissions because he assumes this is what the people expect from the
government.
Identifying false cognates in context

90. • DAY AT WORK
• In the morning I attended a meeting between management and union
representatives. The discussion was very comprehensive, covering topics like
working hours, days off, retirement age, etc. Both sides were interested in an
agreement and ready to compromise. The secretary recorded everything in the
notes. Eventually, they decided to set a new meeting to sign the final draft of the
agreement.
• Back at the office, a colleague of mine asked me if I had realized that the proposed
agreement would be partially against the company policy not to accept workers
that have already retired. I pretended to be really busy and late for an
appointment, and left for the cafeteria. Actually, I didn't want to discuss the
matter at that particular moment because there were some strangers in the
office.
• After lunch I attended a lecture given by the mayor, who is an expert in tax
legislation and has a graduate degree in political science. He said his government
intends to assist welfare programs and senior citizens, raise funds to improve
college education and build a public library, and establish tougher limits on vehicle
emissions because he assumes this is what the people expect from the
government.
Key

91. hom·o·phone
• a word pronounced the same as another but
differing in meaning a
e.g. heir and air.
http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/homophones
Homophones

92. A homophone is a word that is pronounced the
same as another word but differs in meaning.
e.g. Tip up the jug and _______ lots of cream on
the strawberries.
• paw
• poor
• Pour
http://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/british/paw_
Analyse it.

93. Write down the pair of homophones for the
exercise below:
1- e.g.She was stung by a __bee____. ( be, bee)
2-Paper and envelopes are called _____.(.....)
3-After her illness, she looked very _____.(....)
4- I’d like some ____ of the chocolate cake,
please. (.....)
Practice

94. • http://www.cooper.com/alan/homonym.html
How do you make a sausage roll? Push it!
Why are movie stars so cool? Because they have so
many fans.
Why did the boy take the pencil to bed? Because he
wanted to draw the curtains.
Why did the teacher wear sunglasses? Her students
were too bright.
Homonyms
same spelling, same pronunciation

95. • Homographs are words with different
pronunciation, meanings and origins but the
same spelling
• e.g.
• bow – type of knot OR to incline
• minute – tiny OR unit of time
• row – line OR argument OR propel a boat
http://myweb.tiscali.co.uk/wordscape/wordlist/homogr
Homographs

96. It seems to be appropriate to apply some of the
strategies we have visited today while exercising
our memories .
The exercises proposed now will provide
Language teachers/learners with examples of
different types of vocabulary exercises .
Practice

97. Metaphor: figure of speech in which an implicit comparison is made
between two unlike things that actually have something in common.

98. • 1. ___ The girl never tells the
truth.
• 2. ___ Please water that plant.
• 3. ___ Those two children
don't like each other.
• 4. ___ That girl won't harm
anyone.
• 5. ___ I have many things to
do today.
• 6. ___ Be careful of the the
broken glass.
• 7. ___ The water has frozen.
• 8. ___ This material is very
soft.
Similes

99. • 1. ___ The girl never tells the
truth.
• 2. ___ Please water that plant.
• 3. ___ Those two children
don't like each other.
• 4. ___ That girl won't harm
anyone.
• 5. ___ I have many things to
do today.
• 6. ___ Be careful of the the
broken glass.
• 7. ___ The water has frozen.
• 8. ___ This material is very
soft.
• L. She lies like a rug
• Y. It's as dry as a bone.
• e. They always fight like cats
and dogs.
• c. She's as gentle as a lamb.
• B. I'm as busy as a beaver
• b. It's as sharp as a knife.
• It's as hard as a rock.
• A. It's as smooth as silk.
Similes

100. • 9. a Did you scrub the floor?
• 10. V Put on some warm gloves.
• 11. P This cake is soft and fluffy.
• 12. D I want to do well on my tests.
• 13. H This bed sheet is very clean and
smells good.
• 14. S I can't understand this question.
• 15. Z He will get lung cancer if he's
not careful.
• 16. d My father taught me many
things.
• 17. G Why is she taking so much
time?
• 18. f I have heard that story many
times before.
• 19. I He's such a sloppy eater.
• 20. W He doesn't listen to anyone.
• 21. O The patient looks very ill.
• 22. J He doesn't eat very much.
• 23. K She sings with much feeling.
• 24. F The man can lift this heavy box.
• 25. R We shouldn't waste time
worrying.
• 26. N Go to the bathroom to clean
your hands.
• 27. X The boy is very lazy.
• 28. Q The pudding tastes delicious.
• 29. U She has very poor eyesight.
• 30. E Did you step on this?
• 31. T She is very excited about
getting her driver's license.
• 32. C I will go check on the baby.
Key

101. • http://www.flo-joe.co.uk/cae/students/tests/ocltst2.htm

102. • Phobias
• The (0) ... of Phobia Awareness Week is to highlight the difficulties that many
people (1) ... in everyday situations. It is important to (2) ... between a fear and a
phobia. It's (3) ... usual for all of us to have our own peculiar fears, for example
being anxious around snakes or nervous about flying. However, only a very small
proportion of us actually have a phobia of these things. When these fears begin to
(4) ... you embarrassment or you feel that your life is being disrupted then you
would be wise to (5) ... treatment for what could potentially be a phobia. By far
the most (6) ... phobia and potentially the most disruptive is agoraphobia. The
word derives from Greek and (7) ... means 'fear of the marketplace' but we apply
it today to describe a distressing (8) ... in which people (9) ... going outside
because of the awful feelings of anxiety that arise. Treatment of phobias usually
consists of the patient (10) ... behavioural therapy during which they gradually get
used to being near the object or the situation that causes them fear. Drugs may be
(11) ... to treat anxiety and many people opt for alternative therapy such as
acupuncture or hypnosis to help them come to (12) ... with their fear and conquer
it.
Task 1

103. 1-) a) face b) confront c) meet d) join
2- ) a) choose b) distinguish c) select d) pick
3-) a) very b)absolutely c) quite d) truly
4-) a) cause b)make c) create d)give
5-) a)explore b) hunt c) search d) seek
6-) a) standard b) average c) normal d) common
7-) a) precisely b) specifically c) literally d) exactly
8-) a)illness b)condition c) disease d) injury
9-) a) dodge b) avoid c)miss d) slip
10-) a) undergoing b) taking c) experiencing d)doing
11-) a) release b)issued c) cerified d) prescribed
12-) a) acceptance b) terms c) realisation d)comfort
Cloze

104. Sound Advice for Language Learners
A recent (0) issue of a language learning magazine has consulted a
number of experts in the (1) ........ of second language acquisition. Their
advice may prove invaluable for those (2) ........ a language course. One
suggestion is that you (3) ........... whether you are likely to be successful at
learning a language. Did you enjoy studying languages at school, for
example? Do you have enough time to learn a language? The major
(4) ........ will be your own time and effort.
If proof of your level of proficiency is important you must make sure that
the course on offer leads to a (5) ........ qualification. Also, be realistic in
your (6) ...... . If you don't set achievable aims you are more likely to give
up. Do not be deceived (7) ........... thinking that the most expensive
courses are the best. (8) ........... around to get the best possible value for
money. You should also bear in mind that the quicker you learn a
language the more quickly you forget it. Sandra Miller, a French teacher,
tried to teach herself German by enrolling on a (9) .......... course. Already
fluent in four languages and with a sound knowledge of teaching
methodology her chances of (10) ............ progress were high. Three years
(11) ........ she remembers very little. She feels her biggest mistake was not
to follow (12) ............ her first experience. "I should have consolidated
what I'd learn by continuing to study, even if it were by myself."

105. 1) a)domain b) branch c) field d) area
e.g.

106. Gap 2
wondering
• Thinking
• looking
• considering

107. Gap 3
• assess
• review
• balance
• survey

108. Gap 4
• change
• cost
• price
• evaluation

109. Gap 5
• recognised
• understood
• valued
• regarded

110. Gap 6
• sights
• ends
• objects
• goals

111. Gap 7
• by
• about
• into
• in

112. GAP 8
• Nose
• Push
• Run
• Shop

113. GAP 9
• rapid
• crash
• quick
• fast

114. GAP 10
• achieving
• doing
• gaining
• making

115. GAP 11
• on
• forward
• from
• onward

116. GAP 12
• up
• on
• through
• out

117. KEY
• field/considering/assess/majorcost/recognise
d/goals/by/shop/crash/rapid/making/on

118. Word Formation
Word Formation
Read the text and then write the correct form of the word on
the right. There is an example at the beginning:
It is not (0) unusual to make a hobby pay for itself
USUAL
even if initially you had no (1) ... of turning it
INTEND
into a business.
Depending upon the hobby, the necessary (2) ...
EQUIP

119. can be expensive and the idea of (3) ... offering items
OCCASION
up for sale can at the very least help pay for the
hobby.
For those looking to make a profit on their (4) ...,
CREATE
these days an audience for products can range from
the local to the truly global. Some hobbyists begin
by donating a piece of work to a (5) ... sale
CHARITY

120. just to see how quickly and (6) ... it sells.
PROFIT
Local shops can be the next outlet for items,
often the step taken by those making things like
hand-made greetings cards for instance. And for
the
truly ambitious, websites like eBay enable the
hobbiest to reach a (7 ) ... audience.
WORLD

121. As with any business idea, an honest (8) ... should be
APPRAISE
undertaken regarding the demand for the work and the
price the customer is prepared to pay in (9) ... .
REAL
However, do not forget the degree of personal (10) ...
SATISFY
as well.
Word Formation

122. 'Key' Word Transformations
For questions 1-8, complete the second sentence so that it has a similar
meaning to the first sentence, using the word given. Do not change the word
given. You must use between three and six words, including the word given.
1. Apparently, the restaurant in town has been bought out by someone else.
UNDER
I hear the restaurant in town .........................................
2. Sarah cried her eyes out immediately she was told she'd failed her driving test.
BROKE
Sarah ........................................ soon as she heard she'd failed her driving test.
3. The Government recently said our problems are the fault of the worldwide economic
slowdown.
PLACED
The Government have ........................................ the worldwide economic slowdown
for our problems.
4. You led me to believe the job was mine if I wanted it.
IMPRESSION
I ........................................ that the job was mine if I wanted it.

123. 5. He would never have guessed that at the age of 17 he would be
playing for his country.
LITTLE
........................................ that at the age of 17 he would be
playing for his country.
6. Feel free to telephone if you have any further problems.
CALL
Do not ........................................ if you have any further
problems.
7. When you do decide what you want to do please let us know.
MIND
When ........................................ what you want to do please let
us know.
8. Do you mind if I come over to see you later?
OBJECTION
Do you ........................................ coming over to see you later?

124. • Is under new management/ broke down in tears as
placed the blame on/was left with the
impression/was given the impression/ had the
impression/was under the impression/ little dis he
know/ little did he realised/ hesitate to call us/
hesitate to give us a call/ hesitate to call/ have made
up your mind/ you’ve made up your mind/ have any
objections to me.
Key

125. Gapped Sentences
For questions 1-5, think of one word only which can be used
appropriately in all three sentences. Here is an example:
Could you do me a ........and hold the door open while I bring in
the shopping?
All those in ........ of the proposal please raise your hand.
After being out of fashion for years the painter is now in ........
with the critics.
Example: FAVOUR

126. Q1
John has just taken up the ........ of Marketing Manager at a local
college.
He put me in a really difficult ........ asking for money when he
knows I'm not very well off.
The yoga teacher told everyone to remain in a standing ........ for
30 seconds.
Q2
Apparently, the police are going to ........ the man with assault
following that fight the other week.
I couldn't get the car to start this morning and finally had
to ........ the battery as it had gone flat.
The company have been asked to submit a proposal outlining
how much they will ........ for the consultancy work.

127. Q3
During the tutorial I was asked to give my........ of the portrayal
of the main character in the film.
There was a wonderful ........ from the hotel window, which
looked out over beautiful countryside.
Our son couldn't see the game as his ........ was blocked by the
people in front.
Q4
I had a real ........ of achievement when I passed the exams and
got my degree.
I don't see the ........ of going all the way into town when we can
buy the dress locally.
Paul has a great ........ of humour and always has everyone in the
office in fits of laughter.

128. Q5
It wasn't my ........ - the vase just fell off the table.
There was a ........ with the computer and we had to take it back
to the shop to get it repaired.
The manager is always finding ........ with people and
complaining about the quality of their work.
KEY Position, charge, view, sense, fault.

129. • http://www.guardian.co.uk/media/organgrind
er/2009/dec/01/best-tv-ads-of-the-noughties-
decade
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=GHX2mvFVQMs&NR=1
Extra Videos

130. http://www.sk.com.br/sk-laxll.html
Krashen, Stephen D. Principles and Practice in Second Language Acquisition. Prentice-Hall International, 1987.
Krashen, Stephen D. Second Language Acquisition and Second Language Learning. Prentice-Hall
International, 1988.
http://www.teachingthinking.net/http://www.teachingthinking.net/thinking/pages/robert_fisher_webres
ources.htm
http://assets.cambridge.org/052177/3253/sample/0521773253WS.pdf
• http://www.scribd.com/doc/5543219/False-Friends-English-and-Portuguese
• Mentioned at translators’ conference
• http://www.sk.com.br/sk-fals.html
• http://usuarios.cultura.com.br/jmrezende/falsoscognatos.htm
• Books
• Guia prático de tradução inglesa“, de Agenor Soares dos Santos
• “VocabuLando“, de Isa Mara Lando
References

131. • http://www.decs.sa.gov.au/curric/files/pages/saisop/V
acationLiteracy/whattodo.htm
• School resources
• http://www.bbc.co.uk/apps/ifl/skillswise/mod_quizzes
/words/spelling/recognising/homophones/quizengine
• TES
• The Guardian
• Teach it
• Learning Premium

132. • Linguist John Higgins has prepared a comprehensive list of homographs in various
categories, including those where the meanings are related but the part of speech
and pronunciation change.
• For practising them:
•
• http://www.worksheetlibrary.com/subjects/languagearts/partsofspeech/homogra
phs/homographs0136.pdf
• There are many other strategies used to learn a vocabulary and the following links
may give you food for thought.
• http://www.glencoe.com/sec/teachingtoday/subject/vocab_acquisition.phtml
• http://203.72.145.166/TESOL/TQD_2008/VOL_25_4.PDF#page=93
• http://www.readwritethink.org/professional-development/strategy-
guides/supporting-vocabulary-acquisition-english-30104.html
• http://coachdes.wordpress.com/2005/10/24/english-use-and-usage/
•

133. If time allows

134. FALSE
COGNATES

135. False Cognates(an English Speaker Learning Portuguese)
‘ Compromisso - looks like compromise, but really means
“comittment”. (and the word “comprometido” means that
you are in a relationship, or “committed”).
cobra – you might think this word is referring to a cobra snake,
when really “cobra” is actually the Portuguese word for
snake, all snakes.
desgraça – this is a very strong word in portuguese, while it
looks like the english word “disgrace,” this is not the
appropriate translation. Rather it is used to refer to things
that are really abhorrent such as major tragedies or
misfortunes.
• http://www.solinguainglesa.com.br/conteudo/falsos_cognatos1.php

136. educado – this Portuguese adjective looks like it means
“educated” but it really means “polite” or “well-
raised”. To describe someone as being educated in
Portuguese, say: “ele tem estudo” literally meaning:
“he has study,” and translates to “he is educated.”
esperto - while this word looks like it means “expert,” it
really means clever, sly or intelligent in a savvy way.
local – does not mean “local.” In Portuguese this is a
noun that means “place,” as in a location.
atualmente – looks like “actually,” but really means
“currently,” “nowadays” or ”at the moment”. (To say
“actually” in Brazilian Portuguese, say: “na verdade”).

137. rato – this is the Portuguese word for a rat, but also for
a ”mouse.”
propaganda – in Portuguese, this is the word for
advertisement! It does not refer to the English word
‘propaganda.
advertência – similarly, this word does NOT mean
“advertisement”! The word advertência actually means
“warning” in Portuguese. In order to say advertisement,
use either anúncio or propaganda
“fazer questão” – this phrase looks like it should mean “to
make a question,” but what it really means is “to insist
on/upon something”.
graduação - looks like “graduation,” but really refers to a
college or university major. For school graduations in
Brazilian Portuguese, say “formatura.”

138. carona – this took me forever to figure out and I have no idea
why. So, even though this word is the name of a popular
Mexican beer, in Brazilian Portuguese, it means “ride,” as in
to get a ride from someone, or to give a ride “dar uma
carona” to someone´
parentes - does NOT mean “parents,” it means “relatives.”
The Portuguese word for “parents” is “pais.”
pretender – this verb does not mean “to pretend,” it really
means “to intend” or “to plan (to do something).”
puxar - ironically, while this Portuguese verb looks like it
means “to push,” and is commonly written on doors in
Brazil, its true meaning is “to pull.” The Portugues word for
“to push” is empurrar.

139. More Activities
• Gapped Sentences
Instructions
For questions 1-6, think of one word only which can
be used appropriately in all three sentences. Here is
an example:
• Some of the tourists are hoping to get compensation
for the poor state of the hotel, and I think they have a
very ........ case.
There's no point in trying to wade across the river, the
current is far too ........ .
If you're asking me which of the candidates should get
the job, I'm afraid i don't have any ........ views either
way.

140. • Strong

141. • Q1
It is very difficult to fully ........ certain pieces of
jazz music until you've heard them a good few
times.
Although I'm always ready to lend a hand,
Marta never really seems to ........ the things I
do for her.

142. • appreciate

143. • Q2
James is able to ........ an enormous amount of
factual information in his head.
Although the old house has been completely
renovated, care has been taken to ........ as many
of the original features as possible.
When you're buying outdoor adventure clothing,
the thing to look for is material that does
not ........ a lot of moisture

144. • retain

145. • Q3
With less than a minute of the football match to
go, Phil managed to ........ the ball into the back of
the net.
I think the best course of action would be to
jump into the car and ........ for Bristol as soon as
possible.
Louise has been asked to ........ an investigation
into what went wrong on the night of the
accident.

146. • head

147. • Q4
Initially, few companies saw any potential in
computers designed for the ........ rather than the
office environment.
Although extremely independent, and well able
to look after themselves, cats are generally
classified as ........ animals.
Over the years the proportion of foreign stories
in this newspaper has declined as people have
become more engrossed in ........ issues.

148. • domestic

149. • Q5
The chess champion held off a serious ........ from
his younger opponent in the last match of the
tournament.
The chairman of the meeting seemed to regard
questions from the audience as some kind
of ........ to his authority.
You'll find some aspects of the job a real ........,
but we're confident that you can cope.

150. challenge

151. • Q6
Melanie practised her lines each day after school,
getting increasingly nervous as the date of her
audition ........ even closer.
Although Tim had been in the lead for most of
the race, as they reached the final bend,
Graham ........ level and threatened to overtake
him.
On an impulse, Laurie ........ all the money out of
his bank account and went to London, intending
to spend every last penny of it.

152. • drew