1. CELL DIVISION
AND
MITOSIS
CHAPTER 4 - CELL REPRODUCTION
SECTION 1

3. WHY IS CELL DIVISION
IMPORTANT?

4. WHY IS CELL DIVISION
IMPORTANT?
EVERY DAY _________________ OF RED BLOOD CELLS WEAR
OUT AND ARE REPLACED.

5. WHY IS CELL DIVISION
IMPORTANT?
EVERY DAY _________________ OF RED BLOOD CELLS WEAR
OUT AND ARE REPLACED.
BILLIONS!!.............EVERYDAY!

6. WHY IS CELL DIVISION
IMPORTANT?
EVERY DAY _________________ OF RED BLOOD CELLS WEAR
OUT AND ARE REPLACED.
BILLIONS!!.............EVERYDAY!
CELL DIVISION IS HOW SINGLE CELL ORGANISMS
REPRODUCE.

7. LIVING ORGANISMS HAVE A CYCLE

8. EVEN FROGS

9. SO DOES A CELL

10. LENGTH OF A CYCLE

11. LENGTH OF A CYCLE
THE CELL CYCLE IS A SERIES
OF EVENTS THAT
TAKES PLACE FROM ONE CELL DIVISION TO THE
NEXT.

12. LENGTH OF A CYCLE
THE CELL CYCLE IS A SERIES
OF EVENTS THAT
TAKES PLACE FROM ONE CELL DIVISION TO THE
NEXT.
THE TIME IT TAKES TO COMPLETE A CELL CYCLE IS NOT
THE SAME IN ALL CELLS.

13. INTERPHASE

14. INTERPHASE
MOST OF THE LIFE OF ANY EUKARYOTIC CELL—A
CELL WITH A NUCLEUS—IS SPENT IN A PERIOD OF
GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT CALLED INTERPHASE.

15. INTERPHASE
MOST OF THE LIFE OF ANY EUKARYOTIC CELL—A
CELL WITH A NUCLEUS—IS SPENT IN A PERIOD OF
GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT CALLED INTERPHASE.
CELLS IN YOUR BODY THAT NOLONGER DIVIDE,
SUCH AS NERVE AND MUSCLE CELLS, ARE ALWAYS IN
INTERPHASE.

16. INTERPHASE
MOST OF THE LIFE OF ANY EUKARYOTIC CELL—A
CELL WITH A NUCLEUS—IS SPENT IN A PERIOD OF
GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT CALLED INTERPHASE.
CELLS IN YOUR BODY THAT NOLONGER DIVIDE,
SUCH AS NERVE AND MUSCLE CELLS, ARE ALWAYS IN
INTERPHASE.
AN ACTIVELY DIVIDING CELL, SUCH AS A SKIN
CELL, COPIES ITS HEREDITARY MATERIAL AND PREPARES
FOR CELL DIVISION DURING INTERPHASE.

17. WHY IS IT IMPORTANT TO COPY ITS
HEREDITARY INFORMATION BEFORE DIVIDING?

18. INTERPHASE
A CHROMOSOME IS A STRUCTURE IN THE NUCLEUS THAT
CONTAINS HEREDITARY MATERIAL.

20. DURING INTERPHASE, EACH CHROMOSOME DUPLICATES.

21. DURING INTERPHASE, EACH CHROMOSOME DUPLICATES.
WHEN THE NUCLEUS IS READY TO DIVIDE, EACH
DUPLICATED CHROMOSOME COILS TIGHTLY INTO TWO
THICKENED, IDENTICAL STRANDS CALLED CHROMATIDS.

22. INTERPHASE
ANIMAL CELL PLANT CELL

24. AFTER
CELL DIVISION
INTERPHASE
BEGINS
2 NEW CELLS NUCLEUS DIVIDES
FORM
CYTOPLASM SEPARATE

25. MITOSIS AND CELL DIVISION

26. MITOSIS AND CELL DIVISION
MITOSIS IS THE PROCESS IN WHICH THE NUCLEUS
DIVIDES TO FORM TWO IDENTICAL NUCLEI

27. MITOSIS AND CELL DIVISION
MITOSIS IS THE PROCESS IN WHICH THE NUCLEUS
DIVIDES TO FORM TWO IDENTICAL NUCLEI
IDENTICAL

28. MITOSIS AND CELL DIVISION
MITOSIS IS THE PROCESS IN WHICH THE NUCLEUS
DIVIDES TO FORM TWO IDENTICAL NUCLEI
IDENTICAL
MITOSIS HAPPENS THROUGH A SERIES OF PHASES, OR
STEPS.

29. THE STEPS OF MITOSIS IN ORDER ARE:
PROPHASE
METAPHASE
ANAPHASE
TELOPHASE

31. PROPHASE

32. PROPHASE
THE PAIRS OF CHROMATIDS ARE FULLY VISIBLE WHEN
VIEWED UNDER A MICROSCOPE.

33. PROPHASE
THE PAIRS OF CHROMATIDS ARE FULLY VISIBLE WHEN
VIEWED UNDER A MICROSCOPE.
THE NUCLEOLUS AND THE NUCLEAR MEMBRANE
DISINTEGRATE.

34. PROPHASE
THE PAIRS OF CHROMATIDS ARE FULLY VISIBLE WHEN
VIEWED UNDER A MICROSCOPE.
THE NUCLEOLUS AND THE NUCLEAR MEMBRANE
DISINTEGRATE.
TWO SMALL STRUCTURES CALLED CENTRIOLES MOVE TO
OPPOSITE ENDS OF THE CELL.

35. PROPHASE
THE PAIRS OF CHROMATIDS ARE FULLY VISIBLE WHEN
VIEWED UNDER A MICROSCOPE.
THE NUCLEOLUS AND THE NUCLEAR MEMBRANE
DISINTEGRATE.
TWO SMALL STRUCTURES CALLED CENTRIOLES MOVE TO
OPPOSITE ENDS OF THE CELL.
BETWEEN THE CENTRIOLES, SPINDLE FIBERS BEGIN TO
STRETCH ACROSS THE CELL.

36. PROPHASE
THE PAIRS OF CHROMATIDS ARE FULLY VISIBLE WHEN
VIEWED UNDER A MICROSCOPE.
THE NUCLEOLUS AND THE NUCLEAR MEMBRANE
DISINTEGRATE.
TWO SMALL STRUCTURES CALLED CENTRIOLES MOVE TO
OPPOSITE ENDS OF THE CELL.
BETWEEN THE CENTRIOLES, SPINDLE FIBERS BEGIN TO
STRETCH ACROSS THE CELL.
PLANT CELLS ALSO FORM SPINDLE FIBERS DURING MITOSIS BUT DO
NOT HAVE CENTRIOLES.

38. PROPHASE
ANIMAL CELL PLANT CELL

40. METAPHASE

41. METAPHASE
THE PAIRS OF
CHROMATIDS LINE
UP ACROSS THE
CENTER OF THE CELL.

42. METAPHASE
THE PAIRS OF
CHROMATIDS LINE
UP ACROSS THE
CENTER OF THE CELL.
THE CENTROMERE OF
EACH PAIR USUALLY
BECOMES ATTACHED
TO TWO SPINDLE
FIBERS—ONE FROM
EACH SIDE OF THE
CELL.

43. METAPHASE
ANIMAL CELL PLANT CELL

45. ANAPHASE

46. ANAPHASE
EACH CENTROMERE DIVIDES AND THE SPINDLE FIBERS
SHORTEN.

47. ANAPHASE
EACH CENTROMERE DIVIDES AND THE SPINDLE FIBERS
SHORTEN.
EACH PAIR OF CHROMATIDS SEPARATES, AND
CHROMATIDS BEGIN TO MOVE TO OPPOSITE ENDS OF THE
CELL.

48. ANAPHASE
EACH CENTROMERE DIVIDES AND THE SPINDLE FIBERS
SHORTEN.
EACH PAIR OF CHROMATIDS SEPARATES, AND
CHROMATIDS BEGIN TO MOVE TO OPPOSITE ENDS OF THE
CELL.
THE SEPARATED CHROMATIDS ARE NOW CALLED
CHROMOSOMES.

49. ANAPHASE

50. ANAHASE
ANIMAL CELL PLANT CELL

52. TELOPHASE

53. TELOPHASE
SPINDLE FIBERS START
TO DISAPPEAR

54. TELOPHASE
SPINDLE FIBERS START
TO DISAPPEAR
THE CHROMOSOMES
START TO UNCOIL

55. TELOPHASE
SPINDLE FIBERS START
TO DISAPPEAR
THE CHROMOSOMES
START TO UNCOIL
A NEW NUCLEUS
FORMS

56. TELOHASE
ANIMAL CELL PLANT CELL

58. DIVISION OF CYTOPLASM
(CYTOKINESIS)

59. DIVISION OF CYTOPLASM
(CYTOKINESIS)
FOR MOST CELLS, AFTER THE NUCLEUS HAS DIVIDED,
THE CYTOPLASM SEPARATES AND TWO NEW
CELLS ARE FORMED.

60. DIVISION OF CYTOPLASM
(CYTOKINESIS)
FOR MOST CELLS, AFTER THE NUCLEUS HAS DIVIDED,
THE CYTOPLASM SEPARATES AND TWO NEW
CELLS ARE FORMED.
IN ANIMAL CELLS, THE CELL MEMBRANE PINCHES IN
THE MIDDLE, LIKE A BALLOON WITH A STRING
TIGHTENED AROUND IT, AND THE CYTOPLASM DIVIDES.

62. IN PLANT CELLS, THE APPEARANCE OF A CELL
PLATE TELLS YOU THAT THE CYTOPLASM IS BEING
DIVIDED.

63. IN PLANT CELLS, THE APPEARANCE OF A CELL
PLATE TELLS YOU THAT THE CYTOPLASM IS BEING
DIVIDED.
WHY IS THIS STEP DIFFERENT FOR PLANT CELLS?

64. IN PLANT CELLS, THE APPEARANCE OF A CELL
PLATE TELLS YOU THAT THE CYTOPLASM IS BEING
DIVIDED.
WHY IS THIS STEP DIFFERENT FOR PLANT CELLS?
NEW CELL WALLS FORM ALONG THE CELL PLATE, AND
NEW CELL MEMBRANES DEVELOP INSIDE THE CELL
WALLS.

65. IN PLANT CELLS, THE APPEARANCE OF A CELL
PLATE TELLS YOU THAT THE CYTOPLASM IS BEING
DIVIDED.
WHY IS THIS STEP DIFFERENT FOR PLANT CELLS?
NEW CELL WALLS FORM ALONG THE CELL PLATE, AND
NEW CELL MEMBRANES DEVELOP INSIDE THE CELL
WALLS.
NOW, THE PERIOD OF GROWTH, OR INTERPHASE,
BEGINS AGAIN.

67. Interphase
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
Cytokinesis
I Pray More At The Church

70. RESULTS OF MITOSIS

71. RESULTS OF MITOSIS
3 IMPORTANT THINGS TO REMEMBER ABOUT MITOSIS AND
CELL DIVISION

72. RESULTS OF MITOSIS
3 IMPORTANT THINGS TO REMEMBER ABOUT MITOSIS AND
CELL DIVISION
1. MITOSIS IS THE DIVISION OF A NUCLEUS

73. RESULTS OF MITOSIS
3 IMPORTANT THINGS TO REMEMBER ABOUT MITOSIS AND
CELL DIVISION
1. MITOSIS IS THE DIVISION OF A NUCLEUS
2. IT PRODUCES 2 NEW NUCLEI THAT ARE IDENTICAL TO
THE ORIGINAL NUCLEUS

74. RESULTS OF MITOSIS
3 IMPORTANT THINGS TO REMEMBER ABOUT MITOSIS AND
CELL DIVISION
1. MITOSIS IS THE DIVISION OF A NUCLEUS
2. IT PRODUCES 2 NEW NUCLEI THAT ARE IDENTICAL TO
THE ORIGINAL NUCLEUS
EVERY CELL IN YOUR BODY (TRILLIONS!!!!!!!)
COPIES THE SAME HEREDITARY INFORMATION!!!

75. RESULTS OF MITOSIS
3 IMPORTANT THINGS TO REMEMBER ABOUT MITOSIS AND
CELL DIVISION
1. MITOSIS IS THE DIVISION OF A NUCLEUS
2. IT PRODUCES 2 NEW NUCLEI THAT ARE IDENTICAL TO
THE ORIGINAL NUCLEUS
EVERY CELL IN YOUR BODY (TRILLIONS!!!!!!!)
COPIES THE SAME HEREDITARY INFORMATION!!!
3. THE ORIGINAL CELL NO LONGER EXISTS.

76. ALL OF YOUR CELLS USE DIFFERENT PARTS (GENES)
OF THE SAME HEREDITARY MATERIAL TO BECOME
DIFFERENT TYPES OF CELLS.
CELL DIVISION ALLOWS GROWTH AND REPLACES
WORN OUT OR DAMAGED CELLS.

78. SEXUAL REPRODUCTION REQUIRES _________ ORGANISMS
TO PRODUCE OFFSPRING?

79. SEXUAL REPRODUCTION REQUIRES _________ ORGANISMS
TO PRODUCE OFFSPRING?
2

80. SEXUAL REPRODUCTION REQUIRES _________ ORGANISMS
TO PRODUCE OFFSPRING?
2
ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION REQUIRES
________ORGANISMS.

81. SEXUAL REPRODUCTION REQUIRES _________ ORGANISMS
TO PRODUCE OFFSPRING?
2
ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION REQUIRES
________ORGANISMS.
1

82. SEXUAL REPRODUCTION REQUIRES _________ ORGANISMS
TO PRODUCE OFFSPRING?
2
ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION REQUIRES
________ORGANISMS.
1
CAN EUKARYOTIC CELLS REPRODUCE
ASEXUALLY??

83. SEXUAL REPRODUCTION REQUIRES _________ ORGANISMS
TO PRODUCE OFFSPRING?
2
ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION REQUIRES
________ORGANISMS.
1
CAN EUKARYOTIC CELLS REPRODUCE
ASEXUALLY??
YES....POTATOES FOR ONE.

84. SEXUAL REPRODUCTION REQUIRES _________ ORGANISMS
TO PRODUCE OFFSPRING?
2
ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION REQUIRES
________ORGANISMS.
1
CAN EUKARYOTIC CELLS REPRODUCE
ASEXUALLY??
YES....POTATOES FOR ONE.

86. WHAT ABOUT BACTERIA....CAN THEY REPRODUCE USING
MITOSIS?
DO YOU REMEMBER WHAT THE DEFINITION OF MITOSIS
IS?

87. WHAT ABOUT BACTERIA....CAN THEY REPRODUCE USING
MITOSIS?
DO YOU REMEMBER WHAT THE DEFINITION OF MITOSIS
IS?
MITOSIS IS THE DIVISION OF A NUCLEUS.
DOES THIS HAPPEN IN BACTERIA?

88. WHAT ABOUT BACTERIA....CAN THEY REPRODUCE USING
MITOSIS?
DO YOU REMEMBER WHAT THE DEFINITION OF MITOSIS
IS?
MITOSIS IS THE DIVISION OF A NUCLEUS.
DOES THIS HAPPEN IN BACTERIA?
BACTERIA DO NOT HAVE A NUCLEUS, SO THEY CANNOT
UNDERGO MITOSIS.

89. WHAT ABOUT BACTERIA....CAN THEY REPRODUCE USING
MITOSIS?
DO YOU REMEMBER WHAT THE DEFINITION OF MITOSIS
IS?
MITOSIS IS THE DIVISION OF A NUCLEUS.
DOES THIS HAPPEN IN BACTERIA?
BACTERIA DO NOT HAVE A NUCLEUS, SO THEY CANNOT
UNDERGO MITOSIS.
THE PROCESS THEY USE IS CALLED FISSION.

90. FISSION

91. FISSION

93. HYDRA, A FRESHWATER
ANIMAL, REPRODUCES
USING
BUDDING. THE
BUD IS AN EXACT COPY
OF THE ADULT PLANT.

94. HYDRA, A FRESHWATER
ANIMAL, REPRODUCES
USING
BUDDING. THE
BUD IS AN EXACT COPY
OF THE ADULT PLANT.
PART OF THE ADULT
BUDS OFF, OR BREAKS
OFF, AND A NEW
ORGANISM GROWS.

95. HYDRA, A FRESHWATER
ANIMAL, REPRODUCES
USING
BUDDING. THE
BUD IS AN EXACT COPY
OF THE ADULT PLANT.
PART OF THE ADULT
BUDS OFF, OR BREAKS
OFF, AND A NEW
ORGANISM GROWS.

96. REGENERATION REPLACES LOST BODY
PARTS. IT USES MITOSIS AND CELL DIVISION.

97. REGENERATION REPLACES LOST BODY
PARTS. IT USES MITOSIS AND CELL DIVISION.