2.
Energy from the
SUN – INcoming
SOLAr
radiaTION
Through the
seasons, it heats
our world, some
parts more and
some less and this
drives both
climate (global)
and weather
(local).
5. Climate is the average
temperature and
moisture conditions
over a long period of
time.
Water Budget – a
system of accounting
for moisture income,
storage, and outgo for
the soil in a specific
area.
6. Humid climates are those in which the total amount of
precipitation is greater than the total amount of Potential
Evapotranspiration (Loss of water to atmosphere)
7. Arid climates have significantly more total Potential
Evapotranspiration than Precipitation
11. Uneven heating of the
Earth produces
global wind belts
and pressure belts.
These “pressure
belts” determine the
wetness or dryness
of a particular
location. Low
pressure occurs
where air is rising
and thus
precipitation occurs.
High pressure
regions are areas
that lack rainfall
(DRY).
12.
The "Global Conveyer Belt" shows how the oceans move
energy from the tropics to the poles and back again in order
to moderate Earth's climate. This is accomplished through
long-term ocean circulation.
•Interesting
fact: It takes up
to 1000 years
for water to
completely
circulate the
oceans!
13.
A warm ocean current resulting from a reversal of
the ocean current in the Pacific which results in
climate variability around the globe.
14.
15.
Orographic Effect – Mountains act as barriers
to prevailing winds. As the wind hits the
windward side of a mountain, the air is forced
up, cools, condenses and forms clouds with
precipitation.
Windward side – Side of the mountain that is
exposed to the wind. WET
Leeward Side – Descending air warms and it
holds more moisture, making it DRY.
16. *Why does rising air cool?
*As air temperature decreases,
its ability to hold water___DECREASES______
DECREASES
*Why does falling air warm?
Si
s,
Co Ex
ol pan
s
ds
r
Ai
&
Condensation
& Precipitation
pr
Ai
rR
ise
m
Co
s,
nk
s
se
es
WINDWARD
&
W
s
Topography
m
ar
Prevailing Wind
Cascade Mountains
LEEWARD
17. Weather = the condition of the atmospheric variables, such as
temperature, air pressure, wind, and water vapor, at a particular
location for a relatively short period of time.
18.
Direct result of TILT &
parallelism in orbit
distribute energy from
vertical to oblique rays
Tilt (inclination)
spreads concentration
of energy over broader
area
26.
Composition of the lower atmosphere
(troposphere):
1. Nitrogen = 78% used by bacteria in soil
to make nitrates
2. Oxygen = 21% used by humans and
animals for respiration
3. Argon = 0.84%
4. Carbon Dioxide = 0.03% used by green
plants to make food
27.
5. Others = 0.01% which include:
Helium, Hydrogen, Ozone, Krypton, neon and xenon
6. Also: water vapor, dust particles and pollution
28.
What is Ozone?
O3
– we breathe O2
It
occurs naturally in trace amounts in the
stratosphere.
protects life on Earth from the Sun’s UV
radiation.
Ozone
Ozone
is created naturally when sunlight splits
apart O2 into single O atoms – these then bond to
form more O2 or O3
29.
NO!!
The ozone molecules are randomly scattered
among other particles in the stratosphere layer
Ozone molecules are exceedingly rare: In every
one million molecules of air, fewer than 10 are
ozone
30.
Filters out harmful UV radiation, which can cause
skin cancer, cataracts, faster aging & weakened
immune systems
UV is also harmful to plants & marine life and it
can disrupt the food chain
31. CFC – chlorofluorocarbons, which are used in:
1.
2.
3.
Coolants in refrigerators
Propellants in aerosol cans
Electronic cleaning solvents
32.
Ground-level ozone triggers chest pain, nausea,
bronchitis, reduced lung capacity, and aggravates asthma
Air Quality Index
An index for reporting daily air quality
Focuses on health effects that can happen within a few
days of breathing polluted air
Used for: ground level ozone, particulate matter, carbon
dioxide, sulfur dioxide, and nitrogen dioxide
33. AIR POLLUTION
-any substance in the atmosphere that is harmful ( usually produce long term health
effects and can cause death )
Main Sources – burning fossil fuels ( coal and petroleum )
Ex: SOx, CO ( carbon monoxide ), lead, various hydrocarbons
Acid Rain ( precipitation ) – side effect of air pollution
- gases from burning fossil fuels combine with water in the air to
produce acids, then falls back to the earth as precipitation
Long Term effects: kills fish, soil contamination, destruction of plants,
and crops
Mt. Mitchell, NC
Temperature Inversion ( very serious problem )
trees,
34.
35.
In order for this reaction to occur, it must be
extremely cold. Conditions for this reaction are
perfect over Antarctica in the winter months.
Can we fix it??
The ozone hole will fix itself given enough time
Many major countries, including the U.S., have
placed heavy restrictions on ozone-polluting
substances
36. December
2013
The false-color view
of the monthlyaveraged total ozone
over the Antarctic
pole. The blue and
purple colors are
where there is the
least ozone, and the
yellows and reds are
where there is more
ozone.
37. 1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
6% reflected from
atmospheric scattering
(aerosols)
20% reflected by clouds
4% Reradiation:
Reflected by Earth’s
surface
3% Absorbed by clouds
51% Absorbed by Earth’s
surface
16% Absorbed by
atmosphere
38.
Short wave energy (UV) from the Sun comes in
and heats the Earth
As heat reradiates up from the earth, it is emitted
in the form of LONG wave energy (infrared)
The long wave energy becomes trapped by gases
in the troposphere
This trapped gas warms the air much like your
car on a hot day.
41. CONDUCTION–
Transfer of heat within solids
atoms are closely packed.
CONVECTION –
Transfer of heat in liquid or
gas
results from differences in
density
RADIATION:
The emission or giving off of
energy
HEAT
42. Heat in the atmosphere is recorded as a
temperature reading and can then be plotted on a
map to see a picture of change.
•
ISOTHERMS are lines that connect points of equal
temperature. Showing temperature distribution in
this way making patterns easier to see.
43. Why do the isotherms seem to run E – W across the map?
45. Color
DARK vs. LIGHT
Darker colors tend to absorb more insolation than they reflect.
Surfaces with lighter colors tend to reflect more insolation than
they absorb.
49. The primary source of moisture for the atmosphere
are the OCEANS.
Other sources include:
Lakes, Rivers, streams
Transpiration
Moisture in the atmosphere exists in all three
states/phases.
1) Gas – known as water vapor
2) Liquid – tiny droplets suspended in the air that
form clouds
3) Solid – tiny crystals suspended in the air that
form clouds
50. HUMIDITY is the general term used to describe the
amount of water vapor in the air
Temperature determines the amount of water
vapor the air can hold.
51.
e)
As air temperature
INCREASES, the amount
of water vapor the air can
hold INCREASES.
Saturation –100%
humidity in the
atmosphere (precipitation
results)
At 350C, a cubic meter of
air can hold 35 g/m3 of
water vapor.
52. Temperature – As temperature increases,
evaporation increases
Wind – As wind increases, evaporation increases
Surface Area – As surface area increases,
evaporation increases
Humidity – As humidity goes UP, evaporation rates
go DOWN
53.
The temperature to
which air must be
cooled to reach
saturation. And
Condense…….and
make clouds!
If the air temp drops down
to the dew point,
condensation will occur.
The dew point can tell us
how high clouds will form.
Clouds form where
condensation is occurring.
54. a)
The drier the air, the faster/more evaporation
will occur resulting in greater/more cooling. In
turn, the difference in temperature between the
dry bulb and wet bulb will be greater/more.
55. b.
c.
The more humid the air, the LESS evaporation
will occur resulting in LESS cooling of the wet
bulb thermometer. In turn, the difference in
temperature between the dry bulb and wet bulb
will be LESS
At saturation (100% humidity), the temperature
difference between the dry bulb and wet bulb
would be zero and precipitation will usually
occur!.
56.
Maximum amount of water vapor the air can hold
at a given temperature.
The actual amount of water vapor in the air is the
absolute humidity.
Relative humidity tells "how full" the air is with
water. It is expressed in %. 100% is full and can't
hold any more. It is saturated.
Warm Air = higher humidity (wet)
Cold Air = low humidity (dry)
57. Changing Air Temperature
If temperature increases and moisture in the air remains
the same, relative humidity will decrease.
60. Using the chart to determine Dew
Point & Relative Humidity
It’s easy; if…..
–
–
–
You have ½ a brain
Pay attention
Do your practice!
61. The “Dry Bulb”
Don’t let it fool you.
It
is just a thermometer.
It measures the air
temperature.
Duh!
20°C
62. The “Wet Bulb”
Has a little wet booty
tied to the bottom.
Gets cool when
water evaporates.
Wet Booty
12°C
63. A Dry Day…
A lot of moisture will
evaporate.
The wet bulb will be
a lot cooler than the
dry bulb.
20°C
Difference between wet bulb &
dry bulb is 12 °C.
20°C
14°C
12°C
8°C
64. A Humid Day…
A little bit of moisture
will evaporate.
The wet bulb will not
be much cooler than
the dry bulb.
20°C
Difference between wet bulb &
dry bulb is 6 °C.
14°C
65. Page of your notes has a chart
with Dewpoint (DPT) and
Relative Humidity (RH)!
Warning #1: Be sure to READ the correct chart:
DPT or RH
Warning #2: Dew Point Temperature IS NOT
“Difference between wet bulb and dry bulb”.
Warning #3: The wet bulb temp IS NOT the DPT.
74. The Dew Point Chart works the same way
14°C
10°C
14-10=4
Dew Point = 6°C
75. Try These.
Dry Bulb
Wet Bulb
26°C
20 °C
6 °C
5 °C
12 °C
8 °C
R Humidity
57%
86%
57%
DPT
17 °C
4 °C
4 °C
Now do the worksheet for homework on
the next page of your notes
76. How Do
Clouds Form?
Expan
si on &
C ooli
ng
R ising AIR
Con
den
s ati
on
Nu
Re
clei
De a c
wP hin
oi g t
nt
h
Te e
mP
.
W
ate
rV
ap
or
77.
Adiabatic Cooling As air rises, the
atmospheric
pressure
surrounding the
parcel of air
decreases.
Therefore, the
parcel of air
expands as it rises.
78.
As it expands, it
becomes cooler.
When the
temperature of this
parcel of air falls to
its dew point
temperature, the
water vapor in the
air condenses and a
cloud appears in the
sky.
79.
80. Air pressure acts equally in all directions; it also exists
within any object containing air like a building, the
human body and “empty” bottles.
When you mess with the pressure – “bad” things
happen!~
CRUSH!
81. a.
b.
Factors/Variables that cause
atmospheric pressure to
change:
Temperature
Moisture
Altitude
Effect of temperature on air
pressure:
As air temperature increases;
(air molecules move further
apart/become less dense) –
the air pressure decreases
82. c. Effect of moisture on air
pressure:
As humidity increases,
air pressure decreases –
because when water
vapor molecules enter
the air, they replace
heavier air molecules
83. d.
Effect of altitude on
air pressure
As altitude
increases, air
pressure decreases
(less air is above and
air is less dense
84. a.
Isobars are lines that
connect points of equal air
pressure. Showing air
pressure distribution in
this way makes patterns
easier to see.
On U.S. Weather Bureau
maps, the interval
between isobars is 4 mb.
85. On weather maps, barometric pressure is
represented by a three-digit number to the upper
right of a circle; this circle represents a city on the
map.
053
86.
Rules to follow to determine the value of this
number:
A decimal point is omitted between the last 2 digits on the
right.
The number 9 or 10 is omitted in front of this number. If the
original number is above 500, place a 9 in front. If it is
below500, place a 10 in front. (Hint: use whichever will give a
result closest to 1000 mb)
Example: 053 – 1005.3
92.
The horizontal
movement of air
parallel to Earth’s
surface.
All wind deflects to the
RIGHT in the
Northern Hemisphere!
93. How is Wind Formed?
As air cools
it can no
longer rise
Air rises and
cools in the
atmosphere
Cold air
sinks
Ground
heats air
WIND moves from high to low
pressure
HIGH
LOW
Sun heats
ground
94. 1.
2.
Uneven heating at Earth’s surface
Examples:
a.
b.
c.
Land vs. water
Poles vs. equator
Dark forest vs. snow field
98. feather
The direction of the line always points to the center of the
circle (in this case pointing east) and indicates the direction
in which the wind is blowing at this location.
Each “feather” represents the wind speed –
Whole feather = 10 knots
Half feather = 5 knots
100. 2.
3.
4.
The speed of the wind is
determined by the difference in
air pressure.
Pressure gradient – difference in
air pressure ÷ distance between
cities.
As the pressure gradient
increases (isobars are very close
together), wind speed increases.
101.
102. a.
The coriolis effect –
Earth’s rotation on it’s
axis causes winds to be
deflected to the right in
the northern
hemisphere and to the
left in the southern
hemisphere.
103.
104.
The unequal distribution
of Insolation causes
unequal heating of the
Earth which causes
differences in pressure
which result in winds.
Cooler air, being more
dense, sinks toward
Earth due to gravity,
causing warmer, less
dense air to rise
105.
Earth’s rotation
causes the Coriolis
Effect which results
in the three (or six)
cell circulation of
winds as illustrated
in your notes.
106. Components of Weather
Air Masses
What is an Air Mass?
An air mass is a large body of air in the
troposphere moving in a particular direction,
with the same temperature, pressure and
humidity throughout.
108. 2. Types of Air Masses
a)
b)
c)
Tropical – originates in the tropics (low
latitudes). Characterized by warm air.
Polar – originates in polar regions (high
latitudes). It is characterized by cold air.
Arctic – originates in ice covered arctic
regions (winter only). It is very cold and
dry.
109. It’s right here in ESRT
d.
Continental – think LAND.
It is dry.
e. Maritime – think SEA. It is
wet.
3. Air masses are a combination
of temperature and moisture
conditions.
114. Table is on page 26
of notes!
Warm Front
Cold Front
Occluded Front
Warm air
Cold Air –moves fast
Cold air meets warm
air and mixes
Showers for long
period
Air is dense and hugs the
ground
precipitation
Lots of Clouds as air
rises up
“bullies” the warm air UP
quickly
Wind changes
Covers wide area
Brings intense change –
brief periods of stormy
weather (severe)
Thunderstorms, lightning,
tornadoes
Stationary Front: Warm and Cold air meet head on and neither gives way. Low pressure usually
115.
Thunderstorms:
A storm that generates lightning and thunder.
Frequently produce strong winds, heavy rain, and hail.
At any given time, there are an estimated 2000
thunderstorms in progress on Earth.
In the US, Florida and the eastern Gulf Coast region
experience the most activity.
Develop when warm, humid air rises in an unstable
environment.
118.
Tornadoes
Violent windstorms that take the form of a rotating
column of air called a vortex, which extends downward
from a cumulonimbus cloud.
The US experiences approximately 700 tornadoes each
year.
Greatest occurrence is from April-June (but can happen
anytime).
Most frequently in the Central USA! Unique…..
Measured using the Enhanced Fujita Scale.
121. A hurricane is a heat engine that gets its energy from warm
ocean water. These storms develop from tropical depressions
which form off the coast of Africa in the warm Atlantic waters.
When water vapor evaporates it absorbs energy in the form of
heat. As the vapor rises it cools within the tropical depression, it
condenses, releasing heat which sustains the system.
•A tropical depression becomes a hurricane when its sustained
recorded winds reach 74 mph.
•Although hurricane forecasting has improved over the years
tremendously, the path of these storms may only be
approximated.
Hot car example: sun’s energy streams into car, seats absorb and change light energy into heat energy, heat is trapped by glass windows
Greenhouses: use glass since it traps sun’s energy, grow plants in warm air, even when it is cold outside
