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Dr. Yunqing Xu 徐蕴清博士
Managing Director
lynnxu1013@googlemail.com
Birmingham, 17 April 2013
Sustainability Challenges
for Chinese Cities
Zerstart Consulting
Page ! 2
Agenda
n  The importance and complexity of sustainable
development in global and Chinese cities
n  Three pillars for understanding China’s urban
growth pattern
n  China’s urban sustainability strategies, new
development and opportunities
Page ! 3
Sustainable development is increasingly a problem
of urban sustainability
Centre for economic
growth but also
financial crisis and
economic risks under
accelerated globalisation
Economic roles
Use 80% of world’s
Energy, emit 70% of
world’s CO2, suffer
from recourse scarcity
and ecological decay
Environmental impacts
Cities are now home to over
half of the world’s population
32% of the world’s
population live in
slums under urban
sprawl and divide
Social-spatial divides
Page ! 4
How we view China: its world roles
World’s second
largest economy
since 2011
World’s largest
energy consumer
since 2010
World’s largest
waste generator
since 2004
World’s largest
emitter of CO2
since 2007
2027
2020
2016
Page ! 5
China’s urbanisation: profound influence to the world
“Urbanisation of China and the high-tech
development of the U.S. would be the two important
keys which would profoundly influence the human
development in the 21st century.”
Nobel economic prize winner
Joseph E. Stiglitz
Page ! 6
Chinese cities: key to potentials and challenges
“Urbanisation is a complex and big project that will
trigger profound changes in economy and society.”
- China’s Premier Li Keqiang
Page ! 7
The march of urban immigrants that are never seen
52.60%
17.9%
65.0%
80.0%
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 30 50
Over 300 million urban immigrants by 2025
Another 300 million by 2050
Emergence of 10 mega cities with over 10 million by 2025
Page ! 8
Chinese cities: extremely diverse, unbalanced and sophisticated
Page ! 9
Property-led urban development: a prevalent
urban growth mode
Government sale of
land use right
Generate local land
revenue
Promote land and
property development
Reinvest in
infrastructure
construction
Lure local
investment
City image-
building
Improve
housing
conditions
Boost local
economic
growth
Page ! 10
Property-led strategy: a driving urban force
in the UK during the 1980s
n  Tackle severe urban declines
n  Urban regeneration led by and relies
on property development
n  Revitalise old city centres
n  Rebuild local image and confidence
n  Create jobs
n  Attract inward investments
n  Boost economic growth
§  Government support
§  Private participation
§  Economic priority
§  Short-term perspective
Page ! 11
Pillar one: from project-level to city-scale
The role and scale of real estate sector in China
2012 Average (2000-2012)
Annual GDP growth rate 7.8% 9.9%
Ratio of fixed asset investment in GDP 72.1% 50.5%
Ratio of property development in GDP 13.8% 8.9%
Annual completion of property (million m2) 994.25 --
Chinese cities are becoming the
world’s largest building sites
A city-level movement: we will never be second?
Page ! 12
Over-reliance on land finance
Source: NBSC 2001-2012, MLR 2001-2012
16.6%
28.4%
38%
71.7%
48.8%
33.5%
50.7%
41.9%
39.0%
53.9%
55.0%
31%
0.0
500.0
1000.0
1500.0
2000.0
2500.0
3000.0
3500.0
01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12
RMB billion
0.0%
10.0%
20.0%
30.0%
40.0%
50.0%
60.0%
70.0%
80.0%
land sale income ratio of land sale income to local fiscal revenue
Page ! 13
Rapid urban sprawl that intensifies land shortage
Source: CNKI statistics 1991, Google Earth Map 2011
72
15
1433
1055
644 603 587 563
465
354
37
141
336
182
397
254
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
Shanghai
Beijing
Shenzhen
G
uangzhou
Tianjin
D
ongguan
Suzhou
Xi’an
km2
1991 2011
Page ! 14
Local fiscal instability
Source: China Merchants Securities 2008
With most of the local debts in 2011-2012 being refinanced, the year 2013
onwards will see the greatest debt risks in Chinese local governments. 	

Page ! 15
Pillar two: dominant role of government
n  US1$ trillion to expand from 78,000km to
120,000km by 2020
n  Build 13,000km high-speed rail by 2020
Page ! 16
Government priority: housing privatisation
and commercialisation
Source: Statistics Canada 2006; Whitehead and Scanlon 2007; NBSC 2008; BFS 2010; Statistics Sweden 2010; Census Bureau of US 2011; DCLG 2011
68.4%
63.0%
43.0%
57.2%
54.0%
34.6%
83.0%
66.4% 66.2%
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
China Canada France Germany Netherland Sweden Switzerland UK US
International comparison of home ownership rate	

Page ! 17
Housing price inflation: embarrassment of macro controls
Source: NBSC 1998-2010
1.40%
0.00%
1.10%
4.80%
7.60%
5.50%
7.60%
6.50%
1.50%
9.70%
2.20%
9.99%
3.70%
-2%
0%
2%
4%
6%
8%
10%
12%
98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10
The growth rate of property prices 	

Page ! 18
Fierce local competition: the case of Beijing-Tianjin
Shift it into ‘THE’ Economic Centre of Northern China
Page ! 19
Fierce local competition: the case of Shanghai - Suzhou
Remote location of Pudong International Airport
Page ! 20
Is this in Suzhou or London?
Page ! 21
Third pillar: weak power of private sector
n  Good ‘guanxi’ with government: critical to business success
n  Professional organisations: under government surveillance
n  Exceptional: property developers enjoy much greater influence
President of Beijing Huayuan Group
“I am a businessman, so
that I should not
consider the poor.”
“Making profit is the
priority of property
developers.”
Page ! 22
Expansion of high-end development
Source: NBSC 2009, REICO 2009
77%
64%
50%
16%
22%
13%
19%
28%
9%
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
1980-1989 1990-1999 2000-2005
<90 m2 90-120 m2 >120 m2
Proportion of housing units by size	

Page ! 23
Low housing affordability and intense social divide
Source: INSEE Official Statistics 2009; 2009; BFS 2010; J.P. Morgan 2010; SCB 2010; 2010; Census Bureau of US 2011;
DCLG 2011; SBD 2011; Hypoport Group 2011; Statistics Netherlands 2011
7.18
7.04
6.70
5.84
4.96
3.96
2.82
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Sweden
France
China
Germany
UK
Netherland
US
International comparison of housing price to earnings ratio
Page ! 24
15.1%
17.6%
35.2%
6.0%
13.5%
0.0%
5.0%
10.0%
15.0%
20.0%
25.0%
30.0%
35.0%
40.0%
UK 2006 Sweden 2006 Netherland 2004 Germany 2006 France 2007
Proportion of affordable housing in total housing stock
Social housing shortage: social inequality and instability
Economic decent housing (EDH) construction 2000 2005 2010
EDH investment to total investment in housing 14.0% 4.6% 3.0%
EDH new starts in total housing new starts 21.8% 6.4% 4.0%
EDH construction in total housing construction 20.2% 6.3% 4.2%
EDH completion in total housing completion 26.1% 7.4% 5.0%
Page ! 25
Headline path in striving for sustainable development
9th & 10th FYPChina Agenda 21
Hu-Wen
Administration
Xi-Li
Administration
1994 1996 2006 2013
China’s increasing commitment towards sustainable development
§  The	
  first	
  
developing	
  country	
  
to	
  establish	
  a	
  
na6onal	
  agenda	
  21	
  
§ 	
  Severe	
  local	
  
resistance	
  with	
  
economic	
  priority	
  
§ 	
  Main	
  targets	
  of	
  
reduc6on	
  of	
  energy	
  
intensity	
  were	
  not	
  
met	
  
§ 	
  	
  Watershed	
  
§ 	
  	
  Op6mise	
  the	
  mode	
  
and	
  structure	
  of	
  growth	
  
§ 	
  Harmonious	
  society	
  
§ 	
  Energy	
  target	
  by	
  2010	
  
was	
  not	
  met	
  
§ 	
  Change	
  of	
  growth	
  
mode	
  
§ 	
  New	
  type	
  of	
  
urbanisa6on	
  
§ 	
  Redirect	
  incen6ves	
  
of	
  local	
  officials	
  
Page ! 26
Urban sustainability strategies: a new fever in Chinese cities
n  Recycling (Circular) Economy
n  Green Urban Growth
n  Eco-cities or Low-carbon cities a tangible solution to
international pressure and national conditions
n  National task of ‘saving energy and cutting emission’
n  Measurable indicators of local officials’ performance
Among the current over 600 cities in China, more
than 90% of them are planning to build eco-cities,
and 50 municipal governments have already made
formal proposal to the central government.
Page ! 27
Motivation of local governments
Local benefits
of Eco-cities
Central
Support
‘Eco-City’
Title
City
Promotion
Policy support to
foster economic
restructuring
Official designation
that opens more
opportunities
Attract domestic
and international
experiments,
technologies and
innovation
Page ! 28
n  Build from scratch at grand scale (e.g.
70km2 Dongtan, 30km2Tianjin, Beijing
100km2)
n  Rely on real estate development
n  Foreign designers and consultancy
(e.g. Arup, Atkins)
n  Expensive to build partly due to
untested technologies
n  No standard concepts
n  Varied local strategies
n  Difficult to monitor and evaluate
n  Wait for more experiments and local
innovations
Features & challenges of eco-city projects in China
Page ! 29
Conclusions: opportunities through more understanding
n  Tremendous opportunities: city-level and grand-scale
property-led urban growth and sustainability strategies urban rapid
urbanisation, keen to international experience and experiments
n  Coalition with government: the predominant power of the
government in pursuing urban results and intense competition
among Chinese cities
n  Role of foreign companies: contribute to bold and
innovative ideas, concepts, standards and technology that open up
new local development opportunities
Page ! 30
Zerstart Consulting: our strengths and focus
n  Urbanisation and sustainable
development of cities
n  Urban sustainability index
n  Eco-city development and
evaluation
n  Institutional rearrangements on
growth model change
n  Land and housing market
n  Property investment in the UK
and China
Annual days of good air quality
Water pollution and shortage
Green space per capita
Waste collection and recycling measures
Pollution levelPollution
Built density (site/city)
Floor area ratio/plot ratio (FAR)
Building density
Arable land protection
Idle land disposal
Recycling of landLand use
Proportion of new buildings that meet energy standardsEnergy efficiency of buildingsEnergy use
Environmental Sustainability
General transport facilities by modeGeneral transport
Mass transit projects by modePublic mass transitInfrastructure quality
Rental and price of commercial property
Price earning ratio for housing
Property investabilityReal estate investment
Vacancy rate of housing
Vacancy rate of office
Vacancy rate of retail
Efficiency of property useReal estate use
Housing size
Property location
Housing maintenance
Quality of property
Property completions & purchasesQuantity of property
Scale of government land sale
Revenue of government land sale
Property development capacityReal estate
development
GDP growth & per capita GDP
FDI & inward investment growth
Share of property sector in GDP
Economic growthGeneral performance
Measurement variablesIndicatorsThemes
Economic Sustainability
Annual days of good air quality
Water pollution and shortage
Green space per capita
Waste collection and recycling measures
Pollution levelPollution
Built density (site/city)
Floor area ratio/plot ratio (FAR)
Building density
Arable land protection
Idle land disposal
Recycling of landLand use
Proportion of new buildings that meet energy standardsEnergy efficiency of buildingsEnergy use
Environmental Sustainability
General transport facilities by modeGeneral transport
Mass transit projects by modePublic mass transitInfrastructure quality
Rental and price of commercial property
Price earning ratio for housing
Property investabilityReal estate investment
Vacancy rate of housing
Vacancy rate of office
Vacancy rate of retail
Efficiency of property useReal estate use
Housing size
Property location
Housing maintenance
Quality of property
Property completions & purchasesQuantity of property
Scale of government land sale
Revenue of government land sale
Property development capacityReal estate
development
GDP growth & per capita GDP
FDI & inward investment growth
Share of property sector in GDP
Economic growthGeneral performance
Measurement variablesIndicatorsThemes
Economic Sustainability
Professional qualification and trainingSkills & training
Availability and validity of dataAvailability and quality of data
Independence & professionalismProfessional bodies
Role & power of governmentGovernment administrationProperty market
administration
Transparency of planning process
Implementation of urban plans
Transparency of urban planning
Capacity of non-government organisationsRole of non-govern-
mental sector
Transparency of governments in general
Government coordination
Transparency of governmentUrban governance &
planning
Enforceability at central & local levelsRule enforceability
Policy clarity
Policy continuity
Policy sufficiency
Policy guidance
Legal clarity
Legal continuity
Legal sufficiency
Legal guidanceLegal & regulatory
framework
Institutional Sustainability
Impacts of property developments on historic buildingsDestruction to historic buildings &
sites
Cultural heritage
Level of compensation & relocationDemolition & relocationSocial cohesion
New starts & completions
Quality (size, location)
Social housing provisionSocial housing
Urbanisation ratePopulation growth & migrationPopulation change
Social Sustainability
Professional qualification and trainingSkills & training
Availability and validity of dataAvailability and quality of data
Independence & professionalismProfessional bodies
Role & power of governmentGovernment administrationProperty market
administration
Transparency of planning process
Implementation of urban plans
Transparency of urban planning
Capacity of non-government organisationsRole of non-govern-
mental sector
Transparency of governments in general
Government coordination
Transparency of governmentUrban governance &
planning
Enforceability at central & local levelsRule enforceability
Policy clarity
Policy continuity
Policy sufficiency
Policy guidance
Legal clarity
Legal continuity
Legal sufficiency
Legal guidanceLegal & regulatory
framework
Institutional Sustainability
Impacts of property developments on historic buildingsDestruction to historic buildings &
sites
Cultural heritage
Level of compensation & relocationDemolition & relocationSocial cohesion
New starts & completions
Quality (size, location)
Social housing provisionSocial housing
Urbanisation ratePopulation growth & migrationPopulation change
Social Sustainability
Thank  You  
Dr. Yunqing Xu 徐蕴清博⼠士
lynnxu1013@googlemail.com

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Sustainability of Chinese cities: how does the urban growth model matter?

  • 1. Dr. Yunqing Xu 徐蕴清博士 Managing Director lynnxu1013@googlemail.com Birmingham, 17 April 2013 Sustainability Challenges for Chinese Cities Zerstart Consulting
  • 2. Page ! 2 Agenda n  The importance and complexity of sustainable development in global and Chinese cities n  Three pillars for understanding China’s urban growth pattern n  China’s urban sustainability strategies, new development and opportunities
  • 3. Page ! 3 Sustainable development is increasingly a problem of urban sustainability Centre for economic growth but also financial crisis and economic risks under accelerated globalisation Economic roles Use 80% of world’s Energy, emit 70% of world’s CO2, suffer from recourse scarcity and ecological decay Environmental impacts Cities are now home to over half of the world’s population 32% of the world’s population live in slums under urban sprawl and divide Social-spatial divides
  • 4. Page ! 4 How we view China: its world roles World’s second largest economy since 2011 World’s largest energy consumer since 2010 World’s largest waste generator since 2004 World’s largest emitter of CO2 since 2007 2027 2020 2016
  • 5. Page ! 5 China’s urbanisation: profound influence to the world “Urbanisation of China and the high-tech development of the U.S. would be the two important keys which would profoundly influence the human development in the 21st century.” Nobel economic prize winner Joseph E. Stiglitz
  • 6. Page ! 6 Chinese cities: key to potentials and challenges “Urbanisation is a complex and big project that will trigger profound changes in economy and society.” - China’s Premier Li Keqiang
  • 7. Page ! 7 The march of urban immigrants that are never seen 52.60% 17.9% 65.0% 80.0% 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 30 50 Over 300 million urban immigrants by 2025 Another 300 million by 2050 Emergence of 10 mega cities with over 10 million by 2025
  • 8. Page ! 8 Chinese cities: extremely diverse, unbalanced and sophisticated
  • 9. Page ! 9 Property-led urban development: a prevalent urban growth mode Government sale of land use right Generate local land revenue Promote land and property development Reinvest in infrastructure construction Lure local investment City image- building Improve housing conditions Boost local economic growth
  • 10. Page ! 10 Property-led strategy: a driving urban force in the UK during the 1980s n  Tackle severe urban declines n  Urban regeneration led by and relies on property development n  Revitalise old city centres n  Rebuild local image and confidence n  Create jobs n  Attract inward investments n  Boost economic growth §  Government support §  Private participation §  Economic priority §  Short-term perspective
  • 11. Page ! 11 Pillar one: from project-level to city-scale The role and scale of real estate sector in China 2012 Average (2000-2012) Annual GDP growth rate 7.8% 9.9% Ratio of fixed asset investment in GDP 72.1% 50.5% Ratio of property development in GDP 13.8% 8.9% Annual completion of property (million m2) 994.25 -- Chinese cities are becoming the world’s largest building sites A city-level movement: we will never be second?
  • 12. Page ! 12 Over-reliance on land finance Source: NBSC 2001-2012, MLR 2001-2012 16.6% 28.4% 38% 71.7% 48.8% 33.5% 50.7% 41.9% 39.0% 53.9% 55.0% 31% 0.0 500.0 1000.0 1500.0 2000.0 2500.0 3000.0 3500.0 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 RMB billion 0.0% 10.0% 20.0% 30.0% 40.0% 50.0% 60.0% 70.0% 80.0% land sale income ratio of land sale income to local fiscal revenue
  • 13. Page ! 13 Rapid urban sprawl that intensifies land shortage Source: CNKI statistics 1991, Google Earth Map 2011 72 15 1433 1055 644 603 587 563 465 354 37 141 336 182 397 254 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 Shanghai Beijing Shenzhen G uangzhou Tianjin D ongguan Suzhou Xi’an km2 1991 2011
  • 14. Page ! 14 Local fiscal instability Source: China Merchants Securities 2008 With most of the local debts in 2011-2012 being refinanced, the year 2013 onwards will see the greatest debt risks in Chinese local governments. 
  • 15. Page ! 15 Pillar two: dominant role of government n  US1$ trillion to expand from 78,000km to 120,000km by 2020 n  Build 13,000km high-speed rail by 2020
  • 16. Page ! 16 Government priority: housing privatisation and commercialisation Source: Statistics Canada 2006; Whitehead and Scanlon 2007; NBSC 2008; BFS 2010; Statistics Sweden 2010; Census Bureau of US 2011; DCLG 2011 68.4% 63.0% 43.0% 57.2% 54.0% 34.6% 83.0% 66.4% 66.2% 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% China Canada France Germany Netherland Sweden Switzerland UK US International comparison of home ownership rate 
  • 17. Page ! 17 Housing price inflation: embarrassment of macro controls Source: NBSC 1998-2010 1.40% 0.00% 1.10% 4.80% 7.60% 5.50% 7.60% 6.50% 1.50% 9.70% 2.20% 9.99% 3.70% -2% 0% 2% 4% 6% 8% 10% 12% 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 The growth rate of property prices 
  • 18. Page ! 18 Fierce local competition: the case of Beijing-Tianjin Shift it into ‘THE’ Economic Centre of Northern China
  • 19. Page ! 19 Fierce local competition: the case of Shanghai - Suzhou Remote location of Pudong International Airport
  • 20. Page ! 20 Is this in Suzhou or London?
  • 21. Page ! 21 Third pillar: weak power of private sector n  Good ‘guanxi’ with government: critical to business success n  Professional organisations: under government surveillance n  Exceptional: property developers enjoy much greater influence President of Beijing Huayuan Group “I am a businessman, so that I should not consider the poor.” “Making profit is the priority of property developers.”
  • 22. Page ! 22 Expansion of high-end development Source: NBSC 2009, REICO 2009 77% 64% 50% 16% 22% 13% 19% 28% 9% 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 1980-1989 1990-1999 2000-2005 <90 m2 90-120 m2 >120 m2 Proportion of housing units by size 
  • 23. Page ! 23 Low housing affordability and intense social divide Source: INSEE Official Statistics 2009; 2009; BFS 2010; J.P. Morgan 2010; SCB 2010; 2010; Census Bureau of US 2011; DCLG 2011; SBD 2011; Hypoport Group 2011; Statistics Netherlands 2011 7.18 7.04 6.70 5.84 4.96 3.96 2.82 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Sweden France China Germany UK Netherland US International comparison of housing price to earnings ratio
  • 24. Page ! 24 15.1% 17.6% 35.2% 6.0% 13.5% 0.0% 5.0% 10.0% 15.0% 20.0% 25.0% 30.0% 35.0% 40.0% UK 2006 Sweden 2006 Netherland 2004 Germany 2006 France 2007 Proportion of affordable housing in total housing stock Social housing shortage: social inequality and instability Economic decent housing (EDH) construction 2000 2005 2010 EDH investment to total investment in housing 14.0% 4.6% 3.0% EDH new starts in total housing new starts 21.8% 6.4% 4.0% EDH construction in total housing construction 20.2% 6.3% 4.2% EDH completion in total housing completion 26.1% 7.4% 5.0%
  • 25. Page ! 25 Headline path in striving for sustainable development 9th & 10th FYPChina Agenda 21 Hu-Wen Administration Xi-Li Administration 1994 1996 2006 2013 China’s increasing commitment towards sustainable development §  The  first   developing  country   to  establish  a   na6onal  agenda  21   §   Severe  local   resistance  with   economic  priority   §   Main  targets  of   reduc6on  of  energy   intensity  were  not   met   §     Watershed   §     Op6mise  the  mode   and  structure  of  growth   §   Harmonious  society   §   Energy  target  by  2010   was  not  met   §   Change  of  growth   mode   §   New  type  of   urbanisa6on   §   Redirect  incen6ves   of  local  officials  
  • 26. Page ! 26 Urban sustainability strategies: a new fever in Chinese cities n  Recycling (Circular) Economy n  Green Urban Growth n  Eco-cities or Low-carbon cities a tangible solution to international pressure and national conditions n  National task of ‘saving energy and cutting emission’ n  Measurable indicators of local officials’ performance Among the current over 600 cities in China, more than 90% of them are planning to build eco-cities, and 50 municipal governments have already made formal proposal to the central government.
  • 27. Page ! 27 Motivation of local governments Local benefits of Eco-cities Central Support ‘Eco-City’ Title City Promotion Policy support to foster economic restructuring Official designation that opens more opportunities Attract domestic and international experiments, technologies and innovation
  • 28. Page ! 28 n  Build from scratch at grand scale (e.g. 70km2 Dongtan, 30km2Tianjin, Beijing 100km2) n  Rely on real estate development n  Foreign designers and consultancy (e.g. Arup, Atkins) n  Expensive to build partly due to untested technologies n  No standard concepts n  Varied local strategies n  Difficult to monitor and evaluate n  Wait for more experiments and local innovations Features & challenges of eco-city projects in China
  • 29. Page ! 29 Conclusions: opportunities through more understanding n  Tremendous opportunities: city-level and grand-scale property-led urban growth and sustainability strategies urban rapid urbanisation, keen to international experience and experiments n  Coalition with government: the predominant power of the government in pursuing urban results and intense competition among Chinese cities n  Role of foreign companies: contribute to bold and innovative ideas, concepts, standards and technology that open up new local development opportunities
  • 30. Page ! 30 Zerstart Consulting: our strengths and focus n  Urbanisation and sustainable development of cities n  Urban sustainability index n  Eco-city development and evaluation n  Institutional rearrangements on growth model change n  Land and housing market n  Property investment in the UK and China Annual days of good air quality Water pollution and shortage Green space per capita Waste collection and recycling measures Pollution levelPollution Built density (site/city) Floor area ratio/plot ratio (FAR) Building density Arable land protection Idle land disposal Recycling of landLand use Proportion of new buildings that meet energy standardsEnergy efficiency of buildingsEnergy use Environmental Sustainability General transport facilities by modeGeneral transport Mass transit projects by modePublic mass transitInfrastructure quality Rental and price of commercial property Price earning ratio for housing Property investabilityReal estate investment Vacancy rate of housing Vacancy rate of office Vacancy rate of retail Efficiency of property useReal estate use Housing size Property location Housing maintenance Quality of property Property completions & purchasesQuantity of property Scale of government land sale Revenue of government land sale Property development capacityReal estate development GDP growth & per capita GDP FDI & inward investment growth Share of property sector in GDP Economic growthGeneral performance Measurement variablesIndicatorsThemes Economic Sustainability Annual days of good air quality Water pollution and shortage Green space per capita Waste collection and recycling measures Pollution levelPollution Built density (site/city) Floor area ratio/plot ratio (FAR) Building density Arable land protection Idle land disposal Recycling of landLand use Proportion of new buildings that meet energy standardsEnergy efficiency of buildingsEnergy use Environmental Sustainability General transport facilities by modeGeneral transport Mass transit projects by modePublic mass transitInfrastructure quality Rental and price of commercial property Price earning ratio for housing Property investabilityReal estate investment Vacancy rate of housing Vacancy rate of office Vacancy rate of retail Efficiency of property useReal estate use Housing size Property location Housing maintenance Quality of property Property completions & purchasesQuantity of property Scale of government land sale Revenue of government land sale Property development capacityReal estate development GDP growth & per capita GDP FDI & inward investment growth Share of property sector in GDP Economic growthGeneral performance Measurement variablesIndicatorsThemes Economic Sustainability Professional qualification and trainingSkills & training Availability and validity of dataAvailability and quality of data Independence & professionalismProfessional bodies Role & power of governmentGovernment administrationProperty market administration Transparency of planning process Implementation of urban plans Transparency of urban planning Capacity of non-government organisationsRole of non-govern- mental sector Transparency of governments in general Government coordination Transparency of governmentUrban governance & planning Enforceability at central & local levelsRule enforceability Policy clarity Policy continuity Policy sufficiency Policy guidance Legal clarity Legal continuity Legal sufficiency Legal guidanceLegal & regulatory framework Institutional Sustainability Impacts of property developments on historic buildingsDestruction to historic buildings & sites Cultural heritage Level of compensation & relocationDemolition & relocationSocial cohesion New starts & completions Quality (size, location) Social housing provisionSocial housing Urbanisation ratePopulation growth & migrationPopulation change Social Sustainability Professional qualification and trainingSkills & training Availability and validity of dataAvailability and quality of data Independence & professionalismProfessional bodies Role & power of governmentGovernment administrationProperty market administration Transparency of planning process Implementation of urban plans Transparency of urban planning Capacity of non-government organisationsRole of non-govern- mental sector Transparency of governments in general Government coordination Transparency of governmentUrban governance & planning Enforceability at central & local levelsRule enforceability Policy clarity Policy continuity Policy sufficiency Policy guidance Legal clarity Legal continuity Legal sufficiency Legal guidanceLegal & regulatory framework Institutional Sustainability Impacts of property developments on historic buildingsDestruction to historic buildings & sites Cultural heritage Level of compensation & relocationDemolition & relocationSocial cohesion New starts & completions Quality (size, location) Social housing provisionSocial housing Urbanisation ratePopulation growth & migrationPopulation change Social Sustainability
  • 31. Thank  You   Dr. Yunqing Xu 徐蕴清博⼠士 lynnxu1013@googlemail.com