Dark matter makes up 73% of the universe and is composed of unknown particles that do not emit or absorb light but have gravitational effects. Dark energy is 23% and is a repulsive force that is driving the expansion of the universe. Both dark matter and dark energy were hypothesized to explain inconsistencies in cosmological theories and observations of the structure and acceleration of the expanding universe.

1. Dark Matter and Dark Energy revolutionary concepts in cosmology

5. Detection of Dark Matter distortion due to gravitational lensing.

10. Role of Dark Energy The universe is expanding. Actual continuity theory Gravitational field theory

12. Fate of the Universe