This document discusses blood disorders and their management. It begins by describing the functions of blood and some common blood disorders like anemia, hemophilia, and leukemia. It then explains blood types and relationships between blood types and antibodies. The document outlines the components of blood like red blood cells, platelets, and white blood cells. It provides details on different types of anemia, treatments for blood disorders, and procedures like blood transfusions and bone marrow transplants.
2. Blood is the life-maintaining fluid that
circulates through the body's heart, arteries,
veins, and capillaries.
Carries away waste matter and carbon dioxide,
and brings nourishment, electrolytes, hormones,
vitamins, antibodies, heat, and oxygen to the
tissues.
Functions of blood are many and complex –
many disorders that require clinical care
Conditions include benign (non-cancerous)
disorders / cancers that occur in blood.
3. RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN BLOOD TYPES
AND ANTIBODIES
Bloo
d
Type
Antigens on
Red Blood
Cell
Can
Donate
Blood To
Antibodie
s in
Serum
Can
Receive
Blood From
A A A, AB Anti-B A, O
B B B, AB Anti-A B, O
AB A and B AB None AB, O
O None A, B, AB, O
Anti-Aand
anti-B
O
5. Red blood cells - carry oxygen to the tissues –
used in the treatment of anemia.
Platelets - help the blood to clot – treatment of
leukemia and other forms of cancer.
White blood cells - help to fight infection and
aid in the immune process.
Plasma - helps to maintain blood pressure;
provides proteins for blood clotting; balances
the levels of sodium and potassium
6.
7. Anemia – Short of RBC
Hemophilia – defect in the blood coagulating
mechanism
Thrombocythemia – abnormal small number of
platelets in the circulating blood.
Hemochromatosis – disorder of iron metabolism
characterized by excessive absorption
Hodgkin's Disease – marked by chronic enlargement
of the lymph nodes
Leukemias – Progressive proliferation of abnormal
leukocytes
Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma – lymphoma other than
Hodgkin disease
8. Men
• Hb < 13.5 gm/100ml
Women
• Hb < 12.0 gm/100ml
9.
10. Macrocytic anemia: Megaloblastic anemia and
non-megaloblastic macrocyctic anemia. Primary
cause of this sort of anemia is collapse of DNA
synthesis with kept RNA synthesis that occurs
due to the division of the divisional cells.
Microcytic anemia: Sort of anemia occurs due to
hemoglobin synthesis shortage or collapse.
Normcytic anemia: Occurs when Hb levels
decreases overall. Size of RBC is often normal.
11. Iron-deficiency anemia – hypochromic
microcytic anemia characterized by low serum
iron, increased serum iron-binding capacity and
decreased marrow iron stores.
Megaloblastic (pernicious) anemia –It is a
condition in which the bone marrow produces
unusually large, structurally abnormal,
immature red blood cells (megaloblasts).
Hemolytic anemia – increased rate of
erythrocyte destruction.
12. Sickle cell anemia – autosomal recessive
anemia characterized by sickle shaped
erythrocytes due to substitution of a single
amino acid - chromosome 11
Aplastic anemia – greatly decreased formation
of erythrocytes and hemoglobin, usually
associated with pronounced granulocytopenia
and thrombocytopenia
Chronic anemia
Anemia of folate deficiency
13. Cooley's anemia (Thalassemia) – Thalassemia
is a blood disorder passed down through
families (inherited) in which the body makes an
abnormal form or inadequate amount of
hemoglobin. Hemoglobin is the protein in red
blood cells that carries oxygen. The disorder
results in large numbers of red blood cells being
destroyed, which leads to anemia.
14. Accurate blood loss
Anemia of chronic disease
Bone marrow failure and
Plastic anemia.
28. Blood disorder characterized by an abnormal
decrease in the number of blood platelets, which
results in internal bleeding.
Acute thrombocytopenic purpura – Most
common in young children, the symptoms may
follow a virus infection and disappears within a
year - usually disorder does not recur.
Chronic thrombocytopenic purpura – Onset of
the disorder can happen at any age, and symptoms
can last six months or longer.
30. Internal bleeding, which may cause: ecchymosis
- bruising , petechiae - tiny red dots on skin or
mucous membranes
Occasionally, bleeding from the nose, gums,
digestive tract, urinary tract
Rarely, bleeding within the brain
Symptoms may resemble other blood disorders
or medical problems.
31. Complete medical history and physical
examination
Additional blood and urine tests
Careful review of patient's medications
Bone marrow examination
32. Treatment of the causative disease
Discontinuation of causative drugs
Treatment with corticosteroids
Treatment with medications
Lifestyle changes
33. Type of lymphoma, a cancer in the lymphatic
system.
Rare disease usually occurs most often in
people between the ages of 15 and 34, and in
people over age 55.
Hodgkin's
lymphatic
disease causes the cells in the
system to abnormally reproduce,
eventually making the body less able to fight
infection.
Hodgkin's disease cells can also spread to other
organs.
34.
35.
36.
37. neck, Painless swelling of lymph nodes in
underarm, and groin
Fever
Night sweats
Fatigue
Weight loss
Itching of the skin
It may resemble other blood disorders or
medical problems, such as influenza or other
infections.
38. Past infection with infectious mononucleosis
History of infectious mononucleosis (caused by
an infection with the Epstein-Barr virus)
Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)
DIAGNOSIS
Additional blood tests
X-rays of the chest, bones, liver, and spleen
Biopsy of the lymph nodes
41. Acute or chronic leukemia
Acute leukemia - The new or immature cells,
called blasts, remain very immature and cannot
perform their functions. The blasts increase in
number rapidly, and the disease progresses
quickly.
Chronic leukemia - There are some blast cells
present, but they are more mature and are able
to perform some of their functions. The cells
grow more slowly, and the number increases
less quickly, so the disease progresses
gradually.
45. History and physical examination
Blood tests and other Bone marrow aspiration
and biopsy
Spinal tap/lumbar puncture - A small amount of
cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) removed. CSF is the
fluid that bathes the brain and spinal cord.
47. Type of lymphoma, which is a cancer in the
lymphatic system.
Non-Hodgkin's disease causes the cells in the
lymphatic system to abnormally reproduce
eventually causing tumors to grow and can also
spread to other organs.
Etiology is idiopathic
48.
49. nodes in neck, Painless swelling of lymph
underarm, and groin
Fever
Night sweats
Fatigue
Weight loss
Itching of the skin
Recurring infections
50. Genetic disease of the
immune system
Unprotected exposure to
strong sunlight
Smoking
Excessive alcohol
consumption
Environmental factors –
radiation, chemicals, and
infections
Organ transplantation
Infections with HIV
Infections with
malaria
Helicobacter pylori
bacterium – stomach
ulcers
51. Blood tests
X-rays of the chest, bones, liver, and spleen
Biopsy of the lymph nodes, bone marrow, and
other sites
Lymphangiograms - lymphatic system x-rays
CT scan
Ultrasonography scan
TREATMENT
Radiation therapy
Chemotherapy
52. It is a myeloproliferative blood disorder.
It is characterized by the production of too
many platelets in the bone marrow.
Too many platelets make normal clotting of
blood difficult
Etiology is idiopathic
53. Increased blood clots in arteries and veins
Bleeding
Bruising easily
Bleeding from the nose, gums, gastrointestinal
tract
Bloody stools
Hemorrhaging after injury or surgery
Weakness
Enlarged lymph nodes
54. Complete medical history and physical examination
Blood counts and elevated platelet levels
Bone-marrow biopsy
TREATMENT
Chemotherapy
Plateletpheresis -aprocedure to remove
extra platelets from the blood
55. BMT is a special therapy for patients with
cancer or other diseases which affect the bone
marrow.
A bone marrow transplant involves taking cells
that are normally found in the bone marrow
(stem cells), filtering those cells, and giving
them back either to the patient or to another
person.
The goal of BMT is to transfuse healthy bone
marrow cells into a person after their own
unhealthy bone marrow has been eliminated.
56. Bone marrow transplantation is not yet a
standard treatment therapy, but has been used
successfully to treat diseases such as leukemias,
lymphomas, aplastic anemia, immune
deficiency disorders, and some solid tumor
cancers since 1968.
57. Bone marrow is the soft, spongy tissue found inside bones.
It is the medium for development and storage of about 95
percent of the body's blood cells.
Blood cells that produce other blood cells are called stem
cells.
The most primitive of the stem cells is called the
pluripotent stem cell, which is different than other blood
cells
Renewal - able to reproduce another cell identical to
itself.
Differentiation - able to generate one or more subsets
of more mature cells.
It is the stem cells that are needed in bone marrow
transplantation.
58.
59.
60.
61.
62.
63.
64. Cure many diseases and types of cancer.
When a person's bone marrow has been
damaged or destroyed due to a disease or
intense treatments of radiation or chemotherapy
for cancer, a marrow transplant may be needed.
65. A bone marrow transplant can be used to:
Replace diseased, non-functioning bone marrow
with healthy functioning bone marrow
Replace the bone marrow and restore its normal
function after high doses of chemotherapy or
radiation are given to treat a malignancy –
process called "rescue".
Replace bone marrow with genetically healthy
functioning bone marrow to prevent further
damage from a genetic disease process (such as
Hurler's syndrome, and adrenoleukodystrophy).
66. Leukemias
Severe aplastic anemia
Lymphomas
Multiple myeloma
Immune deficiency disorders
Solid-tumor cancers – like breast or ovarian