1. TAXONOMY

2. Terminology
 Taxonomy: science of
describing, naming, and classifying
organisms
 Taxon: particular group within a taxonomic
system

3. Aristotle
 Classified organisms into 2
taxa (plants and animals)
 Animals classified by living
on land, sea, or in the air
 Plants classified by stems
 Organisms were discovered
that did not fit into the
groups, became recognized
as an inadequate system

4. LINNAEAN SYSTEM
 Carolus Linnaeus
 Devised system of classification
according to form and structure of
organisms (2 kingdoms- plants and
animals)
 Traits are heavily influenced by
genes, providing clues to common
ancestry
 Each category represented a level
moving from larger general to smaller
more specific classification

5. LEVELS OF
CLASSIFICATION

6. HIERARCHICAL CLASSIFICATION
 Domain
 Kingdom
 Phylum
 Class
 Order
 Family
 Genus
 Species
 Duuuuude
 King
 Philip
 Came
 Over
 For
 Green
 Soup

8.  An example…
 General to specific
classification
categories
 Domain- Eukarya

9. SPECIES
Members of same species are:
 morphologically similar
 able to produce fertile offspring

10. Binomial Nomenclature
 Genus name followed by
the species identifier
 Written in italics with
genus name capitalized
 Subspecies: variations of a
species living in different
geographic areas
 Name follows the species
identifiers
 Ex. Orcinus orca
latirostris

11. SUBSPECIES

12. MEMBERS OF DIFFERENT SPECIES
CAN INTERBREED, BUT . . .

13. THEY PRODUCE STERILE OFFSPRING!
Duh – it’s only, like, my favorite animal.

14. Phylogenetics: analysis of
evolutionary or ancestral
relationships among taxa
Phylogenetic Trees
Show how closely
related taxa are to one
another
Systematics

15. MODERN CLASSIFICATION
Similarities in…
Morphology
Fossils
Embryos
Chromosomes
Macromolecules

16. CLADISTICS
Clade: group of organisms
that includes an ancestor
plus all of it’s descendants
CLADOGRAM

17. Shared Character: Feature that all members of a group have
in common
Examples: mammals=hair, birds=feathers
Derived Character: feature that evolved only within the group
under consideration

20. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=46L_2RI1k3k

21.  Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes
 All organisms in each group not equally alike
 Carl Woese
 Revised classification of Earth’s diversity from 6 kingdoms
 Grouped organisms based on rRNA sequences into domains
 All living organisms (even prokaryotes) have ribosomes
Modern Classification

23. 3 DOMAINS
 Bacteria
 Small single celled organisms (prokaryotes)
 Archaea
 Prokaryotes with unique biochemical and genetic properties
 Often inhabit harsh environments
 Hot springs, thermal vents, salty lakes, etc.
 Believed to be among earliest organisms on Earth
 Eukarya
 Eukaryotes
 Plants, animals, fungi, single-celled organisms

25.  Domain Bacteria: Kingdom Eubacteria
“true bacteria”
Domain Archaea: Kingdom Archaebacteria
“ancient bacteria”

26. DOMAIN EUKARYA
 Kingdom Protista
 Classified by what they aren’t (fungi, animals, plants)
 Not very useful, several new taxa being considered
 Amoebas, paramecia, seaweeds, molds
 Kingdom Fungi
 Absorb nutrients, not ingest (heterotrophic)
 Mushrooms, puffballs, rusts, mildews, molds]

27. DOMAIN EUKARYA
 Kingdom Plantae
 Multicellular plants
 Most autotrophic, some parasitic
 Mosses, ferns, conifers, flowering plants
 Kingdom Animalia
 Heterotrophic, multicellular, develop from embryos
 Symmetrical body organization

28. MISS FINN
Is awesome
don’t leave 