10. 10
Sēdus noliekties uz priekšu
Saspiest abas nāsis (~ 10 min.)
Asins ir jāizpļauj
Vēss kompress pie kakla,
skausta rajonā, uz deguna
saknes
Pirmā palīdzība
11. 11
Jāzin asiņošanas lokalizāciju!
Ievietot deguna dobumā samercēto materiālu ar:
»1:200000 adrenalīnu (2 min.)
»5% kokaīna šķīdumu (2 min.)
»Lidokaīns un fenilefrīns (5 min.)
Pielikt kociņu ar sudraba nitrātu
»Jāsāk 1-2 mm no asinošanas vietas
»1-2 sek.
Kauterizācija ar sudraba nitrātu
12. 12
Rapid Rhino
» piepūšams balons
» https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O_sMTkVvszU
Merocel
» tampons, kas, saskaroties ar šķidrumu izplešas
» https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U-i46nghGr0
Bipp Gauze
» lentveida marles materiāls, kas piesūcināts ar
vazelīneļļu vai bismuta jodoforma parafīnu
» https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3wlVbQ7xTVs
Deguna priekšējā tamponāde
13. 13
Foley katetrs vai speciāli
balonkatetri →
Priekšēja tamponāde
Deguna mugurējā tamponāde
http://www.summitmedicalusa.com/products/ent/rhinology/epistaxis.php
http://www.aafp.org/afp/2005/0115/p305.html
This is a common problem that affects most people at some time. Usually it is mild and self-limiting. However, it can be lifethreatening and is often a frightening experience for the patient.
Susceptible to bleeding due to the fragile mucosa and tight adherence to underlying mucosa affording little resistance to mechanical stress
RESULTS:
Microdissection revealed a superficial plexus of thin walled vessels in the inferior meatus, which were also seen in cleared, injected specimens. Histological sections showed these vessels to be large, thin walled veins with very little muscle or fibrous tissue, within a thin mucosa relatively devoid of other structures.
CONCLUSION:
Woodruff's plexus is a venous plexus in the posterior part of the inferior meatus.
a. etmoidalis posterior ???
Trauma arī no deguna urbināšanas
Akūts rinīts – gļotādas hiperēmija
Sauss gaiss – nosusīta gļotādu – intranazālie a/v kļūst trauslāki
Septal spurs – iedzimta vai iegūta deguna starpsienas anomālija
Jatrogēni – septoplastija – perforācija
Neoplasia - Unilateral nasal obstruction associated with epistaxis in a pubertal or adolescent male should raise the possibility of juvenile nasopharyngeal angiofibroma.
Additionally, septal deviations (bends in the wall that divides the nose between two sides), nasal fractures, and septal perforations (holes through the septum) can be a cause of irregular nasal airflow causing dryness and bleeding in some cases. - See more at: http://care.american-rhinologic.org/epistaxis#sthash.fzaatBOx.dpuf
Hematoloģiskas patoloģijas izcelsme - epistaxis which may be bilateral or from multiple sites.
Oslera slimība – iedzimta hemorāģiska telangektāzija
Grūtniecība – trombocitopēnija saistība ar folijskābes dificītu
Antiagreganti - līdzekļi, kuri kavē trombocītu agregāciju, jeb salipšanu savā starpā un adhēziju, jeb pielipšanu pie a/v sieniņām. Šādas darbības rezultātā tiek kavēta tromba veidošanās, jeb trombocitārā hemostāze, asinis kļūst mazāk viskozas
Clotting factor abnormalities can result in frequent, recurring epistaxis
To examine the nose, the health care practitioner will place medications into the nostrils (usually with a cotton ball) in order to numb the inside of the nose and constrict the blood vessels in that area. Numbing medications make the examination less painful. The medication that constricts the blood vessels shrinks the nasal tissue and may even control the bleeding to make it easier to see inside this small, dark cavity and identify the exact site of bleeding.
High blood pressure may contribute to bleeding, but is rarely the sole reason for a nosebleed. It is often the anxiety associated with the nosebleed that leads to the elevation in blood pressure.
If a bleeding point is seen, it can be sprayed with a local anaesthetic and vasoconstrictor agent (e.g. lignocaine and phenylephrine compound spray).
Iespējama arī termāla, elektriska, lazera kauterizācija
Gk. izmanto pie priekšējās asiņošanas, bet ar endoskopu palīdzību iespējams arī pie mugurējās asiņošanas
Ātra, vienkārša, minimāls audu bojājums, bet koagulē tikai virspusējus a/v -> iespējama asiņošanas atkartošana
Bilateral cautery should be avoided as it is seldom required and also increases the risk of a perforation.
The most common source of bleeding from the posterolateral part of the nasal cavity is the sphenopalatine artery
Embolisation carries a slightly higher risk of complications than surgical intervention and it should be reserved for patients who are not fit for operation.
Unfortunately, topical epinephrine (usually combined with lidocaine for anesthesia) is relatively ineffective.[5] Topical cocaine is more effective than lidocaine/epinephrine but presents problems due to the fact that it is a controlled substance and its cost has skyrocketed in the last 2 decades.[6] Furthermore, the cardiovascular stimulation that can occur with cocaine might be a problem in the elderly as the very young. Phenylephrine can also cause substantial cardiovascular stimulation when it is absorbed systemically.
Desmopresīns - Antihemorrhagic—Increases plasma concentrations of clotting factor VIII (antihemophilic factor) and von Willebrand's factor activity along with a possible direct effect on the blood vessel wall, {54} causing increased platelet spreading and adhesion at sites of injury.