10.
LV dimensions from the mid
ventricular level is used to calculate
LVEF
LVEDD2 – LVESD2
LVEDD2
LVEF = x 100
11. Not a true indicator of systolic function
Determined by multiple factors
amount of blood volume ejected with each
cardiac cycle
difference between the LV end-diastolic
volume and LV end-systolic volume obtained
by the Simpson method
12. difference should be equal to SV across the
LVOT if there is no valvular regurgitation
If there is MR, regurgitant volume needs to be
subtracted to obtain stroke volume across the
LVOT
14.
The systolic component (S’) of the mitral
annulus correlates well with the LVEF
15. Mitral anulus displacement -tissue tracking
Normal mitral annular systolic motion is
>8mm (average 12 + 2 on apical 4 or apical 2
views)
systolic mitral anulus displacement of < 5 cm
= LVEF (<30%)
16. 8cm/s --cutoff point
Estimation of global left ventricular function from the velocity of longitudinal shortening.
Echocardiography 2002;19(3):177-185
17. Systolic contraction of the ventricles is
performed optimally when regional
contractions are coordinated
All walls should contract within 20 to 30
milliseconds of each other
Disrupted by conduction delay, atrial
fibrillation, or a pacemaker
tissue Doppler imaging-- timings of cardiac
events or myocardial movement
20. byproduct of tissue Doppler imaging
Basoapical views of each ventricular segment
are displayed as seven color bands, with each
color representing a particular distance the
tissue moves during systole
Tissue tracking provides a rapid assessment of
systolic motion
21. The simplest to understand is displacement, defined as
excursion (in millimeters). (product of systolic velocity
and duration of contraction. )
Strain rate imaging is a newly developed variation of
DTI that provides a high-resolution evaluation of
regional myocardial function.
22. Strain rate is defined as the instantaneous rate of
change in the two velocities divided by the
instantaneous distance between the two points.
Positive strain rate represents active contraction and
negative values, relaxation or lengthening between the
two points.
strain rate has been demonstrated to be a more
sensitive and earlier indicator of regional dysfunction
than many routine techniques.
Strain rate imaging has tremendous temporal
resolution as well and can be used to demonstrate
subtle phenomena such as postsystolic contraction.
23.
24. Normal ventricular contraction consists of
simultaneous myocardial thickening and
endocardial excursion toward the center of the
ventricle
Regional contractility or wall motion of the LV is
graded by dividing the LV into segments
In 2002, a 17-segment model was recommended by
the American Society of Echocardiography
LV is divided into three levels - basal, mid or
papillary and apical
Circulation, 2002;105: 539-542
27. Numerical score is assigned to each wall
segment on the basis of its contractility as
assessed visually:
1= Normal (>40% thickening with systole)
2= Hypokinesis (10-30% thickening)
3= Severe hypokinesis to akinesis (<10% thickening)
4= Dyskinesis (out of phase)
5= Aneurysm (thinned and bulging outwards)
28. On the basis of this wall motion analysis
scheme, a wall motion score index (WMSI) is
calculated to semiquantitate the extent of
regional wall motion abnormalities
Normal WMSI is 1
WMSI > 1.7 may suggest perfusion defect > 20%
29. Qualitative estimation errors due to:
Underestimation of EF due to endocardial echo
dropout and seeing mostly epicardial motion
Underestimation of EF with enlarged LV cavity; a
large LV can eject more blood with less endocardial
motion
Overestimation of EF with a small LV cavity
Significant segmental wall motion abnormalities
30. Myocardial performance index
TEI index = IVRT + IVCT
LVET
IVCT - Isovolumic contraction time
IVRT - Isovolumic relaxation time
LVET - LV ejection time
Normal in 0.39 +/- 0.05
31.
32. . Twist is defined as
(Φapex − Φbase), twist per
unit length as (Φapex −
Φbase)/D, and left
ventricle (LV) torsion T
(circumferential-
longitudinal shear angle)
as (Φapex − Φbase) (ρapex −
ρbase)/2D. Mostly,
counterclockwise
rotation as seen from the
apex is positive.
33. Definition of the normalized twist, where this
twist angle is divided by the distance (D)
between the measured locations of base and
apex . However, to make LV torsion
comparable among differently sized hearts, the
normalized twist should be multiplied by the
mean radius (ρ) of base and apex
T=(ϕapex−ϕbase)×(ρapex+ρbase)2D
35. magnitude of opening of the mitral valve=E-
wave height, correlates with transmitral flow
and, in the absence of significant MR, with LV
SV
Mitral valve E point (maximal early opening) -
within 6 mm of the left side of the ventricular
septum
decreased ejection fraction-distance is
increased
38. stroke volume is
decreased
gradual reduction in
forward flow in late
systole,
gradual closing of the
aortic valve in late
systole.
rounded appearance
of the aortic valve in
late systole
39. .. .
M Mode
Pulse wave tissue
Doppler
Color Coded Tissue
Doppler
40.
41. PULSED WAVE TISSUE DOPPLER
MITRAL ANNULAR PEAK S WAVE
VELOCITY 7.5 CM/SEC
COLOR CODED TISSUE DOPPLER
MITRAL ANNULAR MEAN S WAVE
VELOCITY 5.4 CM/SEC
43. rate and time course of blood flow from LA to
LV is determined by
1.Pressure difference along the path
2.Ventricular relaxation
3.Relative compliances of the two chambers
Basic Principle
46. Ventricular Relaxation
-occurs during IVR and early diastolic filling
-active process involving utilization of energy of the
myocardium.
The measure of Ventricular Relaxation include the
following:
1.Isovolumic relaxation time (IVRT)
2.The maximum rate of pressure decline (- dP/dt)
Parameters of Diastolic Function
49. Ventricular Compliance
ratio of change in volume to change in
pressure (dV/dP).
Stiffness -inverse of compliance: the ratio
of change in pressure to change in volume
(dP/dV)
Parameters of Diastolic Function
52. Chamber compliance :
1.Ventricular size and shape
2.Characteristics of the myocardium
3.Extrinsic factors:
a.pericardium
b.RV volume
c.pleural pressure
Parameters of Diastolic Function
53. Factors that affect Diastolic filling
Early filling
•Ventricular Diastolic Function
•Changes in the pressure difference between the
ventricle and atrium due to changes in preload.
•Changes in Transmitral volume flow rate (increased
in MR).
•Change in LA pressure.
Parameters of Diastolic Function
54. Late filling
•Ventricular Diastolic function
•Cardiac rhythm
•Atrial contractile function
•Ventricular end-diastolic pressure
•HR
•Time of atrial Contraction
Parameters of Diastolic Function
56. Factors that Affect Doppler Left
Ventricular Filling
1.Technical
2.Normal Variations
3.Physiologic
Technical
1.Sample volume location
2.Doppler modality
3.Intercept angle
Left Ventricular Filling
57. Normal Variation
Respiration – Increase filling during inspiration
on the right, increase filling at end of
expiration on the left.
Left Ventricular Filling
58. Normal Variation
Heart rate – Increase
heart rate shortens
diastasis so that the A
velocity more closely
follow the E velocity.
Left Ventricular Filling
59. PR interval
Longer PR interval results in an A
velocity early in diastole.
Left Ventricular Filling
60. Age
As age increase E velocity
diminishes and the
atrial contribution becomes
more prominent with
equalization of the E and
A velocities
age 60 years - reversal of
the E/A ratio
Left Ventricular Filling
61. Physiological Factors
• LA pressure (preload)
• Volume flow rate (MR)
• Left ventricular systolic
function (LV-ESV)
• Atrial contractile function
Left Ventricular Filling
64. Left Atrial Filling
• Window and Plane – A4C
• Vein interrogated – Right superior
pulmonary vein.
Left Atrial Filling
65. Pattern
1. Small reversal of flow following
atrial contraction (a wave)
2. Systolic filling phase
3. Blunting of flow or brief
reversal at end-systole
1. Diastolic filling phase
Left Atrial Filling
66. Factors that affect LA filling Pattern
Systolic Atrial Filling
1. Age
2. LA size
3. LA pressure
4. LA contractile function
Left Atrial Filling
67. Diastolic Atrial Filling
1. Gradient from PV to LV
2. LV diastolic relaxation
3. LA compliance
4. LV compliance
Left Atrial Filling
88. PARAMETERS MEASUREMENTS
1. Mitral Valve inflow
a. E wave velocity
b. A wave velocity
c. E/A ratio
d. Deceleration Time
e. A wave duration
f. IVRT
2. Mitral Valve inflow with reduced
preload a. E wave velocity
b. A wave velocity
c. E/A ratio
3. Pulmonary Venous flow
a. S wave
b. D wave
c. A reversal velocity
d. A reversal duration
90. E/A ratio 1.0 to 1.5
Deceleration time 160 to 240 ms
IVRT 76 +/- 13 > 40 yr
69 +/- 12 < 40 yr
Valsalva maneuver Preserved E/A ratio
Pulmonary a wave flow reversal < 35 cm/s
Mitral A wave duration Greater than pulmonary A
reversal duration
Pulmonary S wave velocity Greater or equal to pulmonary
D wave velocity.
Cardiac structure and function. Normal
This technique relies on altering receiver gains and frequency filters so that the Doppler signal arising from relatively dense, slow-moving targets such as the myocardium and cardiac anulus are interrogated for their velocity.
A pulsed Doppler sample volume is placed within an area of the myocardium or the anulus and the velocities at that point are then displayed for quantitation .