The document provides an overview of the early history of astronomy from ancient Greeks to modern times. It discusses that ancient Greeks held an Earth-centered view but Aristarchus proposed a Sun-centered model. Later, Ptolemy developed an Earth-centered model using epicycles to explain planetary motions. In the 1500s-1600s, Copernicus, Kepler, Galileo and Newton helped establish the modern heliocentric model through observations and laws of planetary motion and gravity.

1. Earth Science Origin of Modern Astronomy

7. The universe according to Ptolemy, second century A.D.

8. Retrograde motion as explained by Ptolemy

12. Kepler’s law of equal areas

19. Astronomical coordinate system on the celestial sphere

21. The difference between a solar day and a sidereal day

24. Precession of Earth

26. Phases of the Moon

28. The difference between the sidereal month and the synodic month

31. Solar eclipse

34. Lunar eclipse