1. AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH – CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES
DHAKSHINAMOORTHY, M.*
INTRODUCTION
Agriculture in India, like in many developing countries, continues to occupy a pivotal position, and
contributes to about one-third of our national Gross Domestic Product (GDP). Nearly two-thirds of the
workforce is employed in this sector. Also the overall national economic development largely depends on
this sector. In the post independence period, a phenomenal growth in agriculture sector has been
witnessed largely due to cutting edge of science turning challenges into hopes. We have travelled
successfully from insufficiency to self sufficiency in food production. The Green, Blue, White and Yellow
Revolutions are the examples of remarkable accomplishments, which many developing countries are yet
craving for. It is heartening that the Indian agriculture is well on its own way to attain a new "Rainbow
Revolution"(Paroda, 2001).
Agricultural research and technology development has thus played a pivotal role during the last 40-
50 years in achieving spectacular increases in food and agricultural production to feed the billions of
additional people. The world population is expanding rapidly and may reach 7.75 billion by 2020 and 10
billion by 2050 from the current population of about 6.5 billion. In India, the population may increase from
the current 1.025 billion to 1.334 billion and from 6.21 crores to 8.07 crores in Tamil Nadu by the year 2020.
To meet the demand of increasing population, India’s food grain production must be increased from 200
m.t. in 2000 to about 300 m.t. by the year 2020. Tamil Nadu must produce about 20 m.t. in 2020 to meet
the demands of the burgeoning population. It is gratifying that for most parts of the world this huge increase
in world population was accompanied by significant progress in food security. The share of the world
population that has adequate access to food has continued to rise. World per caput food supplies are today
some 17 percent above what they were 30 years ago - agricultural production has thus kept pace with and
even outstripped population growth (FAO, 2000).
The Green Revolution, a science-led synergism among enhanced genetic potential (improved
seeds), irrigation, and fertilizers in the mid-1960s, was the engine of this transformation. Increased
agricultural productivity, rapid industrial growth in many countries, and expansion of the non-formal rural
economy decreased poverty incidence from 60 percent to less than 30 percent and resulted in a near-
tripling of the per caput GDP.
*Professor, Department of Soil Science & Agricultural Chemistry, TNAU, Coimbatore

2. Productivity gains during the Green Revolution era were largely confined to the relatively well-
endowed irrigated areas of north-western plains and the deltaic irrigated areas and only to a few crops,
notably rice and wheat. Further growth needs to be more rapid, more widely distributed and better targeted.
There is a growing realization that previous strategies of generating and promoting technologies have
contributed to serious and widespread problems of environmental and natural resource degradation.
Problems of resource degradation in high production areas relate to depletion of soil fertility, declining
groundwater table in some areas and rising water tables causing spread of salinity/ alkali problems in other
areas, negative effects on excessive use of fertilizers and plant protection chemicals on water and
environmental quality and a reduction in the bio-diversity. In the rainfed areas, acceleration of processes of
erosion of surface soils is leading to reduced soil productivity, siltation of reservoirs and increased runoff-
related adverse effects. In future, the technologies must result in increased productivity levels and ensure
that the quality of natural resource base is preserved and enhanced. Our past research and development
efforts to increase production focused on use of inputs for maximizing production. This focus will now have
to shift to increase the use efficiency of inputs for optimum and sustained production.
Despite continuous growth in the world economy, and considerable food availability in major
exporters, the aggregate food-security situation of the developing world has shown little progress in recent
years; While the assumptions underlying future food grain production needs might lead to varying
projections, the fact remains that (a) India’s population continues to grow @1.8 to 1.9%; (b) A large fraction
of our population is poor and malnourished and does not have the capacity to buy food; (c) Apart from food
grains, demands for milk, oilseeds, poultry, fish and horticultural products will continue to rise in response
to population growth and rising incomes; (d) With the livelihoods of nearly 70 per cent of its population
dependent on the agriculture sector which generates about 28 per cent of its GDP and over 15 per cent of
its exports, the country’s economy is particularly dependent on healthy agricultural growth; (e)
Opportunities for agricultural export are expected to continue to grow (Abrol, 2001)
The challenges facing Indian agriculture today are thus more serious, complex and exceed those
that we encountered prior to the Green Revolution period. This paper analyzes the past and forecast trends
and explores how science and technology can be harnessed to bring about a more just, equitable, and
sustainable pattern of agricultural growth and development for raising levels of nutrition, standards of living,
and overall livelihood security.

3. THE EMERGING CHALLENGES
There is already a wake-up alarm that the world could be rapidly approaching to its agricultural
carrying capacity. Our natural resources will be increasingly at risk, from soil degradation, deforestation,
water scarcity and contamination, bio- diversity loss and climate change owing to over-consumption and
waste in rich countries, and population pressure in poor countries.
We are also losing bio-diversity at historic rates, with potentially catastrophic consequences. The
world has lost half of its tropical forests during our lifetime. In some countries, the economic cost of
producing clean water is even greater than the economic cost of producing oil. The world's marine fisheries
are over- exploited resulting in decline in marine fish production.
Soils are being constantly degraded and destroyed, with profound economic costs. Our soils are
more hungry than thirsty today. About 70 per cent of our soils are deficit in organic carbon (less than 1 per
cent) and micronutrient deficiencies are being widely experienced throughout the country. Soil toxicity due
to industrial effluents and use of chemicals and pesticides is affecting adversely both soil health and crop
productivity. According to latest estimates, 187.7 m.ha (57.1%) of the total geographical area (329 m.ha) is
degraded. The degraded land encompasses water erosion (148.9 m.ha), chemical hazards (13.8 m.ha),
wind erosion (13.5 m.ha), water logging (11.6 m.ha), salinization (10.1 m.ha) and nutrient depletion (3.7
m.ha).
The per capita arable land is declining rapidly due to the demographic pressure, soil degradation
urbanization and conversion to non-agricultural uses. Large inputs of chemicals, inevitable dependence on
irrigation and high cropping intensity have caused pollution of ground water, eutrophication of surface
water, contamination of soil and deterioration of air quality.
Some of the problems stem from the process of intensification itself. As the size of the holding
continues to shrink, the range of the income-enhancing options in agriculture narrows down. Land
degradation and population pressure have forced the farmers to cultivate even the marginal lands. . In the
next 30 years, one additional ton of grain must be produced from each hectare to meet the projected food
demand. Producing this increment shall increase environmental pressures. Besides, the public systems
dealing with irrigation, credit, marketing and extension are finding it difficult to cope with the emerging
demands especially in an environment of declining capital investment in agriculture and rural infrastructure,
which has almost gone down by half (from 18 to 19 per cent) over the last two decades. It is projected that
a growing and urbanizing population with rising incomes will increase global demand for cereals by 35 per
cent between 1997 and 2020 amounting to 2,497 million tonnes and for meat by 57 per cent that will

4. amount to 327 million tonnes. However, growth in cereal yields is slowing .in both developed and
developing countries and is projected to further slow down in coming decades. The net cereal imports by
developing countries are forecast to almost double by 2020, with maximum absolute increase expected in
East Asia and the largest relative increase in South Asia.
It is estimated that we shall need annually additional 5 million tonnes of food grains, besides large
increases in oilseeds, fodder, fuelwood, fruits, vegetables, milk, meat, eggs, fish, etc. All these reflect the
pressure to produce more of diversified food at a much accelerated pace. Serious imbalances also underlie
the existing scenario. Widening regional disparities in agricultural performance are also our concern.
Rainfed areas (about 65 per cent) still continue to lag behind and in order to achieve "Evergreen
Revolution", these gray areas will have to be made green. The plateauing of yields is also emerging in
some crops and regions.
Water is another important vital resource for economic development. Over exploitation of ground
water in many parts of world including India has affected agricultural economy due to steep declining of
water levels, reduced well yields, drying up of shallow wells, deterioration of ground water quality and sea
water intrusion into coastal aquifers. In India, it is projected that the per capita water availability will reduce
from 2000 m3 to the stress level of 1700 m3 in the next two to three decades. In particular, agriculture's
water share will reduce from the present 89 percent to about 75 percent by 2020: more shall need to be
produced from progressively less water. In Asia, Asian Development Bank reports that one in three Asians
lacks access to safe drinking water within 200 meters of their home.
Climate change, variability and global warming and their impact on agriculture and vice versa
emerge as new threats and challenges. Expected sea-level rises of between 15 to 94 cm over the century
will adversely affect the coastal ecosystem: island states (such as the Maldives and Sri Lanka) may thereby
face serious threats. Tropical and sub-tropical agriculture will be negatively impacted by adverse changes
in temperature, precipitation, and sea-level rise - further threatening the livelihoods of the poor persons
dwelling in those climate zones. It is projected that South Asia may also have an increase in temperature
between 0.1° to 0.3°C by 2010 and 0.4° to 2.0°C by 2070. The sea level is also expected to rise between
15 cm and 94 cm over the next century and the low-lying areas may get inundated. Moreover, the ozone
depletion may lead to increase of ultra violet radiation and with adverse impact on earth's environment and
the people.
Pre- and post-harvest losses generally range from 15 to 30 percent in the region, adversely
impacting productivity, quality and export, and hence food security and income. Livestock, fruits and fish

5. are highly perishable foods, requiring proper handling and processing if these are to be utilized in a cost
effective and efficient way for the benefit of those who rely on them for nutrition and income. Post harvest
processing and handling and food-safety mechanisms are, therefore, expected to play major roles in both
domestic and exports markets.
New socio-economic regimes have emerged, especially globalization and liberalization, with both
positive and negative implications for developing countries. Liberalization of agricultural markets would be
beneficial to developing countries by forcing adoption of new technologies, shifting production functions
upwards, and attracting capital flow in agriculture - but only if the process is mindful of the interests of
small-scale farmers who constitute the bulk of the farming population in the region. Therefore, trade
agreements must be accompanied by operationally effective measures to ease the adjustment process for
small farmers in developing countries. We should find new and creative ways of working with our
expanding clientele such as the private sector, NGOs, Farmers' Associations etc. We obviously have a
challenging journey ahead for which we need to gear ourselves.
Another important challenge before us is to transform the scientific institutions into "new age"
institutions characterized by efficient work culture, responsiveness, and cost-effectiveness. So, let us not
make this a difficult transformation. We should build a knowledge-based system. We must use information
technology as an instrument of research as well as of knowledge sharing, and also to function as virtual
laboratories. Such efforts would also provide us a platform for innovative partnership both nationally and
globally.
Emerging challenges will require a new breed of scientists and managers that have excellence in
the field of new sciences such as biotechnology, information technology, environmental science,
Geographic Information System (GIS), space science, health and other natural sciences. The strength of
an organization/system is determined not by mere numbers but by the technical competence of its human
resource. Hence, HRD be seen as a long-term investment in the national interest.
Another important challenge is to ensure increased and secured funding for Science and
Technology (S& T). To increase productivity and growth for ensuring better living standard and to reduce
poverty and malnutrition, funding support for agricultural research will have to be stepped up to a minimum
of 2 per cent of our agricultural GDP, as is the case with many growing economies.
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY TO MEET THE CHALLENGES
The Yield Revolution

6. Productivity improvement will be possible only if greater attention is paid to improving the efficiency
of input use, particularly nutrients and water. To cite just one example, cotton yields in India are less than 20
percent of the yields achieved in several other countries like Egypt and USA. However, Indian farmers use 25
times as much water to raise a ton of cotton as compared to California. Normally to produce 1 ton of grain,
about 1000 tons of water may be needed.
To bridge the gap between actual and potential yields prevailing at the currently available levels
of technology, a multi-disciplinary constraints analysis will have to be undertaken in different regions and
farming systems. In the short term, the highest priority should go to utilizing the untapped production
reservoir existing at current levels of technology. In the longer term, the prospects for improving yield
further without associated ecological harm will have to be explored.
Bridging Yield gaps
There is an existence of sizable yield gaps between attainable and farm level yields across
ecologies, regions within ecologies, and crop seasons in all rice growing countries in the Asia-Pacific
region. The practical yield gap that can be addressed is the difference between the maximum attainable
yield and the farm level yield as defined below:
a. Maximum attainable yield: is the rice yields of experimental/on-farm plots with no physical, biological
and economic constraints and with the best-known management practices at a given time and ecology.
b. Farm level yield: is the average farmers’ yield in a given target area at a given time and ecology.
It is observed that the yield gap ranges from 10 to 60 percent between attainable and economically
exploitable yields depending on the ecosystem and countries. The adverse environments (rainfed and
flood-prone) have the highest yield gaps. The various factors currently contributing to the yield gap in
different countries include:
a) Biophysical: climate/weather, soils, water, pest pressure, weeds.
b) Technical/management: tillage, variety/seed selection, water, nutrient, weeds, pests and post-harvest
management.
c) Socio-economic: social/economic status, farmers’ traditions and knowledge, family size, household
income/expenses/investment
d) Institutional/Policy: government policy, rice price, credit, input supply, land tenure, market, Research,
Development and Extension (RD and E).

7. e) Technology transfer and linkages: Competence and equipment of extension staff, RD and E integration,
farmers’ cognitive blocks, knowledge and skills, weak linkage among public, private, and NGO extension
staff.
It was also recognized that only a part of the yield gap can be remedied by currently available
technologies. Policy environment and interventions were considered a very vital component of the strategy
to bridge the yield gap. Likewise, technology transfer to farmers and research-extension-farmer linkages
play an equally important role.
ISSUES AND CHALLENGES FOR BRIDGING THE YIELD GAPS
Some of the issues and challenges for bridging the yield gaps are:
Yield plateauing in high productivity areas
Continued imbalanced use of fertilizer nutrients.
Shrinking labour availability in the rural areas
Location specific production packages for diverse growing conditions under rainfed ecologies:
Low input management vis-a-vis risk of crop losses dissuading farmers from high input
management in rainfed ecologies
Least attention to investment intensive development programmes
Adverse effects of over-mining of ground water and excessive use of irrigation water and N-
fertilizer
TECHNOLOGIES TO REDUCE YIELD GAPS
Sensitization of policy and decision-making is an important activity in bridging the yield gap. There
is a need on the deployment of a holistic and participatory approach to address the yield gap problems. Key
points of this strategy are as follows:
Development of location-specific varieties and technologies, i.e. integrated crop management
approach like the “System Rice Intensification (SRI)” technique for rice.
Incorporation of yield stabilizing traits through conventional and innovative approaches (resistance
to biotic and abiotic stresses).
Development and adoption of technologies with higher yield potential such as hybrid rice, New
Plant Type, etc.
Intensified technology transfer activities using successful models such as contiguous area
demonstration to promote yield enhancing technologies, i.e., land preparation, improved variety
and seed, pest management, nutrient management, water management, and post-harvest
management.

8. Improve working relationship and interaction of research, development and extension services.
Policy intervention to provide incentives to high production, i.e. pricing, credit, input supplies,
marketing etc.
The yield deceleration, stagnation and decline observed in high-yielding environments must be
arrested, first by systematic studies to understand the causes and then by the development of new
varieties and crop management practices.
Yield variability must be confronted. The diversion of resources towards risk reduction is a trade off
in yield performance. The trade off between high yield and yield stability may be considered.
Technologies to decrease the cost of production and increase profitability must be considered.
Issues in poverty alleviation, social justice and diversification in agriculture are inter-linked.
(Khush, 1996; FAO, 1999)
BALANCED FERTILIZATION TO BRIDGE YIELD GAPS
Several computerized models are available to arrive at fertiliser recommendation and to effect
suitable soil fertility management practices based on nutrient stocks and flows and nutrient balance at farm
level. Most models describing relationships between nutrient supply, uptake and crop yield address a single
nutrient. In agricultural practice however, at least three macronutrients should be taken into account. This
principle is the major cornerstone of the model Quantitative Evaluation of the Fertility of Tropical Soils
(QUEFTS), which takes N, P and K into considerations, as well as the interactions between them (Janssen
et al., 1990). QUEFTS has both empirical and theoretical components and describe the relationships
between (i) chemical soil tests, (ii) potential NPK supply from soils and fertiliser, (iii) actual NPK uptake, and
(iv) grain yield. Utilizing this computerized decision support system the potential yield of an unfertilized rice
crop at the native fertility of soil was estimated and results reveled that the plant nutrients requirement for
the production of one tonne of paddy grain were 20.16, 4.04 and 19.75 kg N, P and K, respectively with an
average NPK ratio of 5:1:4.9 in the plant dry matter (Jagadeeswaran and Murugappan, 2001). The
regression coefficient between observed and predicted yield was 0.97 and for nutrient uptake were 0.97,
0.88 and 0.95 for N, P& K, respectively.
NUTMON-Toolbox is one such computerized software, which is used to monitor nutrient balance in
farms and thereby identifying unsustainable practices/trends in soil fertility management. Using this
software an attempt was made for nutrient monitoring at farm scale to assess the level of nutrient sources
and flows (Jagadeeswaran, 2002). The farm situation where the investigation was taken up necessitated
evolving strategies and policies to mitigate the noticed negative signs in P and K balance in the farm. The

9. possible options that were proposed for adoption are the use of slow release fertilisers, effectively
managing crop residues and planning for converting the available crop residues in all forms into manures
towards regulating the nutrient balance in the farm. In another study, the CERES rice model in DSSAT
(Decision Support System for Agro technology Transfer) format was calibrated using the data of CO 47 and
ADT 45 rice varieties (Susmitha, 2002). Using the calibrated model, optimum N fertiliser doses for these
varieties for different locations (soil and weather conditions) within Tamil Nadu were calculated. These
calibrated models are valuable tools not only for optimizing N fertiliser recommendation but also for
predicting the method and time of fertiliser application, planting date, planting density, quantity and
scheduling of irrigation, organic manure etc.
DSSIFER (Decision Support System for Integrated Fertiliser Recommendation), a user friendly
computerized product, was developed as a useful tool in decision making in soil fertility management.
Research information on soil test crop response on various crops formed the database for developing
DSSIFER. With soil available macro and micronutrient levels, which are the input data for generating site-
specific fertiliser recommendation, this software verifies the availability of soil test calibration for that site-
specific situation. Besides calculating the fertiliser requirements, DSSIFER software also generates
recommendations on saline and alkali soil reclamation using the soil analysis input of pH and EC. Also from
the irrigation water analysis it checks its quality and gives out its suitability for irrigation in the output with
recommendation for the safe use of poor quality water.
BIOTECHNOLOGY: EXPLOITING THE GENE REVOLUTION
Development of biotechnology can bring enormous benefit to the third world,
especially with respect to solving the problems of poverty, hunger, disease, environmental
destruction and the development of natural resources. In fact biotechnology is more relevant to a
country like India with the tremendous pressure of population, problems of sanitation and drinking
water, the premium on cultivable land and the vagaries of the monsoon, fuel shortage, forest
denudation, etc.
Progress in molecular biology, genetic engineering, and biotechnology can greatly and most-
effectively supplement conventional breeding approaches (preceding section) in enhancing yield,
productivity, income, sustainability, and equity. It is fortunate that as we enter the new millenium and seek
technological breakthroughs, modern biotechnology with multiple and far reaching potential has become
available. It may spearhead agricultural production in the next 30 years at a pace faster than that of the
past 30 years (the Green Revolution). Biotechnology interventions are already being used (and have

10. additional potential) to enhance yield levels, increase input-use efficiency, reduce risk (and lessen effects of
biotic and abiotic stresses), and enhance nutritional quality - all leading to increased food security,
nutritional adequacy, poverty alleviation, environmental protection, and sustainable agriculture. Often
referred to as "Gene Revolution or Biorevolution", biotechnology - if judiciously harnessed, blended with
traditional and conventional technologies, and supported by policies - can lead to an ever-green revolution
synergizing the sustainable pace of growth and development (Swaminathan, 2000). The uncommon
opportunities provided by fast developments in functional genomics, proteomics, DNA microchips and
microarrays must be brought to developing countries - otherwise the technology divide will further widen.
MANAGING NATURAL RESOURCES: LAND, WATER AND BIODIVERSITY
Land, water, and biodiversity are the base not only of agriculture but of the very life and existence
of humankind. Conservation, sustainable use and development of these resources are fundamental to the
survival and progress of humanity. Science and technology, therefore, must play a leading role in arresting
and even reversing the ongoing trend of degradation and erosion of these basic resources.
To meet the targeted food production for the next few decades, management of the soil resources
will be a major challenge for the scientific community. Studies on soil dynamics or evolution of physical,
chemical and biological properties with time for new farming systems are needed to establish the cause
effect relationship between farming systems and soil productivity. Research is needed for crop adaptation
to soil related constraints such as eroded and degraded lands, compacted zones, depleted fertility status,
nutrient imbalances (toxicity and deficiency) etc.
Even with adequate availability of inputs, fall in crop production is directly related to vagaries of
climate more specifically to the monsoon rain. This needs a better understanding of not only the resources
of soil, water and climate but also their interactions in modifying the system. To achieve this, there is a
strong need for strengthening the data base on soil, climate, water resources, vegetational succession and
cycles of major nutrients, water and energy. Development of a GIS and its use for land and water
resources management and accurate forecasting, monitoring and management of disaster problems will go
a long way in sustaining agricultural production.
There is a need for realistic estimates of occurrence of degraded and problem soils. Remote
sensing, a valuable technology, should be put to use to get a reliable estimate of the extent of land
degradation.
The continued importance of irrigation as a means of increasing crop production can be gauged
from the estimates that the irrigated land area worldwide has increased from 16.2 x 106 ha in 1975

11. and to nearly 300 x 106 ha by the year 2000. It is estimated that by the year 2025 the water shortage for
all the uses in India will be approximately 50 per cent. Currently 80 per cent of the total water available is
used in agriculture. However, crops like rice have the water using capacity of only 25-30 per cent,
which is 50 per cent for horticulture crops. Overall the water using capacity in agriculture in India is only
40 per cent which is 80 per cent in countries like Israel,
Irrigation management has already acquired a pride of place in Indian agriculture. It needs to
be carried forward further to achieve the desired efficiency in water use, bring in more area under
irrigation and make more water available for industrial and domestic use which will increase in future.
Scientific irrigation schedules and other improved water management practices have to be adopted to
improve WUE and sustain crop productivity. The co-existence of industry and agriculture, which share the
same water resource, is facing serious problems on account of water quality degradation. Long term
monitoring of ground waters in different agro-climatic, industrial and municipal areas for managing
agricultural inputs, industrial effluents and sewage needs special attention to minimize hazardous effect of
such waters. Informations available on conjunctive use of canal and poor quality general water for different
cropping patterns should be analyzed to develop suitable packages for sustainable agricultural production.
Recycling and reuse of wastewater from different industries and use of brackish water should be
one of the priority areas of research. In Tamil Nadu large quantities of organics (town wastes 0.93 m.t., pig
manure 0.96 m.t., press mud 0.68 m.t., coir wastes 0.32 m.t. etc.) are available. Suitable new technologies
for composting and utilizing them as manure must be explored. An integrated approach involving inorganic
fertilizers, organic manures, industrial and agricultural wastes and biofertilizers is one of the various
approaches to sustain soil productivity.
Economically viable and ecologically compatible and sustainable farming systems are the needs of
the present day. It is equally important to create awareness amongst all concerned about over land and
water resources and their efficient use commensurate with the eco system for sustaining agricultural
production and ensuring prosperity for the nation.
AGRICULTURAL DIVERSIFICATION
Agricultural Diversification has always been an important strategy in agricultural production since it
ensures better land use, afford sustained productivity and simultaneously assures better income generation
per unit area per unit time. The diversification of production systems comprises:
Introduction of aquaculture, and development artisanal fisheries, small animals (poultry, sheep,
goats, pigs) and tree crops;

12. Intercropping of trees and field crops;
Training in use of crop residues for animal feed;
Introduction of low cost methods of animal disease control;
Support for post-production activities to promote income generation.
Sanitary and phytosanitary regulations, risk assessment and management, quarantine and trade;
Food quality and food-safety standards, harmonization/implementation of regulations;
Intellectual property rights, plant-breeder's rights, farmers' rights;
Regulations and ethics of development and sharing of biotechnology and biotechnological projects;
Agroforestry is a system of biodiversity that promotes resource conservation for optimizing
productivity. The incorporation of soil-plant-animal system in a tree crop animal interface should form the
basis of research on agro forestry. Fodder tree based agro-forestry models are essential for dry zones and
the Himalayas to protect soil and water. Other alternate land use systems involving silvipasture, dry land
horticulture, medicinal plants and bio-diesel crops must be developed for the management of waste and
degraded lands.
WEATHER FORECASTING
In order to realize the anticipated rate of agricultural growth in the context of the diversity of
agro-ecological settings (production systems), it is important to analyse and study the climatic and
weather patterns to take appropriate cropping decisions.
Climate is the dominant factor in each of the agro-ecosystem, which has inherent strength,
weakness, opportunities, and threats and these can be exploited, managed and reoriented for
agricultural planning purposes. The effect of the climate and weather on agricultural productivity
has to be re- examined, to sustain agricultural productivity in the coming years. This may be
approached by different ways namely, studying moisture availability, identifying length of
growing period, water requirement of crops, drought vulnerability, drought detection, monitoring and
early warning, choice of crops and cropping systems, crop weather relationships, incidence of
pest and diseases and its control, soil fertility, air pollution, green house gases and its implications,
ozone layer depletion, climate change and their impact on production. The curriculum should
incorporate recent advances in meteorology so as to equip the agricultural graduates in handling better
such situations to reduce the losses or increase the production , as the case may be.
DISASTER MANAGEMENT

13. In countries like India with diverse climatic conditions, occurrence of flood and drought
are a common feature, apart from serious epidemics such as outbreak of pests and diseases. The
occurrence of the disasters will be sudden and unanticipated, some of these even if anticipated, still the
magnitude may not be known. Therefore, in a disaster, there is an element of surprise. When the
magnitude of the disaster is small, it is managed easily or with some difficulty. But, when the
magnitude is large, the management requires an organisation, co-ordination. co-operation, strategies,
supplies, etc. This assumes even grater importance in lieu of the recent tsunami damage in the coastal
Tamil Nadu. The farmers are to be trained in managing such situations with better coordination
from other development departments. They should be trained in drawing up contingency plans and
to act quickly to save the crops, according to the terrain and the local resources available,
enlisting the total cooperation of the people.
FOOD PROCESSING AND FOOD SAFETY
Agricultural production in countries like India has made rapid strides as a result of the Green
Revolution initiatives in the past three decades. However, less than one per cent of the total horticultural
produce is processed as compared to more than 60 per cent in developed countries. It is estimated
that the post harvest losses in food grains are around 10 per cent and in perishables about 40 per
cent, resulting in a value loss of the order of Rs.5000 crores a year,
In the present scenario of economic liberalization, the WTO provisions and changing food
consumption habits, the Indian food industry will shift to foods that require more appropriate
handling, processing, preservation, storage and marketing to result in greater protein intake, besides
making the Indian food products safe and internationally competitive. This scenario only indicates
the need for newer innovative approaches in the field of Food Process Engineering,
SOCIAL RELEVANCE OF AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION
The present day agricultural education does not address the issue of social relevance in totality.
Issues like poverty, gender equity, malnutrition, sustainability and regional imbalances fall in this
category. The curriculum must cover these areas to substantially focus on economics, equity,
agri-business, agricultural marketing, value addition, international trade and other related
disciplines. The education process should be adjusted to serve the needs of illiterate unskilled farmers
and farm households.
CONCLUSION

14. Our past research and development efforts to increase production focused on use of inputs for
maximizing production. This focus will now have to shift to increase the use efficiency of inputs for optimum
and sustained production.
·Most of our research programmes are currently organized either with a commodity orientation or
address issues in a disciplinary manner. Scientists from different disciplines/areas must come together as a
team in a ‘problem-solving mode’. For generating future technologies, our knowledge base has to be much
wider and deeper. This will call for bringing in the best of science to bear upon the process of technology
generation. These inputs can be available from within the country through institutional linkages and must
extend to institutions which are traditionally not agriculture related.
An important consequence of these changes will be necessity for the scientists to work in
partnerships: numerous, diversified, innovative and more substantive than in the past to avail opportunities
for greater synergies, complimentarities and closer working relationships leading to reduced overlaps, less
redundancy and effective and efficient use of limited resources.
Problems facing poor farmers must be conceived in totality and solutions attempted keeping a
system’s perspective in view, such that chances of finding appropriate solutions are high. Team work will
be a necessity. Scientists from basic sciences will need to be increasingly involved in advancing the
frontiers of knowledge, which will have a bearing on solving agricultural problems of the country. Advances
in remote sensing and computer-based technologies, geographic informative system, communication skills
involving networking, etc. will need to be routinely used.
To conclude, India’s agricultural research and education system has grown to be large and varied
over the past decades. The changes needed to make the system responsive to the needs of this century
call for a fundamental change in our thinking and approach – a new paradigm. The changes will need to be
conceived and implemented in the perspective of a vision of the future and a road map carefully weighing
pros and cons of each step. To move in this direction the system needs to have in place mechanisms to
think and change directions. As of now these mechanisms do not appear to be in place.
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