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Japanese Chaff Flower
1. JAPANESE CHAFF
FLOWER (ACHYRANTHES
JAPONICA)
Chris Evans
River to River CWMA
www.rtrcwma.org
2. BACKGROUND
Perennial Forb
Up to 5-6 feet in height
Young plants single
stemmed, older plants have
multiple stems
First located in 1981 in
eastern KY and
southwestern WV
Rapid spread throughout
the Ohio River Valley and
other regions
Form extensive infestations
along riverine systems
2012 Invasive Species Workshop – St. Louis, MO
3. IDENTIFICATION
Leaves opposite, entire, smooth edged
Smooth to lightly pubescent
Petioles vary in length, sometimes very long,
sometime near sessile
2012 Invasive Species Workshop – St. Louis, MO
6. IDENTIFICATION
Flowers occur in terminal spikes, diverge at right
angles
Start very compact and elongate as the progress
Lack petals
Brush like, dull green
2012 Invasive Species Workshop – St. Louis, MO
9. IDENTIFICATION
Terminal spike continues to elongate as flowers
mature into fruits
Fruits deflex along the stem
2 stiff bracteoles on each fruit
Remain on dead stalk throughout winter
Easily attached to clothing, fur, etc.
2012 Invasive Species Workshop – St. Louis, MO
19. TIMING
Initiates growing in late spring
‘Comes on’ in mid-late summer
Flowering late summer
Rapid seed set (late summer – early fall)
Seed maturation – early fall
Plant senescence – late fall
2012 Invasive Species Workshop – St. Louis, MO
20. SPREAD
Water
Animals
Humans
Produces thousands of seeds per plant per year
Appear to be very viable based upon initial
attempts to grow in greenhouse
2012 Invasive Species Workshop – St. Louis, MO
24. HABITAT
Does best in moist, rich soils in partial shade –
full sun
Sandy to loamy to silty soils
Does not tolerate annual flooding or long periods
of inundation
On big river systems, often found just above the
driftwood line
Can grow in deep shade
2012 Invasive Species Workshop – St. Louis, MO
25. HABITAT
Riparian areas
Bottomland forests
Roadsides
Ditches
Old fields
Waste areas
2012 Invasive Species Workshop – St. Louis, MO
29. IMPACTS
Forms very dense thickets
Near monoculture
Seems to exclude many other species
Even displacing stiltgrass
Preferred forage for deer
Lots of evidence for insect feeding
2012 Invasive Species Workshop – St. Louis, MO
31. MANAGEMENT
Early Detection Rapid Response
Monitoring and controlling this species in new
areas
Spread prevention techniques and adoption of
BMPs in areas where this species is present
Further education about this species
*Very few people currently know about this
plant or know to look for it*
2012 Invasive Species Workshop – St. Louis, MO
32. MANAGEMENT
Spread prevention
Clothing cleaning
Equipment sanitation
Targeted surveys in and around hiking areas and
campgrounds
High use areas
2012 Invasive Species Workshop – St. Louis, MO
33. MANAGEMENT
Research on control efforts underway
Foliar sprays before flowering(mid summer)
2% Glyphosate
2% Triclopyr
Large roots and brittle stems seem to limit hand
pulling
2012 Invasive Species Workshop – St. Louis, MO
34. SUMMARY
This new species has rapidly spread throughout the
Lower Ohio River Valley and into other portions of
the SE and has recently been found in Missouri
It is spread by flood waters and by humans and
animals
It can form dense stands that appear to potentially
heavily impact riparian areas and bottomlands
Spread prevention and EDRR should be implemented
Control with foliar sprays of glyphosate or tricopyr
seem to be effective
Much more research is being started on this plant
2012 Invasive Species Workshop – St. Louis, MO