Quantitative/Mixed-Methods American InterContinental University March 27, 2018 Running head: QUANTITATIVE/MIXED-METHODS 1 QUANTITATIVE/MIXED-METHODS 2 Quantitative/Mixed-Methods Abstract Case studies which are done in the field of medicine work towards improving the health of the population. There are some of the parts contained in case studies which are abstract, results, limitations of results, conclusions, and applications. The common statistical methods used in research are descriptive numerical and qualitative thematic analyses. The results of the studies show that equal participation of individuals in the health sector will help boost public health. Limitations of results are that although some strategies may work towards improving health sector, not all of them are effective. Public health is an important sector in any country for it directly affects the economy of the nation. There need to be certain ways which should be employed with the aim of supporting and improving public health. In this paper, I am going to examine 4 contemporary peer-reviewed articles which employ quantitative or mixed-methods concerning ways on how to improve the health of the public. The interest of the paper is to aid in achieving the best impact in public health sector via using programs which will improve health outcomes drastically. Enhancement of public health will in return help to improve the well-being of populations across the world. Public health awareness on how to avoid unhealthy lifestyles should be created. In the articles, samples and populations used were appropriate for it showed the real representative of the population at hand. All the samples used in the 4-contemporary peer-reviewed articles fulfilled the rule of thumb hence making them appropriate. The samples used were suitable for they were used to estimate the population parameters for it stood for the entire inhabitants. The samples used were larger but not too large to consume more resources of money and time. The larger sample has helped to produce accurate results making the samples valid and appropriate. The appropriateness of the samples used in these articles, it has been proved via usage of target variance. In using target variance an estimate to be derived from the model eventually attained. Each article which has been used includes having results, limitations of results, conclusions, and applications. The first contemporary peer-reviewed article is entitled, Refugee women’s involvements of maternity-care facilities in Canada: a methodical review using a description synthesis written by Gina MA Higginbottom, Myfanwy Morgan, Miranda Alexandre, Yvonne Chiu, Joan Forgeron, Deb Kocay and Rubina Barolia. The article was published 11 February 2015. The results show that there needs to have a healthier understanding of the aspects that produce discrepancies in availability, adequacy, and outcomes during parenthood care (Higginbottom, Morgan, Alexandre, Chiu, Forg ...

1. Quantitative/Mixed-Methods
American InterContinental University
March 27, 2018
Running head: QUANTITATIVE/MIXED-METHODS
1
QUANTITATIVE/MIXED-METHODS
2
Quantitative/Mixed-Methods
Abstract
Case studies which are done in the field of medicine work
towards improving the health of the population. There are some
of the parts contained in case studies which are abstract, results,
limitations of results, conclusions, and applications. The
common statistical methods used in research are descriptive
numerical and qualitative thematic analyses. The results of the
studies show that equal participation of individuals in the health
sector will help boost public health. Limitations of results are
that although some strategies may work towards improving
health sector, not all of them are effective.

2. Public health is an important sector in any country for it
directly affects the economy of the nation. There need to be
certain ways which should be employed with the aim of
supporting and improving public health. In this paper, I am
going to examine 4 contemporary peer-reviewed articles which
employ quantitative or mixed-methods concerning ways on how
to improve the health of the public. The interest of the paper is
to aid in achieving the best impact in public health sector via
using programs which will improve health outcomes drastically.
Enhancement of public health will in return help to improve the
well-being of populations across the world. Public health
awareness on how to avoid unhealthy lifestyles should be
created.
In the articles, samples and populations used were appropriate
for it showed the real representative of the population at hand.
All the samples used in the 4-contemporary peer-reviewed
articles fulfilled the rule of thumb hence making them
appropriate. The samples used were suitable for they were used
to estimate the population parameters for it stood for the entire
inhabitants. The samples used were larger but not too large to
consume more resources of money and time. The larger sample
has helped to produce accurate results making the samples valid
and appropriate. The appropriateness of the samples used in
these articles, it has been proved via usage of target variance. In
using target variance an estimate to be derived from the model
eventually attained.
Each article which has been used includes having results,

3. limitations of results, conclusions, and applications. The first
contemporary peer-reviewed article is entitled, Refugee
women’s involvements of maternity-care facilities in Canada: a
methodical review using a description synthesis written by
Gina MA Higginbottom, Myfanwy Morgan, Miranda Alexandre,
Yvonne Chiu, Joan Forgeron, Deb Kocay and Rubina Barolia.
The article was published 11 February 2015. The results show
that there needs to have a healthier understanding of the aspects
that produce discrepancies in availability, adequacy, and
outcomes during parenthood care (Higginbottom, Morgan,
Alexandre, Chiu, Forgeron, Kocay & Barolia, 2015). There is
the coherent base for enhancing culturally based proficiency in
maternity care. All these work towards nearing they improve
maternal care for mothers. Limitation of the result is that
perinatal health actions for immigrant women need revisitingfor
the results to be actualized. Another drawback comes in when
the immigrant women don’t utilize health care services as
expected. The conclusion of the study is thatimmigrant women
in Canada face many blockades in accessing and utilizing health
care services. Barriers involved here are lack of awareness of
the services and insufficient supports to access health care
services. Application of the result will be done on the on
immigrants in Canada whereby the word immigrant will be used
to mean anyone who has settled to live in Canada permanently.
The second article was published on 13 July 2016 and written
by André E. Bussières, Fadi Al Zoubi, Kent Stuber,
Simon D. French, Jill Boruff, John Corrigan and Aliki Thomas.
The title of the article is Suggestion-based exercise, study
application, and understanding paraphrase in chiropractic: a
scoping review (Bussières, Al Zoubi, Stuber, French, Boruff,
Corrigan & Thomas, 2016). The results of the article are that
Evidence-based practice (EBP) breaks were eminent in the parts
of valuation of activity restriction, resolve of psychosocial
factors prompting pain, overall health pointers, forming a
diagnosis, and trial medicament. This study has proposed that
outdated and connected educational approaches can advance

4. persistent upkeep, usage of EBP and standard adherence wide-
ranging extensively. Limitations of results are the difficulty
which comes with a selection of the studies to be applied to the
Evidence-based practice. One important obstruction to
conducting this clinical research was the recruitment. The
conclusion is mainstream of chiropractors hold positive
approaches and beliefs concerning EBP. The chiropractic
occupation needs additional robust broadcasting and application
study to advance recommendation adherence and patient well-
being results. The application of this study is the chiropractors
hold favorable approaches towards, and principles about, EBP.
What results relate to evolving and executing co-produced
intercessions in important health-care settings? A rapid
evidence synthesis is the third article which was written David
Clarke, Fiona Jones, Ruth Harris and Glenn Robert. Results of
the study showed that for increased cost analysis will result in
the enhanced health care of members of the public. No studies
evaluated the sustainability of any variations made. Limitations
of results are that there is lack of laborious assessment of
efficiency and cost efficiency of co-produced interferences in
the severe healthcare segment at mutually the service and
scheme heights. The study did not have right of entry and
appraisal the much wider patient and public participation and
service enhancement (Clarke, Jones, Harris & Robert, 2017).
The conclusion of the study is although increasing concern in
and support for co-production, there is an absence of severe
evaluation in acute healthcare settings. The application of the
study is to the patients who need acute healthcare services.
The fourth article is an organized evaluation of veterans dealing
with strategies: How can rural veterans improve their quality of
life? which was written by Tracey Marie Barnett, Alexa Smith-
Osborne and Freda Barnett –Braddock. The results of the study
are that veterans could acquire various coping approaches and
methods for overcoming and adaptation to the anxieties of war
during their military package. Limitations of results are that
some of the coping strategies being used by military especially

5. have some negative health effects while others tend to be
ineffective sometimes. The conclusion is that there were five
strategies which were used by military people as coping
strategies (Barnett, Smith-Osborne & Barnett-Braddock, 2016).
The coping strategies include cognitive, drugs and alcohol
drowsiness, spirituality methods, evasion and behavioral tactics.
An application of the study is that it was applied to the military
veteran and other civilians in the United States of America who
had health –risk related diseases due to battle anxiety and other
military life stressors.
The four pieces of training results, conclusions, and
applications can be compared together. The four studies results
showed that for improvement of public health there need to be
certain efforts geared by both caregivers and the respondents.
Enhanced public health has some financial implications.
Conclusions of the studies are that certain strategies must be
employed which will help to fight towards improved public
health. Applications of the case studies are that it was done to
the members of public some of whom had some health-related
issues.
The statistical method is the technique of examining numerical
data. The studies used different statistical methods with the first
article on Immigrant women’s experiences of maternity-care
services in Canada: a systematic review using a narrative
synthesis which reviewed studies with all types of statistical
designs: qualitative, quantitative or mixed-method. The second
article on Evidence-based training, research utilization, and
information translation in chiropractic: a scoping review used
three distinct steps. Analyzing the data was done using graphic
numerical and qualitative thematic analyses, the reporting the
findings and discussing results implication. The third article on
what outcomes are associated with developing and
implementing co-produced interventions in acute healthcare
settings? A rapid evidence synthesis included the use of
qualitative or quantitative data. The fourth article, organized
review of veterans coping strategies: How can rural experts

6. improve their quality of life involved the use of qualitative and
mixed methods that are used in only studies.
In conclusion, quality improvement in the public health settings
is very important for it affects huge populations. Evidence-
based case studies usually show the results, conclusions,
applications, and limitations which affects the results of the
study. The most commonly used statistical methods for the
studies are quantitative methods. Evidence-based articles have
shown that collaboration from all involved parties in the health
sector: caregivers and patients will help to improve public
health.
References
Barnett, T. M., Smith-Osborne, A., & Barnett-Braddock, F.
(2016). Systematic Review of Veterans' Coping Strategies: How
Can Rural Veterans Improve Their Quality of
Life? Contemporary Rural Social Work, 8(2), 37-62.
Bussières, A. E., Al Zoubi, F., Stuber, K., French, S. D., Boruff,
J., Corrigan, J., & Thomas, A. (2016). Evidence-based practice,
research utilization, and knowledge translation in chiropractic:

7. a scoping review. BMC complementary and alternative
medicine, 16(1), 216.
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12906-016-1175-0
Clarke, D., Jones, F., Harris, R., & Robert, G. (2017). What
outcomes are associated with developing and implementing co-
produced interventions in acute healthcare settings? A rapid
evidence synthesis. BMJ Open, 7(7), e014650.
Higginbottom, G. M., Morgan, M., Alexandre, M., Chiu, Y.,
Forgeron, J., Kocay, D., & Barolia, R. (2015). Immigrant
women’s experiences of maternity-care services in Canada: a
systematic review using a narrative synthesis. Systematic
reviews, 4(1), 13.
https://doi.org/10.1186/2046-4053-4-13
Running head: UNIT 4 ASSIGNMENT 1 ANSWER TEMPLATE
1
UNIT 4 ASSIGNMENT 1 ANSWER TEMPLATE
7Unit 4 Assignment 1 Answer TemplateStudent NameCapella
UniversityUnit 4 Assignment 1 Answer Template
The following assignment includes three sections consisting of:
1. z scores in SPSS.
2. Case studies of Type I and Type II errors.
3. Case studies of null hypothesis testing.
Additional notes:
· Answer in complete sentences.

8. · Follow APA rules for scholarly writing.
· Include a reference list if necessary.
· Save your answers and upload this template to the assignment
area for grading.
Section 1: z Scores in SPSS
A z score is typically analyzed when population mean (µ) and
population standard deviation (σ) are known. However, in SPSS,
we can still calculate z scores with the grades.sav data using the
sample mean (M) and sample standard deviation (s). To do this,
open grades.sav in SPSS. On the Analyze menu, point to
Descriptive Statistics, and then click Descriptives…
You will be calculating and interpreting z scores for the total
variable. In the Descriptives dialog box, move the total variable
into the Variable(s) box. Select the Save standardized values as
variables option and click OK.
SPSS provides descriptive statistics for total in the Output
window. SPSS also creates a new variable in the far right
column, labeled Ztotal, in the Data Editor area. Ztotal provides
a z score for each case on the total variable. You are now
prepared to answer the following Section 1 questions.Question 1
What is the sample mean (M) and sample standard deviation (s)
for total? You will use these values in Question 2 below.
[Answer here in complete sentences. Also insert the output
from SPSS here. Replace this prompt and the prompts below,
using as much space as necessary to answer questions.]
Question 2
A z score for this sample is calculated as [(X – M) ÷ s]. Locate
Case #53’s unstandardized total score (X) in the Data Editor. In

9. the formula below, replace X, M, s, and ? to show how the z
score in Ztotal is derived for Case #53.
(X – M ) ÷ s = ?Question 3
Run Descriptives… on Ztotal. What are the mean and standard
deviation of Ztotal? (Hint: “0E7” in SPSS is scientific notation
for 0). Are the mean and standard deviation what you would
expect? Justify your answer.
[Answer here in complete sentences. Also place the SPSS output
here.]
Question 4
Case number 6 has a Ztotal score of 1.51. What does a z value
of 1.51 represent?
[Answer here in complete sentences.]
Question 5
Identify the case with the lowest z score. Refer to Appendix A
in the Warner (2013) text. Interpret the percentile rank of this z
score rounded to whole numbers.
[Answer here in complete sentences.]
Question 6
Identify the case with the highest z score. Refer to Appendix A
in the Warner (2013) text. Interpret the percentile rank of this z
score rounded to whole numbers.
[Answer here in complete sentences.]Section 2: Cases Studies
of Type I and Type II Errors
Question 7
A jury must determine the guilt of a criminal defendant (not

10. guilty, guilty). Identify how the jury would make a correct
decision. Analyze how the jury would commit a Type I error
versus a Type II error.
[Answer here in complete sentences.]Question 8
An I/O psychologist asks employees to complete surveys
measuring job satisfaction and organizational citizenship
behavior. She intends to measure the strength of association
between these two variables. The researcher is concerned that
she will commit a Type I error. What research decision
influences the magnitude of risk of a Type I error in her study?
[Answer here in complete sentences]
Question 9
A clinical psychologist is studying the efficacy of a new drug
medication for depression. The study includes a placebo group
(no medication) versus a treatment group (new medication). He
then measures the differences in depressive symptoms across
the two groups.
What would a Type I error represent within the context of his
study? How can he reduce the risk of committing a Type I
error? How does this decision affect the risk of committing a
Type II error?
[Answer here in complete sentences.]
Section 3: Case Studies of Null Hypothesis TestingQuestion 10
You are running a series of statistical tests in SPSS using the
standard criterion for rejecting a null hypothesis. You obtain the
following p values.
Test 1 calculates group differences with a p value = .07.
Test 2 calculates the strength of association between two
variables with a p value = .50.

11. Test 3 calculates group differences with a p value = .001.
For each test below, state whether or not you reject the null
hypothesis. For each test, also explain what your decision
implies in terms of group differences (Test 1 and Test 3) and in
terms of the strength of association between two variables (Test
2).
Test 1 (group differences) =
Test 2 (strength of association) =
Test 3 (group differences) =
Question 11
A researcher calculates a statistical test and obtains a p value of
.86. He decides to reject the null hypothesis. Is this decision
correct, or has he committed a Type I or Type II error? Explain
your answer.
[Answer here in complete sentences]
Question 12
You are proposing a research study that you would like to
conduct while attending Capella University. During the
proposal, a committee member asks you to explain in your own
words what you meant by saying “p less than .05.” Provide an
explanation.
[Answer here in complete sentences]References
Provide references if necessary. This concludes Unit 4
Assignment 1. Save your answers and upload this template to
the assignment area.
Warner, R. M. (2013). Applied statistics: From bivariate
through multivariate techniques (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA:
Sage.

12. Quantitative/Mixed-Methods
American InterContinental University
March 27, 2018
Ist article
Condition Immigrant women’s involvements of maternity-care
amenities in Canada.
It uses forms of statistical strategies: qualitative, quantifiable or
mixed method(Higginbottom, Morgan, Alexandre, Chiu,
Forgeron, Kocay & Barolia, 2015).
The results showed that there needs to have a healthier
understanding of the aspects that produce discrepancies in
availability, adequacy and outcomes during parenthood care .

13. 2
2nd article
Article is Evidence based practice, research utilization, and
knowledge translation in chiropractic: a scoping review .
Methods used are expressive statistical and qualitative thematic
studies (Bussières, Al Zoubi, Stuber, French, Boruff, Corrigan
& Thomas, 2016).
The results are that Evidence based preparation (EBP) breaks
were eminent in the areas of valuation of activity restriction,
resolve of psychosocial aspects inducing pain, common health
pointers, forming a diagnosis, and implementation medicament
3

14. 3rd article
The article is what conclusions are connected with evolving
and executing co-produced intercessions in acute healthcare
sets? A quick evidence blend.
The method used is qualitative or quantitative data (Clarke,
Jones, Harris & Robert, 2017)
The results were for increased cost analysis will results to
enhanced health care of members of public. No studies
evaluated the sustainability of any variations made
4
4th article
The article is methodical evaluation of experts handling plans:
How can urban experts progress their eminence of life.
The methods used are qualitative, and mixed methods that are
utilized in single analyses (Barnett, Smith-Osborne & Barnett-
Braddock, 2016)
The results were veterans were able to acquire various coping
approaches and methods for overwhelming and adaptation to the
stresses of war through their military platform

15. 5
References
Barnett, T. M., Smith-Osborne, A., & Barnett-Braddock, F.
(2016). Systematic Review of Veterans' Coping Strategies: How
Can Rural Veterans Improve Their Quality of
Life?. Contemporary Rural Social Work, 8(2), 37-62.
Bussières, A. E., Al Zoubi, F., Stuber, K., French, S. D., Boruff,
J., Corrigan, J., & Thomas, A. (2016). Evidence-based practice,
research utilization, and knowledge translation in chiropractic:
a scoping review. BMC complementary and alternative
medicine, 16(1), 216.
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12906-016-1175-0
Clarke, D., Jones, F., Harris, R., & Robert, G. (2017). What
outcomes are associated with developing and implementing co-
produced interventions in acute healthcare settings? A rapid
evidence synthesis. BMJ open, 7(7), e014650.
Higginbottom, G. M., Morgan, M., Alexandre, M., Chiu, Y.,
Forgeron, J., Kocay, D., & Barolia, R. (2015). Immigrant
women’s experiences of maternity-care services in Canada: a
systematic review using a narrative synthesis. Systematic
reviews, 4(1), 13.
https://doi.org/10.1186/2046-4053-4-13

16. Analyzing qualitative Research Papers
The Most Applicable Study Results from Four Articles in
Gerontology
American InterContinental University
March 20, 2018
Prevalence and severity of cognitive impairment with and
without dementia in an elderly population.
This study indicates that Cognitive Impairment, no Dementia
(CIND) has a prevalence rate of 16.8% in Canada.
All other forms of dementia combined have a prevalence rate of
8%.
Prevalence of all forms of cognitive impairment, including
dementia, seems to increase with increase in age.
These results can be used to plan on how to care for the older
people with dementia whose population is surging by the day.
Prevalence of Dementia in the United States: The Aging,
Demographics, and Memory Study
In the United States, about 13.9% of people aged above 71 years
were suffering from dementia and related complications in
2002.
Further, close to 9.7% of people aged 71 years and above were
suffering from Alzheimer’s disease (AD).

17. The prevalence of dementia and related diseases tend to
increase with increase in age.
These results, which are a representative of the whole American
aging population, can be used to strategize provision of health
services for older people with dementia.
The borderland between normal aging and dementia
In this research, the authors identified several sub-types of
people with MCI, and that the patients observed in the
community are different from those observed in the clinic.
Dementia or MCI diagnosis depends on both the interactions
between people and their environment, the sociocultural
context, as well as cognitive tests.
The study provides useful information for “studying cognitive
decline in relation to pathological changes in aging and
dementia”
Constructing Couples’ Stories: Narrative Practice Insights from
a Dyadic Dementia Intervention
Researchers in this article suggest that narrative therapeutic
methods have promises and challenges for social interventions
on couples where one of the partners is suffering from
dementia.
making use of narrative therapeutic methods are a good way of
dealing with the issue of memory loss in which one spouse has
the problem.
The results can be used to plan healthcare intervention for aging
couples where one partner is suffering from memory loss.
Running head: ANALYZING QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
PAPERS 1

18. ANALYZING QUALITATIVE RESEARCH PAPERS 7
Analyzing Qualitative Research Papers
American InterContinental University
March 20, 2018
Analyzing Qualitative Research Papers
Prevalence and severity of cognitive impairment with and
without dementia in an elderly population.
This study provides a detailed approximation of the prevalence
of a condition known as "cognitive impairment, no dementia"
(CIND) among the aging people. With the recognition that not
all individuals with impaired cognition have dementia, the
researchers in this study notes that most people who meet the
current standards for dementia have not been studied.
The population and sample used in this study were appropriate.
The population under investigation comprised of aging

19. Canadians aged above 65 years. The data was collected from 36
cities and their environs in five Canadian regions. Sample sizes
from each region comprised of 1800 individuals in the
community and 250 people from institutions (Graham, Beattie,
Rockwood, & Mcdowell, 1997). This data was a good
representation of the community under investigation.
The results indicated that CIND had a prevalence of 16.8%,
which is more than twice the percentage of all the other forms
of dementia combined (8%) in Canada. The occurrence of all
kinds of cognitive impairment, dementias included, tended to
increase with age. People suffering from CIND were thrice more
likely to be in institutions than those without the impairment. It
was also discovered that there is a 5.3% chance of finding a
patient with circumscribed memory in the Canadian elderly
population (Graham, Beattie, Rockwood, & Mcdowell, 1997).
CIND is frequently linked to functional disability, thus the need
for institutional care. The results in this study can be used to
make adequate plans on how to prepare to provide care for the
country’s older population which is increasingly developing
dementia-related complications.
Prevalence of Dementia in the United States: The Aging,
Demographics, and Memory Study
In this study, the researchers sought to estimate incidence of
Alzheimer’s disease and other dementias in the United States.
The subjects in the study comprised a sample that is
representative of the whole nation’s aging population. The
participants who were used as the memory study sample
comprised 856 people aged 71 years and above. The data was
obtained from the health and retirement study, which is a good
representative of the national population. The sample was
evaluated for dementia through a detailed in-home evaluation.
The fact that the sample comprised a representation of the old
people in the United States makes it an appropriate sample and
population.
After analyzing the data, the researchers found out that about

20. 3.4 million Americans (13.9%) aged 71 years and above were
suffering from dementia in 2002. For Alzheimer’s disease (AD),
the corresponding figure was 9.7% (2.4 million people aged 71
and above). They also observed that the prevalence of dementia
increased as a person grows older (at a rate of 5% for those
aged between 71-79 and 37.4% for those older than 90 years)
(Plassman, et al., 2007).
The authors concluded that the estimates about dementia
prevalence obtained from this population that represents
nationwide data provides sufficient information for planning.
Since the data was obtained from most parts of the country, it
can be effectively used to strategize for impending healthcare
for the increasing number of individuals with dementia. A key
limitation of this study was the difficulty in comparing
prevalence estimates across studies because of the variations in
age brackets reported (Plassman, et al., 2007).
The borderland between normal aging and dementia
In this article, the theoretical evolution of mild cognitive
impairment (MCI) is studied as being the boundary between
dementia and normal aging. The study then suggests that the
socio-cultural setting as well as the built environment are key in
formulating a dementia diagnosis. According to the article,
dementia is more than a medical term. It is believed that
cognitive impairment is a dynamic outcome of the way people
interact with challenges that are cognitive in nature. The study
does not seem to have a specific population to do analysis and
draw conclusions, but rather uses information from past
literature.
As a concept, MCI has been applied in attempts to identify
people suffering from AD early enough. This attempt echoes the
failure of numerous clinical trials for AD and the optimism that
treatment will be effective if administered early enough. The
researchers suggest several terms, MCI included, to connote the
phase of switch between dementia and normal aging. In this

21. research, the authors identified several sub-types of people with
MCI, and that the patients observed in the community are
different from those observed in the clinic. Dementia or MCI
diagnosis depends on both the interactions between people and
their environment, the sociocultural context, as well as
cognitive tests. The study provides useful information for
“studying cognitive decline in relation to pathological changes
in aging and dementia” (Lo, 2017). One limitation identified by
the researchers is the fact that there was a general lack of
understanding of the dynamics regarding AD biomarker, thus
making it hard to detect the condition early enough in old
people.
Constructing Couples’ Stories: Narrative Practice Insights from
a Dyadic Dementia Intervention
In this article, the authors investigate some of the challenges of
carrying out therapy that is narrative based on aging couples
suffering from memory loss. Dementia and memory loss can be
very devastating both to caregivers and patients. Researchers in
this article suggest that narrative therapeutic methods have
promises and challenges for social interventions on couples
where one of the partners is suffering from dementia (Scherrer,
Ingersoll-Dayton, & Spencer, 2014). This research used a
sample of 20 aging couples, making it not appropriate for
generalizing and making conclusions. The stories given by these
couples were used as case examples for the study. The
researchers conclude that making use of narrative therapeutic
methods are a good way of dealing with the issue of memory
loss in which one spouse has the problem. The results can be
used to plan healthcare intervention for aging couples where
one partner is suffering from memory loss. One limitation of
this study is its use of a very small sample.
Comparison of the results, conclusions, and applications among
all 4 studies
The first two studies seek to investigate the prevalence of

22. dementia among the American and Canadian aging population.
Both researches found out that the prevalence of dementia tends
to increase as people get older. The results from these studies
can be used to make adequate plans on how to prepare to
provide care for the country’s older population which is
increasingly developing dementia-related complications. In the
third study, the researchers find out that dementia or MCI
diagnosis depends on both the interactions between people and
their environment, the sociocultural context, as well as
cognitive tests. The study provides useful information for
“studying cognitive decline in relation to pathological changes
in aging and dementia.” The fourth study conclude that making
use narrative therapeutic methods are a good way of dealing
with the issue of memory loss in which one spouse has the
problem. Thus, this can be used as a therapy for the affected
partner.
References
Plassman, B. L., Langa, K. M., Fisher, G. G., Heeringa, S. G.,
Weir, D. R., Ofstedal, M. B., … Wallace, R. B. (2007).
Prevalence of Dementia in the United States: The Aging,
Demographics, and Memory Study. Neuroepidemiology, 29(1-
2), 125–132. http://doi.org/10.1159/000109998.

23. Graham, J. E., Beattie, B. L., Rockwood, K., & Mcdowell, I.
(1997). Prevalence and severity of cognitive impairment with
and without dementia in an elderly population. The Lancet.
349(9068)., 1793-1796.
Lo, R. Y. (2017). The borderland between normal aging and
dementia. CI Medical Journal. 29(2), 65–71.
Scherrer, K. S., Ingersoll-Dayton, B., & Spencer, B. (2014).
Constructing Couples’ Stories: Narrative Practice Insights from
a Dyadic Dementia Intervention. Clinical and Sociology Work
Journal. 42(1), 99–100.