1. The Effects of Alzheimer on America
Background
Alzheimer’s disease is known to affect the brain, cells, and
nerves, nervous and psychic-emotional system. Alzheimer’s is
the progressive disorder which results in the loss of cognitive
abilities. It is the most concerned structure of dementia. As of
today, there is still no clue to why or what causes this disorder,
but there are ample ideas and suggestions for this disorder.
One of the most relevant symptoms of Alzheimer’s disease is
the reduction of the ability to interpret your sensory perceptions
and to understand the meaning of things. There is no current
treatment, but there are drugs that are been used to slow down
its progression.
In 1906, Alexander Alois described this disorder as a
pathological presenile of dementia. It is believed that by the
2015, there will be a diagnosis of 5.3 million with Alzheimer’s
disease which will eventually cause death.
Alzheimer’s disease is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder
leading to sever cognitive, memory and behavioral impairment.
Significance
This proposal is to show how and why there are research done
on Alzheimer’s disease. This disease affects 500 million people
in the U.S. This is known as the aging disease.
The testing of Alzheimer’s is important because it is a way to
find the cause of it and ways to prevent it or either slows down
the progression rate in AD.
The diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease is an important research
because it contributes to helping our aging America and onset
of Dementia. Alzheimer’s could be cause by other significant
disease that may be at bay in our mind and body.
The significance of this proposal is to give insight on ways to
prevent AD. It may also be a cure for it as well as what causes
it. It also details where in the brain Alzheimer’s may begin in

2. its early stages.
Literature Review
Alzheimer’s is the most common form of dementia. It is
assumed to grow as the population of the aging grows. So far
there is no treatment to stop the growth of AD. The growth of
AD gets worsen due to the cognitive ability, functional ability
and behavioral and mood changes. Alzheimer’s has signs of
mood changes, depression, anger and confusion when changes
happen. Someone of normal aging process will exhibit decrease
in coordinator and movement whereas AD recipient will exhibit
halting in movement or coordination and loss of balance.
The criterion for diagnosis of AD is definite, probable, and
possible. Definite syndrome is histopathological confirmed.
Probable has two cognitive deficits and severity of deficits.
Possible has atypical awareness. There will be more updates to
include brain imaging and peripheral biomarkers. These
interventions may have some evidence to reduce or delay the
onset of Alzheimer disease and dementia. It could possibly
change the effect of normal aging on the brain activity. Physical
exercise has been suggested to reduce the risk of dementia by
lessen deterioration and cognitive deficit by reversal. It is
suggested that keeping the brain healthy can have a major effect
on cognitive changes in the aging process and may even lower
the risk of Alzheimer’s disease.
Cognitive training for the treatment of AD has shown some
promising effects. This has shown effects in the sizes for
learning, memory, functioning, and daily living which is
associated with general cognitive problems such as depression,
and self-rated general funding. There have been strategies for
restoring the main effect on this function. There are some
limitations to this which are:
(1) Individuals with AD may have some cognitive and
functional benefits from the cognitive training.
(2) Strategies in cognitive training may have a bigger effect
than strategies in compensatory.
(3) The greatest effects are in the domains of learning memory,

3. executive functioning of daily activities, depression, and
general and cognitive functions.
Consideration for the effect ways that samples weighed in by
each results of the sample size. Performance based measures
were limited. Multiple treatment strategies where not easy to
evaluate through individual strategies. Cognitive deficits of
Alzheimer’s disease can produce significant functional
impairment. Memory deficits are the more prone impairments in
behavioral disturbances as well as executive functioning.
Cognitive training is associated with any non-pharmacological
intervention made to make cognitive functioning better.
There are reviews that will show that CT strategies have at least
minimal effect on the memory and behavioral problems in
connection to AD. There are even suggestions that CT may have
some relations in the treatment of AD. There have been studies
of reminisce therapy which was not supported because there
were lack of evidence to support its given. CT may be
improved domains function but it lacks support of CT for
treatment of AD or early onset dementia.
These findings must be used with caution because of lack of
methodological limitations of studies in review. The effects of
CT on AD exists in treatments before and after because of
variations of sizes in the individual study and domains of
functions.
Women are considered to be at a higher risk for Alzheimer’s
disease. This is believed because ovarian hormones and early
stage of Alzheimer’s disease may be in connection. There have
been many conflicts of this study because some shows that here
is no difference in women and men for AD since estrogen
biosynthesis is the main source in cognitive reduction in both.
Memory is not a unitary function. There has been a strategy on
memory dysfunction by getting cognitive impaired individuals
and regular people to memory altering procedures. Individuals
who had AD were unable to contribute to recall performance
because of responsive memory impairment. Memory impairment
has been founded to be attributes to many kinds of elements of

4. cognitively impaired individuals.
Alzheimer’s disease has given more fear in the last centuries
than cancer, heart disease or strokes. One of the beginning
diagnoses of AD was that the brain changes and this still exist
today as a description of it. Depression and apathy are
symptoms of Alzheimer’s disease in the mid stages of the
behavioral process. In the moderate stage of AD, there are
showings of delusion, agitation, aggressiveness, and
hallucinations. In the severe stage of AD, individuals will show
signs of agitation, anxiety, abnormal motor behavior, and can’t
distinguish between day and night. Within an 80% rate, most
people with AD will show signs of disturbance behavior.
If there are signs of neuropsychiatric symptoms, they may be
administered an antipsychotic and antidepressant drug. The
treatments used are haloperidol or melperone, but yet the
treatments for neuropsychiatric symptoms are not satisfactory.
But most individuals with AD will get a treatment that has
cholinesterase inhibitors. Cholinesterase has moderate effect on
behavior disturbances in AD whereas further study is needed in
the effects and risks associated with the drug.
One model that has been constructed is an economic model.
This model is used to represent the disease and its course. There
is still a lot to be done when it comes to modeling AD for
therapeutic developmental options for AD.
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1
RUNNING HEAD: GRANT PROPOSAL
Specific aims
Use of steroids and the anti-aging agent is not something new.
There have been complaints, especially in the sports world

8. about the excessive use of steroids. The use of steroids is not
prohibited; however, the fact that fairness is needed in the
sports world makes steroids a banned substance (Rogak, 2000).
The aim of this proposal is to look into ways that the use of
steroids has been banned, the problems that are associated with
the use of steroids and the best ways in curbing the vice. With
laid down procedures and guidelines, the proposal will provide
guidelines on the most effective ways of ensuring that the use of
steroids is brought to an end in the sports world. Anti-aging
agents, on the other hand, are substances that interfere with the
physical growth of a human being. They help users in
maintaining their youth despite advancing in age.
It is logical and obvious that when a person advances in age his
or her body is unable to perform all the physical tasks as
compared to when he was young. Most of the athletes are afraid
of leaving the sports world because it is the source of their
livelihood. To ensure that their physical strength is maintained,
they end up using anti-aging agents. The main objective of the
proposal is to look into the issue and to guide on the best way to
deal with the problem. Any problem that affects a section of the
society should become a concern of every member of the
society. By drafting this proposal, the problems outlined will be
given the attention they deserve, budgeted for, and eventually
solved.
Background
Use of steroids started way back in 1954. Dr. John Bosley is
considered as the Godfather of steroids because he was the
person behind the invention of steroids. Since then, there have
been inventions of many kinds of steroids. The use of steroids
has been championed by the need of athletes to enhance their
performance. The history of steroids goes way back before the
invention of the chemical components. It is believed that some
of our forefathers used to swallow raw animal testicles before
engaging in sports. This shows how desperate people are when
it comes to boosting their performance.
There are many cases that have been associated with the use of

9. steroids. Many athletes have used the steroids without knowing.
For example, recently, international athletics body stripped off
five athletes from Kenya their titles. It is believed that most of
them have been using steroids to boost their performance.
However, it was realized that a number of them did it without
their knowledge (Leneham, 2004). Their coaches had been
directing them to take some supplements just to keep fit. Little
did they know that the supplements contained components that
were banned.
The case of steroids use has not only affected the athletes but
also their competitors. It is unfair to use any substance just to
boost one’s performance while other depends on their hard work
in performing better in the same field. Russia almost became a
victim of steroids’ use after failing to act on steroid users. The
country found itself in conflicts with the international athletics
body after failing to act on the policies that abolish the use of
steroids. Steroids have done more harm than good. Though
athletes take them to boost their performance, they have their
side effects. The use of steroids should not be supported under
any circumstances. I believe that the overall well-being of a
person matters than just a single victory.
Though there have been measures put in place by people who
are against steroids use; of which most intuitions are against,
the use of steroids is still on the rise. Many athletes have not
learned from their counterparts who have been punished by the
law and some athletic authorities. History always repeats itself,
but in the case of asteroids use, history should not be given a
chance to repeat itself. Many have suffered in the past and the
trend should be disrupted if the future if the future of most
athletes is to be secured.
Significance
The effects of steroids use surpass the benefits; as a result,
there lies a need to tackle the problem so as to protect the future
of many athletes. One cannot know the importance of any
operation without looking at the negative side. There are a
number of importances for this proposal (Summers, 2003).

10. a) To bring back sanity in the athletic world
People have lost confidence with the world athletic governing
body. Not once has there been a case of a person who has been
stripped of his title because he unused steroids before
participating in a certain sport. That is a clear indication that
there is reluctance in testing athletes before they engage in any
sport. The significance of this proposal is to highlight such
issues and recommend on the best way forward. By so doing,
sanity in the athletics world will be restored.
b) To provide a fair ground to all sportspersons
Athletes who use steroids are guaranteed of good performance.
There are honest athletes out there. Such athletes should be
protected and given a leveled competing ground. The use of
steroids among some athletes put the hardworking athletes in a
disadvantageous position. It is important to ensure that such
athletes are protected in each and every way. Every person
should win fair and square.
c) Safeguard the future of the athletes
There are athletes who do not know the side effects that come
along with the use of the steroids. Since the community is more
concerned about their future, the proposal’s significance is to
ensure that such athletes are informed of the best practices in
athletics and the long-term effects that come along with the use
of asteroids.
Proposed study
Participants
The main objective of the proposal is to gather as much helpful
information and data as possible. The targeted participants will
be the affected persons, the coaches, leaders in athletics
federations, and athletes.
Athletes
The information about steroids cannot be complete in the
absence of the athletes. The athletes will help the research team
to know what exactly is going on in athletics as far as the use of
steroids is concerned (Kicman, 2008). Most of the athletes have
been directly or indirectly affected by the steroids. There are

11. those who have never been tempted to use the steroids before
but it is most likely that what is happening is affecting them.
For example, when an athlete loses a teammate just because the
teammate used steroids, he or she is affected. The athletes will
help the research team to know the magnitude of the
information.
Coaches
There are coaches who have been involved in doping. The
problem must have an impact on a big number of coaches. It is
the primary objective of each and every coach to ensure his or
her trainee wins. The coaches will help to clear the air on
coaches’ participation in steroids use among athletes.
Leaders from different athletics federations
The first group of people to reveal the issue of steroids use
among athletes was the leaders in the athletics federation’s
body. Such persons will help in providing information about the
seriousness of the issue. With their help, the research team will
be in a better position to deal with the issue in the most
appropriate way.
Research team
The most active team in constituting the proposal is the research
team. The research team will be taking the initiative of
gathering all the relevant information so as to come up with a
long lasting solution.
Procedures
After identifying the problem, there will be laid down
procedures that will be carried out so as to help in dealing with
the situation. With the budget in place, a number of activities
will be carried out so as to help a number of the affected
persons. There will be a training session that will take place in
one of the social halls in the city (Rattan, 2005). The training is
aimed at reaching a big number of steroids users and informing
them of the effects of the steroids. The training will be hosted
by the proposal team alongside other interested parties. There
are athletes who are willing to share about their lives with the
affected persons. Such athletes will be brought on board and

12. will help in convincing those who have not yet started using the
steroids not to dare. The training will be advertised and
campaigned for a week. It is expected that the training will last
for at least ten days. And more than a thousand people are
expected to benefit from the campaign.
Hypothesis and analysis
The training will give an overview of the situation. It is
expected that most of the affected persons will be helped in one
way or another (Sterngas, 2010). The presence of the
professionals in the entire training process is expected to be of
help not only to the affected steroids users but also athletes who
do not want to follow the same path. It is most likely that there
are people who will benefit from the program whereas there are
those who need special attention for them to benefit. In such
cases, the research team has professionals who can help the
affected persons. However, the only people who will be further
helped are the people who will have attended the training for
ten days.
Budget justification
$ 60,000 was the money allocated for the entire project. Each
and every cent has been put into proper use and it has helped in
addressing the problem, seeking for solutions, and helping the
affected persons. The money was used in funding different
activities.
Personnel
A number of people were involved in the entire project
operations. A lecturer from one of the local universities was
brought on board and paid $ 1500. The research team consisted
of five persons who were paid $ 3000 each for all the days they
offered their services to the team.
Equipment
A local college volunteered to freely give the research team
Public Address Equipment for the ten days that the training was
taking place. However, the team is supposed to meet
maintenance and transport costs which added up to $ 1000.
Travel

13. For the team to gather credible data, it has to travel a lot so as
to meet different people from different locations and
institutions. One car will be hired to help the team in
discharging its mandate. The car will be hired for ten days at a
cost of $ 20 a day and the fuel cost will sum up to $ 1500 for
the ten days that it will be used.
Participants support
Most of the participants will ignore their duties just to be of
help to the research team. The expenses of the participants must
be covered. The days that the training will be taking place, the
team will provide food, drinks, and travel expenses to the
participants. There are those who had been affected by asteroids
and they might need to be attended to by a counselor, the team
will for all the expenses which will sum up to $ 30,000.
Venue
The venue that will be used in hosting the training will be hired
for $ 100 per day.
A sum $ 9,800 will in surplus, however, the amount was not
budgeted for in use due to any financial need that might arise
before the handing over of the proposal.
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