4. Importance
“successor” to Greece
model for later monarchies
“carrier” of Greek civilization
model for the concept of citizenship
political model for later Europe
model for most European legal systems
measure of success for nations and individuals
model for later, mixed constitutions
-Great Britain, U.S., etc.
5. Location
Italy
Tiber River
between Etruscan and
Greek cities
part of the Latin League
6. Early history
Indo-European
entered Italy ca. 2000 B.C.
settled south of the Tiber
primitive institutions
7. The Republic
revolution
patricians (2-4%) and plebeians (96-
98%)
constitutional government
influenced by Athens?
the constitution of Cleisthenes?
10. Roman Expansion
conquest of Veii: Rome’s “Trojan War”
gradual expansion for a century
the Latin League
extension of citizenship
Romans, half-citizens, Latins, allies
continuous expansion
Celts, Samnites, etc.
11.
12.
13.
14. Expansion, con’t
Etruscans
Greeks
Carthage ???
three Punic Wars
254, 220, 146 B.C.
control of Western Mediterranean
15.
16. Expansion, con’t
the Hellenistic Monarchies
the Greek Federal Leagues
lots of wars, Romans are dragged in...a
lot
Romans get tired of it
control of most of the Med. basin by
100 B.C.
but still essentially a city-state
22. Roman Religion
rustic Italian cults
overlay of Greek religion
Etruscan influences
Romans as “pack rats”
23. Roman Religion
Much like the rest of Italy, Rome is
predominantly Roman Catholic, and the city has
been an important centre of religion and pilgrimage
for centuries, the base of the ancient Roman Religion
with the pontifex maximus and later the seat of
the Vaticanand the pope.
24.
25. Latin Literature
Latin literature includes the essays, histories,
poems, plays, and other writings written in
the Latin language. Beginning around the 3rd century
BC, it took two centuries to become a dominant
literature of Ancient Rome, with many educated
Romans still reading and writing in Ancient Greek, as
late as Marcus Aurelius (121–180 AD). Latin
literature was in many ways a continuation ofGreek
literature, using many of the same forms.
26.
27. Early - Latin Literature
Formal Latin literature began in 230 BC, when a Roman
audience saw a Latin version of a Greek play. The
adaptor was Livius Andronicus, a Greek who had been
brought to Rome as a prisoner of war in 272 BC.
Andronicus also translated Homer's Greek epic
the Odyssey into an old type of Latin verse
called Saturnian. The first Latin poet to write on a Roman
theme was Gnaeus Naevius during the 200s BC. He
composed an epic poem about the first Punic War, in
which he had fought. Naevius's dramas were mainly
reworkings of Greek originals, but he also created
tragedies based on Roman myths and history.
28. Early - Latin Literature
Other epic poets followed Naevius. Quintus
Ennius wrote a historical epic, the Annals (soon after
200 BC), describing Roman history from the founding
of Rome to his own time. He adopted Greek dactylic
hexameter, which became the standard verse form
for Roman epics. He also became famous for his
tragic dramas. In this field, his most distinguished
successors were Marcus Pacuvius and Lucius
Accius
29. Early - Latin Literature
These three writers rarely used episodes from
Roman history. Instead, they wrote Latin versions of
tragic themes that the Greeks had already handled.
But even when they copied the Greeks, they did not
translate slavishly. Only fragments of their plays have
survived.
30. Early - Latin Literature
We know less about early Latin comedy, because we
have 20 complete plays by Plautus and 6 by Terence.
These men modeled their comedies on Greek plays
known as New Comedy. But they treated the plots and
wording of the originals freely. Plautus scattered songs
through his plays and increased the humor with puns and
wisecracks, plus comic actions by the actors. Terence's
plays were more polite in tone, dealing with domestic
situations. His works provided the chief inspiration for
French and English comedies of the 1600s, and even for
modern American comedy.
31. Early - Latin Literature
The prose of the period is best known through On
Agriculture (160 BC) by Cato the Elder. Cato also wrote
the first Latin history of Rome and of other Italian cities.
He was the first Roman statesman to put his political
speeches in writing as a means of influencing public
opinion.
Early Latin literature ended with Gaius Lucilius, who
created a new kind of poetry in his 30 books
of Satires (100s BC). He wrote in an easy, conversational
tone about books, food, friends, and current events.
33. Golden Age
Latin literature was at its height from 81 BC to AD 17.
This period began with the first known speech
of Cicero and ended with the death of Ovid.
34. Golden Age
ood Latin in philology is "classical" Latin literature.
The term refers to the canonicity of works of
literature written in Latin in the late Roman
Republic and the early to middle Roman Empire:
"that is to say, that of belonging to an exclusive group
of authors (or works) that were considered to be
emblematic of a certain genre."
35. The Canonical
imitation of the Greek grammarians, the Roman
ones, such as Quintilian, drew up lists
termed indices or ordines on the model of the Greek
lists, termed pinakes, considered classical:
the recepti scriptores, "select writers." Aulus
Gellius includes many authors, such asPlautus, who
are currently considered writers of Old Latin and not
strictly in the period of classical Latin. The classical
Romans distinguished Old Latin as prisca
Latinitas and not sermo vulgaris.
36. The Canonical
ach author (and work) in the Roman lists was
considered equivalent to one in the Greek; for
example Ennius was the Latin Homer,
the Aeneid was a new Iliad, and so on.
38. The Age of Cicero
Cicero has traditionally been
considered the master of Latin
prose. The writing he produced
from about 80 BC until his death
in 43 BC exceeds that of any
Latin author whose work
survives in terms of quantity
and variety of genre and subject
matter, as well as possessing
unsurpassed stylistic
excellence.
39. Cicero’s Works
Cicero's many works can be divided into four groups:
(1) letters, (2) rhetorical treatises, (3) philosophical
works, and (4) orations. His letters provide detailed
information about an important period in Roman
history and offer a vivid picture of the public and
private life among the Roman governing class.
41. The Augustan Age
The emperor Augustus took
a personal interest in the
literary works produced
during his years of power
from 27 BC to AD 14. This
period is sometimes called
the Augustan Age of Latin
Literature.
42. The Augustan Age
Virgil published his
pastoral Eclogues;
the Georgics, perhaps the
most beautiful poem ever
written about country life; and
the Aeneid, an epic poem
describing the events that led
to the creation of Rome
44. The Imperial Period
From the death of Augustus in AD 14 until about 200,
Roman authors emphasized style and tried new and
startling ways of expression.
45. Latin in the Middle Ages
and Renaissance
Pagan Latin literature showed a final burst of vitality
in the late 200s and 400s. Ammianus Marcellinus in
history, Quintus Aurelius Symmachus in oratory,
andAusonius and Rutilius Claudius Namatianus in
poetry all wrote with great talent. The Mosella by
Ausonius demonstrated a modernism of feeling that
indicates the end of classical literature as such.
46.
47. Roman Gods
The first gods held sacred by the Romans
were Jupiter, the most high, and Mars, god of war,
and father of Rome's twin founders, Romulus and
Remus, according to tradition.
48. Zeus / Jupiter
King of the gods
God of air
Uses Thunderbolts as
his weapon
Womanizer – married
his own sister
Son of Cronos and
Rhea
Most powerful Jupiter is so named
because it is so big – it
is the “King of Planets”
49. Poseidon / Neptune
God of the sea and
earthquakes
Made horses
Trident is weapon
Amphitrite is his wife
Zeus’ brother
Son of Cronos and Rhea
2nd most powerful
Neptune is so
named because
the blue looks
like water
50. Hades / Pluto
God of the Underworld and
Wealth
King of the dead but he is not
Death
Zeus’ brother
Son of Cronos and Rhea
Has a helmet that makes the
wearer invisible
Persephone (Spring) is his wife
NOT EVIL! (but he is unpitying)
3rd most powerful
51. Hera / Juno
Queen of the gods
Protector of marriage
Wife/sister of Zeus
The peacock is her symbol
(because of the eye-look)
Cows are sacred to her (ox-eyed
Hera)
Jealous
No planet, but there is an
asteroid named after her plus
a city in Alaska
52. Phoebus/ Apollo
God of truth, light,
archery, and healing
Sun god in some myths
(Helios is the sun god in
other myths)
Son of Zeus and Leto
Wolves, dolphins, and
crows are sacred to him
Has the Oracle of
Delphi
Apollo asteroids are
near-earth asteroids
53. Artemis / Diana
Apollo’s Twin sister
Goddess of the hunt,
wild things, and
crossways
She is the moon
goddess sometimes
Virgin goddess
As Diana, she is also
a goddess of light
Stags are sacred
The Artemis
navigation
satellite
54. Aphrodite / Venus
Goddess of
beauty and love
Mother of
Eros/Cupid
Wife of
Hephaestus/Vulc
an but lover of
Ares/Mars and
other guys
•Born from the foam in the sea caused by
the attack of Cronos/ Saturn on
Ouranus/Uranus
Venus is so named
because it is a beautiful
planet and can be easily
seen with just the eye
55. Ares / Mars
God of War
Son of Zeus and Hera,
but both hate him
The Romans glorify him,
but the Greeks make
him out to be a coward
He has three children
with Aphrodite: Phobos
(panic) and Deimos
(fear) are twins
Mars and
its moons,
Phobos
and
Deimos
56. Athena / Minerva
Goddess of wisdom and
defensive war
Daughter of Zeus and
Metis (titan) – she
popped out of his head
after he swallowed the
pregnant Metis
She carries a shield with
Medusa’s head on it
Minerva was a tiny
robot designed by
the Japanese to
land on an asteroid,
but got lost in
space.
57. Hephaestus / Vulcan
God of fire and the forge
Son of Zeus and Hera
Ugly
Lame because he was
thrown off Mt. Olympus for
interfering with a fight
between Hera and Zeus
Husband to Aphrodite
58. Hermes / Mercury
Messenger god and
the god of thieves
Greek Trickster figure
Very fast
Son of Zeus and Maia
Loves Aphrodite
Greeks believed he
guided souls to Hades
Mercury revolves around the sun so fast, it was
named for the messenger god. One year is faster
than one day on Mercury
The Hermes Asteroid
59. Hestia / Vesta
Zeus’ sister – Oldest of the
original gods
Goddess of the hearth and
home
Gave up her spot on Mt.
Olympus for Dionysus
Worshipped daily
A virgin priestesses served her
for 30 year time periods
Does pretty much nothing in
mythology
Asteroid Vesta
60. Eros / Cupid
God of love
Son of Ares and Aphrodite
Often portrayed as a
child, but not always.
He has wings
Uses a bow and arrow –
arrows cause one to fall in
love
Momma’s boy
Eros is a near earth asteroid
61. Demeter / Ceres
Daughter of Cronos and Rhea
Goddess of vegetation
Had powers of growth and
resurrection
Her daughter is Persephone
The asteroid Ceres was the first
asteroid ever discovered and is one
of the largest (about the size of
Texas). It almost became a
designated as a planet
62. Dionysus / Bacchus
Son of Zeus and
Semele
God of wine and
happiness
In some areas of
Greece, his worship
was outlawed (too
dirty)
The Bacchus asteroid
