Talk given at Texas Tech University on 6 March and Instituto Alexander von Humboldt (sede Venado) on 11 March.

1. A Sensory Journey among Hyper Diverse Bats
Liliana M. Dávalos
11 marzo 2019
Ecology &
Evolution

2. A double mission
Biological
diversity
Evolution Extinctionincrease decrease

3. What biological
processes fuel
biodiversity?
What are the social
factors of
environmental
degradation?
How does
biodiversity
change in time/
space?
Research

4. • A coalescent-based estimator of
genetic drift, and acoustic divergence
in the Pteronotus parnellii species
complex
• Evidence for multifactorial processes
underlying phenotypic variation in bat
visual opsins
• Trpc2 pseudogenization dynamics in
bats reveal ancestral vomeronasal
signaling, then pervasive loss
• Genetic function of Trpc2 predicts
accessory olfactory bulb form in bat
vomeronasal evolution
• Bat Biology, Genomes, and the
Bat1K Project: to generate
chromosome-level genomes for all
living bat species
• Fires Spike in Protected Areas:
Unforeseen Costs of Colombian Peace
• Integrating remotely sensed fires for
predicting deforestation for REDD+
• The world drug problem and
sustainable development
• Deforestation and Coca Cultivation
Rooted in 20th-Century Development
Projects
• Demand for beef is unrelated to
pasture expansion in northwestern
Amazonia
• Out of the Antilles: Fossil Phylogenies
Support Reverse Colonization of Bats to
South America
• Eating down the food chain: generalism
is not an evolutionary dead end for
herbivores
• Anthropogenic Extinction Dominates
Holocene Declines of West Indian
Mammals
• Recent extinctions disturb path to
equilibrium diversity in the Caribbean
• Bats (Chiroptera: Noctilionoidea)
challenge recent origin of extant
neotropical diversity
Research

5. What biological
processes fuel
biodiversity?
What are the social
factors of
environmental
degradation?
How does
biodiversity
change in time/
space?
Research

6. BetsyDumont
Stephen Rossiter
KarenSears

7. Omar Warsi
Paul Donat Danny Rojas
Bonnie Lei
Laurel Yohe

8. Alexa Sadier
Winston Lancaster Amy Russell
Kalina Davies
Jon Flanders
Yolanda León
Miguel Núñez

9. three senses
Hearing
Vision
Olfaction
Credit: Jon Flanders

10. Molecular ecology of the senses
how does ecology
shape evolution?
neutral or not?
can a chemo-
sense be
gained?

11. Molecular ecology of the senses
how does ecology
shape evolution?
neutral or not?
can a chemo-
sense be
gained?

12. Hispaniola
Puerto Rico
Hispaniola
Mona
PR
Credit: Jon Flanders
Credit: Jon Hall

13. CF echolocation with Doppler
shift compensation in the
Neotropics
Pteronotus cf. parnellii
Puerto Rico Hispaniola

14. 0
10
20
30
40
60.0 62.5 65.0 67.5 70.0
Call frequency (KHz)
Count
Island
Hispaniola
Mona
Puerto Rico
Same body size with
great call dimorphism
Dávalos et al. 2018 Heredity

15. But many processes can
explain divergence
• Null model
• Genetic drift (e.g., Puechmaille et
al. 2011)
• Selection
• Habitat physical features (e.g.,
Odendaal et al. 2014, Guillén et al.
2000)
• Acoustic environment (e.g., Gillam &
McCracken 2007)
• Other species (Kingston et al. 2001)
• Prey (Kingston & Rossiter 2004)
• Sex-specific
• Sexual selection (Mutumi et al.
2016)
• Cultural drift (Yoshino et al. 2008)

16. STATISTICAL IXTERPRETATION OF POPULATION S
PROGRESS OF FIXATION IN POPULATIONS OF EIGHT
4
...M
H
.80
.20
F
1.00 1---------=======------,
.60
.40
504010
00'=" .,-::-__---,-..,....-__...........,.. ---1
FIG. 7.
and thus 14 if N =8. This replaces No in
the formula above by 14.
system as maximu
but has a slight l
If genetic drift is the
driver
• Quantitative
divergence ~ genetic
divergence expected
by drift
• Quantitative
divergence ~ FST
FST
Wright 1965 Evolution

18. Need to find FST
• Use sequence data to
estimate
Hey & Nielsen 2007 PNAS

19. 0
1
2
3
4
0 200 400 600
Effective Population Size (thousands of individuals)
Puerto Rico
Hispaniola
A B
Figure 1
0.0
0.2
0.4
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000
Divergence Time (Ka)
Posterior estimates Dávalos et al. 2018 Heredity
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
0 2 4 6
Effective Number of Migrants (Nm)
JointPosteriorDensity
Migration into
Hispaniola
Supplementa
Puerto Rico

20. A
Constant−frequencyecholocation(kHz)
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60.0
62.5
65.0
67.5
70.0
Hispaniola Puerto Rico
Island
How to estimate
quantitative divergence?
• Phenotypic or PST
Sex
Female
Male
Figure 2
B
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14
g)
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48 50 52 54
Forearm length (mm) C
275(Brommer 2011). In this case, the variance terms need to
276be scaled by a constant c and the heritability h2
, resulting in
277the estimate of phenotypic differentiation, or PST:
PST ¼
cσ2
B
cσ2
B þ 2h2σ2
W
¼
c
h2 σ2
B
c
h2 σ2
B þ 2σ2
W
; ð3Þ
278279280281in which c/h2
is the additive genetic contribution to the
282proportion of the between-population variance. In most
283empirical cases the c/h2
ratio is unknown, but it determines
284how robust the PST approximation to the QST is. If the PST
285exceeds the neutral expectation —the FST—at c = h2
, then it
286will also exceed this expectation when c > h2
. However,
287when c < h2
, there is a limit to the extent to which the PST
288reflects the QST exceeding the neutral expectation. This
289critical value is estimated by calculating c / h2
critical (Eq. 3)
290for the lower 5% tail of PST and the upper 5% tail of FST
291distributions (Brommer 2011):
Liliana M Dávalos et al.
Lande 1992 Evolution

21. A
Constant−frequencyecholocation(kHz)
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●
60.0
62.5
65.0
67.5
70.0
Hispaniola Puerto Rico
Island
What about quantitative
divergence?
• Known as PST
• But heritability
seldom known!
• Therefore calculate
critical value
Sex
Female
Male
Figure 2
B
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14
g)
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48 50 52 54
Forearm length (mm) C
cσ2
B
cσ2
B þ 2h2σ2
W
¼
c
h2 σ2
B
c
h2 σ2
B þ 2σ2
W
; ð3Þ
278279280281h c/h2
is the additive genetic contribution to the
282on of the between-population variance. In most
283al cases the c/h2
ratio is unknown, but it determines
284bust the PST approximation to the QST is. If the PST
285the neutral expectation —the FST—at c = h2
, then it
286o exceed this expectation when c > h2
. However,
287< h2
, there is a limit to the extent to which the PST
288the QST exceeding the neutral expectation. This
289value is estimated by calculating c / h2
critical (Eq. 3)
290lower 5% tail of PST and the upper 5% tail of FST
291tions (Brommer 2011):
¼
2σ2
W0:05FST 0:95
σ2
B 0:05ð1 À FST 0:95Þ
¼
ð1 À PST 0:05ÞFST 0:95
PST 0:05ð1 À FST 0:95Þ
:
275). In this case, the variance terms need to
276onstant c and the heritability h2
, resulting in
277phenotypic differentiation, or PST:
h2σ2
W
¼
c
h2 σ2
B
c
h2 σ2
B þ 2σ2
W
; ð3Þ
278279280281s the additive genetic contribution to the
282he between-population variance. In most
283the c/h2
ratio is unknown, but it determines
284PST approximation to the QST is. If the PST
285ral expectation —the FST—at c = h2
, then it
286d this expectation when c > h2
. However,
Lande 1992 Evolution

22. Sex
Female
Male
Figure 2
A B
Constant−frequencyecholocation(kHz)
●
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●●●
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●
60.0
62.5
65.0
67.5
70.0
Hispaniola Puerto Rico
Island
●●●
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●
●
●
●
●
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8 10 12 14
Body mass (g)
●●●
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●
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48 50 52 54
Forearm length (mm) C
Can estimate
divergence for all traits
Dávalos et al. 2018 Heredity

23. BodymassEcholocationfrequencyForearmlength0.00 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00
0
5
10
15
0
5
10
15
0
5
10
15
FST or PST
Density
FST Hispaniola
FST Puerto Rico
PST

24. Supplementary
Female Puerto Rico Male Puerto Rico
Female Hispaniola Male Hispaniola
0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00
0.4 0.6 0.8 0.5 0.7 0.9 1.1
Female Puerto Rico Male Puerto Rico
Female Hispaniola Male Hispaniola
0.3 0.6 0.9 1.2 1.5 0.5 1.0 1.5
0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2
S
Call dimorphism: sex by
island interaction
Dávalos et al. 2018 Heredity
With sex by island interaction Without sex by island interaction

25. A
Constant−frequencyecholocation(kHz)
●
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●●●
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●
●
●
●
●
●
60.0
62.5
65.0
67.5
70.0
Hispaniola Puerto Rico
Island
Sexual selection
• Hispaniola
• Reject genetic drift
• Found dimorphism
• Can sexual selection
explain?
• Males are calling
lower, though
• Cannot explain how
Hispaniola calls
higher
Sex
Female
Male
Figure 2
B
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14
g)
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48 50 52 54
Forearm length (mm) C

26. • Null model
• Genetic drift (e.g., Puechmaille et
al. 2011)
• Selection
• Habitat physical features (e.g.,
Odendaal et al. 2014, Guillén et al.
2000)
• Acoustic environment (e.g., Gillam &
McCracken 2007)
• Other species (Kingston et al. 2001)
• Prey (Kingston & Rossiter 2004)
• Sex-specific
• Sexual selection (Mutumi et al.
2016)
• Cultural drift (Yoshino et al. 2008)
What is left?
Credit: Jon Flanders

27. Molecular ecology of the senses
how does ecology
shape evolution?
neutral or not?
can a chemo-
sense be
gained?

28. Mormoopidae
Macrotinae
Rhinophyllinae
Stenodermatinae
Carolliinae
Phyllostominae
Noctilionidae
Micronycterinae
Desmodontinae
Glyphonycterinae
Lonchorhininae
Glossophaginae
Million Years Ago
5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
95% CI Node Age
Lonchophyllinae
Dumont, Dávalos et al. 2012 Proc R Soc
Lond B Biol Sci

29. Credits: Merlin Tuttle/Bat Conservation
International, Bryan Bongey

30. Genetics & evolution Crick 1958 The Biological Replication of
Macromolecules

31. But ecological info must
travel upstream
Crick 1958 The Biological Replication of
Macromolecules
Sensory
info
Adaptation

32. Credit: Stephen Rossiter

33. Typical results using
DNA
Wu et al. 2018 Proc R Soc Lond B Biol Sci

34. But not all genes are
expressed
Sadier et al. 2018 eLife

35. The protein is closest to
phenotype, but painstaking
Sadier et al. 2018 eLife

36. Ultimately we care
about traits
• phenotype ~ genotype
Credit: Stephen Rossiter

37. And this maps out to
the central dogma
• genotype
• RNA transcript
• cones & vision
Credit: Jon Flanders

38. Many traits
• foraging
• Gutierrez et al. 2018 Proc
R Soc
• caves
• Simões et al. 2018 Mol
Biol Evol
• caves & diet
• Kries et al. 2018 Mol Ecol
& Li et al. 2018 Sci Rep
• sensory tradeoff
• Wu et al. 2018 Proc R
Soc
Credit: Stephen Rossiter

39. Analyses of the sample-wide or fixed portion of cone density mod
logarithm of the cone density y for each observation i as a function o
variables defined by an diet group j, or S-cone group k. ln(yi) was mo
normally distributed variable with mean mu and variance, as below:
lnðyiÞ~dnormðmu;varianceÞ
lnðyiÞ ¼ a þ b:diet½dietjŠ
lnðyiÞ ¼ a þ b:S:cone½S:conekŠ
Unlike the presence/absence analyses, these response variables w
with the sample-wide portion of the model accounting for the effect
whether known roosts included caves or not. In the sample-wide or fix
models, observations y for each species from one to i for each ecolog
correspond to a single-trial binomial response of the probability of ob
genotype or phenotype given by pri such that:
yi ~dbernðpriÞ
logitðpriÞ ¼ a þ b:ecology½ecologyjŠ
Models for each of the dietary categorizations were then compared
coefficients. For dummy predicators indicating presence/absence, the
the presence indicates the strength of the association with the respon
genotype or phenotype). The predictor variable identified as the most
the presence/absence of S-cones was then used in subsequent analyse
412. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.37412
Credit: Stephen Rossiter
Sadier et al. 2018 eLife

40. ORFmRNAS−cone
plant fruit insects cave roosting
−10
−5
0
5
10
−10
−5
0
5
10
−10
−5
0
5
10
Ecological variable
Posteriorestimateofcoefficient
predictor
plant
fruit
insects
cave roosting
Sadier et al. 2018 eLife

41. Understanding color
vision in bats
• Ecology ~ phenotype
• Protein detection
critical
• DNA-only analyses
limited
• Pseudogenization
comes in last
• Actual behavior,
response requires more
work
Credit: Jon Flanders

42. Molecular ecology of the senses
how does ecology
shape evolution?
neutral or not?
can a chemo-
sense be
gained?

43. Neuweiler 2000 Biology of Bats

44. The
vomeronasal
A whole other
chemosensory system
Neuweiler 2000 Biology of Bats

45. Did you ever wonder
why?
Dogs smell hierarchy and sexual
condition

47. Most bats have atrophied
vomeronasal (top)
Bhatnagar & Meisami 1998 Mic Res &
Tech

48. Diversity of bats not
fully studied
• Almost 1400 species
described as of last
semester!

49. Vomerolfaction
resembles olfaction

50. If TRPC2 breaks,
signaling breaks

51. A first assessment Quite a few independent losses
Zhao et al. 2010 Mol Biol Evol

52. Phyllostomidae
Miniopteridae
Thyropteridae
Noctilionoidae
Furipteridae
Mormoopidae
Molossidae
Pteropodidae
Rhinolophidae
stopcodonorindel
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
14
16
18
ωtest
ω0
Morphology
structurepresent
𝜑structureabsent
𝜑
𝜑
𝜑
𝜑
𝜑
𝜑
𝜑
𝜑
𝜑
𝜑
𝜑
Natalidae
Emballonuridae
19
Yangochiroptera
Megadermatidae
Yinpterochiroptera
Hipposideridae
Lonchorhinaaurita(11)
Glyphonycterissylvestris
Carolliasowelli
Leptonycteriscuraosae
Hipposiderospratti
Lionycterisspurrelli
Glossophagalongirostris
Artibeusintermedius
Platyrrhinusnigellus
Chirodermavillosum
Vampyressathyone
Carolliabrevicauda
Eonycterisspelaea
Brachyphyllapumila(14)
Platyrrhinusinfuscus
Lophostomaevotis
Platyrrhinusaurarius
Anourageoffroyi(13)
Megadermaspasma(1)
Noctilioleporinus
Cormurabrevirostris
Erophyllasezekorni
Rhinolophusferrumequinum(2)
Hipposiderosarmiger
Acerodoncelebensis
Miniopterusfuliginosus
Sturniratildae
Artibeuscinereus
Diphyllaecaudata
Lonchophyllahesperia
Choeroniscusgodmani
Artibeuslituratus
Cynopterussphinx
Lophostomabrasiliense
Thyropteralavali
Miniopterusaelleni
Mormoopsblainvillei(6)
Miniopterussororculus
Chirodermaimprovisum(16)
Tadaridabrasiliensis(3)
Urodermamagnirostrum
Pteronotusmacleayii
Lophostomasilvicolum
Anouralatidens
Sphaeronycteristoxophyllum(20)
Pteronotusparnellii(7)
Brachyphyllacavernarum
Phyllonycterispoeyi
Carolliacastanea
Chilonatalusmicropus
Enchistheneshartii
Lonchophyllachocoana
Ariteusflavescens
Artibeusconcolor
Diaemusyoungi
Tonatiasaurophila
Chirodermadoriae
Musonycterisharrisoni
Micronycterisminuta
Leptonycterisnivalis
Sturniramagna
Dobsoniaviridis
Artibeusphaeotis
Trinycterisnicefori
Sturniralilium
Platyrrhinusdorsalis
Miniopterusminor
Phyllopsfalcatus(18)
Thoopterusnigrescens
Platyrrhinusalbericoi
Anouracaudifer
Carolliasubrufa
Artibeusobscurus
Micronycterisschmidtorum
Phyllostomuselongatus(10)
Miniopteruspetersoni
Lampronycterisbrachyotis
Platyrrhinuslineatus
Artibeusfimbriatus
Mesophyllamacconnelli
Rhinophyllafischerae
Ectophyllaalba
Artibeusincomitatus
Artibeusinopinatus
Thyropteratricolor
Furipterushorrens(5)
Micronycterismicrotis(8)
Artibeusglaucus
Sturnirabogotensis
Carolliaperspicillata
Artibeusjamaicensis
Platalinagenovensium
Mormoopsmegalophylla
Vamypressabidens
Vampyrodescaraccioli(17)
Lonchorhinainusitata
Miniopterusgleni
Sturniraoporaphilum
Pygodermabilabiatum
Glossophagacommissarisi
Erophyllabombifrons(15)
Pteronotusquadridens
Artibeusgnomus
Miniopterusschreibersii(4)
Vampyressabrocki
Artibeuswatsoni
Glossophagasoricina
Desmodusrotundus(9)
Ardopsnichollsi
Centuriosenex(19)
Tonatiabidens
Choeronyterismexicana(12)
Megadermalyra
12
15
+activeflight
-echolocation
-dichromacy
-dichromacy
-dichromacy
-dichromacy
-dichromacy
+traitgain
traitloss
_
Caribbean
colonization
+CF-echo
+CF-echo
+UV
+distinctORprofile
Musmusculus
Pteronotusdavyi
13
+thermoperception
17
20
13 independent losses, but
two families conserve it
Yohe et al. 2017 Evolution

53. Loss, not gain Yohe et al. 2017 Evolution
simulating loss simulating gain

54. There is more than
TRPC2

55. Vomeronasal receptors
• Help recognize
species (mice,
lemurs?)
• If similar in bats then
we should see gene
duplications

56. Sorex araneus
Erinaceus europaeus
Canis familiaris
Felis catus
Equus caballus
Vicugna vicugna
Bos taurus
Tursiops truncatus
Pteropus vampyrus
Pteropus alecto
Rousettus aegyptiacus
Hipposideros armiger
Rhinolophus ferrumequinum
Rhinolophus sinicus
Megaderma lyra
Miniopterus natalensis
Eptesicus fuscus
Myotis lucifugus
Myotis davidii
Myotis brandtii
Pteronotus parnellii
Desmodus rotundus (genome)
Desmodus rotundus
Glossophaga soricina
Carollia brevicauda
Sturnira ludovici
Sturnira lilium
Artibeus fraterculus
Eulipotyphyla
Carnivora
Perissodactyla
Artiodactyla
Chiroptera
Order Species Trpc2 Intact
V1rs
Pseudogene
V1rs
ψ
ψ
ψ
ψ
ψ
ψ
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
44
39
6
17
30
22
40
0
0
0
0
2
0
1
1
6
0
0
0
0
3
14
8
2
1
4
4
7
80
84
28
79
48
36
43
33
21
23
18
18
22
22
17
3
3
1
2
3
19
2
---
---
---
---
---
---
V1r numbers taken from the values in the supplement (not adjusted) of Young, et al. (2010) and
therefore may be an underestimate as genome assemblies have improved.
ψ
* Trpc2 is intact; Trpc2 is a pseudogene. See (Zhao et al. 2011; Yohe et al. 2017) for reference.
A few
receptors in
each case
Instead of gene
expansion
Yohe et al. In Review

57. *
*
B
A
*
Yinpterochiroptera
Yangochiroptera(noTrpc2)
non-phyllostomidswithintactTrpc2
intactV1R
pseudogeneV1R
0.2
A
C
Rousettusaegyptiacus|XM_016129349.1|V1R|PSEUDOGENE
Pteronotusparnellii|KE854661.1_11589-12504_functional
Sturniraludovici|MG812210|V1R
Pteropusvampyrus|NW_011889304.1_83054-83939|V1R|PSEUDOGENE
Pteropusalecto|NW_006431909.1_43873-44757|V1R|PSEUDOGENE
Sturniralilium|MG812192|V1R
Equuscaballus|NM_001167528.1|V1R
Sturniralilium|MG812191|V1R
Megadermalyra|KI124397.1_7621-6732|V1R|PSEUDOGENE
Pteronotusparnellii|KE858350.1_13033-13940
Eidolonhelvum|KE766962.1_25820-26706|V1R|PSEUDOGENE
Rhinolophussinicus|XM_019711635.1|V1R|PSEUDOGENE
Artibeusfraterculus|MG812202|V1R
Miniopterusnatalensis|XM_016215914.1|V1R
Pteropusalecto|XM_015592506.1|V1R|PSEUDOGENE
Pteropusvampyrus|XM_011379300.1|V1R|PSEUDOGENE
820
1000
1000
1000
1000
788
1000
994
1000
999
1000
926
943
1000
969
942
999
654
1000
Pteropusvampyrus|NW_011889332.1_152788-152164|V1R|PSEUDOGENE
Pteropusvampyrus|NW_011889109.1_915949-916553|V1R|PSEUDOGENE
Rhinolophussinicus|NW_017739251.1_2311634-2310975|V1R|PSEUDOGENE
Rousettusaegyptiacus|NW_015493370.1_55119-54488|V1R|PSEUDOGENE
Rhinolophusferrumequinum|KI143012.1_5636-6299|V1R|PSEUDOGENE
Eidolonhelvum|AWHC01287768.1_1707-2330|V1R|PSEUDOGENE
Rhinolophusferrumequinum|AWHA01229154.1_6963-6298|V1R|PSEUDOGENE
Canisfamiliaris|NC_006583.3_103953482-103954375.2
Pteronotusparnellii|KE823115.1_8391-9050|V1R|PSEUDOGENE
Myotisbrandtii|NW_005354543.1_204626-204000|V1R|PSEUDOGENE
Pteronotusparnellii|KE870141.1_5159-4523|V1R|PSEUDOGENE
Hipposiderosarmiger|NW_017732838.1_124037-124688|V1R|PSEUDOGENE
Canisfamiliaris|NC_006583.3_103953482-103954375
Miniopterusnatalensis|NW_015504026.1_4304-3677|V1R|PSEUDOGENE
Rousettusaegyptiacus|NW_015493018.1_189943-190545|V1R|PSEUDOGENE
Hipposiderosarmiger|NW_017732838.1_140299-139642|V1R|PSEUDOGENE
Pteropusalecto|NW_006433947.1_87061-87685|V1R|PSEUDOGENE
Pteropusalecto|NW_006431917.1_828306-828910|V1R|PSEUDOGENE
Megadermalyra|KI049987.1_6965-6281|V1R|PSEUDOGENE
Rhinolophussinicus|NW_017739251.1_2374154-2374762|V1R|PSEUDOGENE
1000
832
772
1000
1000
898
589
989
1000
994
758
362
1000
956
1000
1000
993
1000
1000
Rhinolophussinicus|NW_017740069.1_21725-20827|V1R|PSEUDOGENE
Desmodusrotundus|MG812199|V1R
Artibeusfraterculus|MG812204|V1R
Pteronotusparnellii|AWGZ01429722.1_1435-519|V1R|PSEUDOGENE
Hipposiderosarmiger|NW_017732944.1_73203-72305|V1R|PSEUDOGENE
Rhinolophusferrumequinum|AWHA01282185.1_3211-4107|V1R|PSEUDOGENE
Canisfamiliaris|NC_006588.3_16711026-16711932
Pteropusvampyrus|NW_011889066.1_2157585-2156705|V1R|PSEUDOGENE
Artibeusfraterculus|MG812206|V1R
Eidolonhelvum|KE778038.1_25207-26077|V1R|PSEUDOGENE
Pteropusalecto|NW_006435779.1_377403-378267|V1R|PSEUDOGENE
Artibeusfraterculus|MG812203|V1R
Pteronotusparnellii|AWGZ01427934.1_2-665|V1R|PSEUDOGENE
Rousettusaegyptiacus|NW_015494717.1_369965-370848|V1R|PSEUDOGENE
Artibeusfraterculus|MG812205|V1R
Pteronotusparnellii|AWGZ01227917.1_847-1768|V1R|PSEUDOGENE
Sturniralilium|MG812190|V1R
Sturniraludovici|MG812208|V1R
Megadermalyra|AWHB01121129.1_229-1108|V1R|PSEUDOGENE
1000
1000
1000
1000
954
898
757
971
1000
786
1000
1000
378
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
*
*
Hipposiderosarmiger|NW_017732518.1_182161-183072|V1R|PSEUDOGENE
Rousettusaegyptiacus|NW_015495152.1_598933-599834|V1R|PSEUDOGENE
B
Hipposiderosarmiger|NW_017732884.1_117260-116366|V1R|PSEUDOGENE
Rhinolophusferrumequinum|KI136309.1_1552-665|V1R|PSEUDOGENE
C
*
*
*
*
*
Pattern: conserve a few,
lose a lot

58. Vomeronasal in bats
• Conserved
• Phyllostomidae
• Miniopteridae
• But receptors not
expanded
• Unlikely involved in
species recognition
Credit: Stephen Rossiter

59. Molecular ecology of the senses
how does ecology
shape evolution?
neutral or not?
can a chemo-
sense be
gained?

60. Molecular ecology of the senses
slowly and starting
with the phenotype
neutral but (maybe)
sex-specific
no, but
ancestor
conserved it

61. Thank you!