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41th APIMONDIA Congress
               Montpellier, France, 15-20 September 2009




                            Round Table 3
Intoxication in bees due to pesticides: results from scientists.
                              17 September 2009




                                  Piotr Medrzycki
   Agricultural Research Council, Research Unit for Apiculture and Sericulture
                      Via di Saliceto 80, 40128 Bologna, Italy
CRA-API
  Agricultural Research Council, Research Unit for Apiculture and Sericulture
                  Bologna, Italy; Head – DR Marco Lodesani




• Founded as INA (National Institute of Apiculture) in 1931 (public financial support)

• The main point of reference in Italy for problems and issues related to beekeeping

• Objective: promote initiatives aimed at increasing, optimising and disseminating
  beekeeping practices and beehive products

• 1st October 2004, INA was incorporated in CRA (Agricultural Research Council)
Activities


                    Analysis laboratory
                    Environmental monitoring
                    Training/Courses
                    Selection (Instrumental insemination)
                    Technical and scientific consultancy
• Services


• Research
                    Genetic improvement
                    Bee pathology
                    Product optimisation
                    Economy and market
                    Bees and environment
Bees and Environment
      Research activity of Bee Protection Group “Apoidea”



Multifactorial study of bee loss causes
Effects (lethal and sublethal) on bees of agriculture and other environmental factors
      Pesticides
      GMO’s
      Climatic changes
      Others
Monitoring of environmental pollution with honey bees
Study of wild pollinator biodiversity in different ecosystems
APENET
                Analysis of bee health risk factors

    Suspension for 2009 of 4 active ingredients for seed dressing
    (imidacloprid, clothianidin, thiamethoxam, fipronil)

    Ministry of Agriculture financed national project APENET for 2009-2010


                                Main Objective



Give explanation about the mysterious    Evaluate the efficacy of the introduced
colony losses and high bee mortalities   law (suspension of seed dressing) on
reported in the recent years in many     colony losses, from the 2009 season
countries
APENET
First results
APENET
                 national monitoring network




• 2009 – no abnormal mortality or bee losses linkable to maize sowing
• reports of high mortality occurred during maize sowing:
         2008 – 185
         2009 – 3 (all caused by illegal use of dressed seeds)
APENET
                              sowing tests


• Dust dispersion during sowing
 confirmed dispersion from the drilling machine
 and deposition on the ground
 (even new dressing method)



• Evaluation of the drilling machine modification
 the “dual pipe deflector” was able to reduce
 the dispersion by 12-47% (too little)
 sowing with deflector – higher dispersion at
 longer distances
APENET
                             sowing tests




• Damages in bees exposed to the dust
 negative effects on colony strength
APENET
                              laboratory tests

• PER tests at 1/5 (clo, thi, fip) or 1/25 (imi) of LD50

 damages on bee memory at medium (3h) and long (24h) time
APENET
                             laboratory tests

• Importance of brood rearing temperature
 brood reared at suboptimal temperature (33° originates low fitness bees
                                                 C)
 (longevity reduced, susceptibility to intoxication increased)


 hypothesis of damages on colony level following slight bee loss in early spring


• Toxicity tests on larvae
 larval toxicity of Clothianidin and Fipronil much lower than on adult bees
 LD50 (48h) clo >> 3000ng/larva
 LD50 (48h) fip = 38,9ng/larva (10 times higher than in adults)
APENET
                         first effect



Decree of suspension of 4 active ingredients for seed dressing
                will be renewed for 2010
REMEMBER !



       Synergic effects




    Sublethal intoxication



                     Bees = social insects

Sublethal effects at individual level may be lethal for the colony
Synergic effects

• Quality of alimentation and agrochemicals
 type of pollen – significant effects on bee susceptibility to some
 stressing factors (intoxication by pesticides)



• Bee age, environmental temperature and agrochemicals
 foragers – more susceptible to intoxication than younger bees
 at higher temperatures foragers are much more susceptible
 to intoxication by pesticides


maybe it would be useful to test toxicity at higher temperatures ?...
Piotr Medrzycki   Apimondia 2009

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Piotr Medrzycki Apimondia 2009

  • 1. 41th APIMONDIA Congress Montpellier, France, 15-20 September 2009 Round Table 3 Intoxication in bees due to pesticides: results from scientists. 17 September 2009 Piotr Medrzycki Agricultural Research Council, Research Unit for Apiculture and Sericulture Via di Saliceto 80, 40128 Bologna, Italy
  • 2. CRA-API Agricultural Research Council, Research Unit for Apiculture and Sericulture Bologna, Italy; Head – DR Marco Lodesani • Founded as INA (National Institute of Apiculture) in 1931 (public financial support) • The main point of reference in Italy for problems and issues related to beekeeping • Objective: promote initiatives aimed at increasing, optimising and disseminating beekeeping practices and beehive products • 1st October 2004, INA was incorporated in CRA (Agricultural Research Council)
  • 3. Activities Analysis laboratory Environmental monitoring Training/Courses Selection (Instrumental insemination) Technical and scientific consultancy • Services • Research Genetic improvement Bee pathology Product optimisation Economy and market Bees and environment
  • 4. Bees and Environment Research activity of Bee Protection Group “Apoidea” Multifactorial study of bee loss causes Effects (lethal and sublethal) on bees of agriculture and other environmental factors Pesticides GMO’s Climatic changes Others Monitoring of environmental pollution with honey bees Study of wild pollinator biodiversity in different ecosystems
  • 5. APENET Analysis of bee health risk factors Suspension for 2009 of 4 active ingredients for seed dressing (imidacloprid, clothianidin, thiamethoxam, fipronil) Ministry of Agriculture financed national project APENET for 2009-2010 Main Objective Give explanation about the mysterious Evaluate the efficacy of the introduced colony losses and high bee mortalities law (suspension of seed dressing) on reported in the recent years in many colony losses, from the 2009 season countries
  • 7. APENET national monitoring network • 2009 – no abnormal mortality or bee losses linkable to maize sowing • reports of high mortality occurred during maize sowing: 2008 – 185 2009 – 3 (all caused by illegal use of dressed seeds)
  • 8. APENET sowing tests • Dust dispersion during sowing confirmed dispersion from the drilling machine and deposition on the ground (even new dressing method) • Evaluation of the drilling machine modification the “dual pipe deflector” was able to reduce the dispersion by 12-47% (too little) sowing with deflector – higher dispersion at longer distances
  • 9. APENET sowing tests • Damages in bees exposed to the dust negative effects on colony strength
  • 10. APENET laboratory tests • PER tests at 1/5 (clo, thi, fip) or 1/25 (imi) of LD50 damages on bee memory at medium (3h) and long (24h) time
  • 11. APENET laboratory tests • Importance of brood rearing temperature brood reared at suboptimal temperature (33° originates low fitness bees C) (longevity reduced, susceptibility to intoxication increased) hypothesis of damages on colony level following slight bee loss in early spring • Toxicity tests on larvae larval toxicity of Clothianidin and Fipronil much lower than on adult bees LD50 (48h) clo >> 3000ng/larva LD50 (48h) fip = 38,9ng/larva (10 times higher than in adults)
  • 12. APENET first effect Decree of suspension of 4 active ingredients for seed dressing will be renewed for 2010
  • 13. REMEMBER ! Synergic effects Sublethal intoxication Bees = social insects Sublethal effects at individual level may be lethal for the colony
  • 14. Synergic effects • Quality of alimentation and agrochemicals type of pollen – significant effects on bee susceptibility to some stressing factors (intoxication by pesticides) • Bee age, environmental temperature and agrochemicals foragers – more susceptible to intoxication than younger bees at higher temperatures foragers are much more susceptible to intoxication by pesticides maybe it would be useful to test toxicity at higher temperatures ?...