This document discusses several major intellectual revolutions throughout history: The pre-Socratic revolution questioned the nature of the universe and how it worked. The Copernican revolution introduced the heliocentric model which placed the Sun, not Earth, at the center of the solar system, transforming society's view of the cosmos. Charles Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection was one of the most controversial as it proposed life descended from common ancestors over time through a process of adaptation, contradicting religious beliefs. Sigmund Freud's psychoanalytic theory introduced the idea of the unconscious mind influencing behavior and composed of three elements - the id, ego and superego. These intellectual revolutions were initially controversial but eventually widely accepted, transforming societies'

1. Intellectual
Revolutions
By
Prof. Liwayway Memije-Cruz

2. What is intellectual
revolution?
• refer to Greek speculation about the "nature" in
the period before Socrates (roughly 600 to 400
BCE).
"pre Socratic" or "non-theological" or "first
philosophy". – more on physics and logic
• showed how society was transformed by science
and technology

3. Questions:
• What created day and night?
• What heavenly bodies are like stars,
moons and planets are?
• What was actually out there at the
outer space?

4. COPERNICAN REVOLUTION

5. Claudius Ptolemy
• Famous Greek
philosopher and
astronomer.
• Stated that the planets,
the sun and the moon
moved in a circular
motion around the earth
– existence of days and
nights

6. Geocentrism/
Geocentric Model
• a superseded
description of the
Universe with
Earth at the center.
• Under the
geocentric model,
the Sun, Moon,
stars, and planets
all orbited Earth.

7. Nicholas Copernicus
Revolutionary astronomer
• A Polish mathematician
and astronomer.
• developed his model of
a Sun-centered
universe.
• explained the daily and
yearly motion of the
sun and stars in the
universe

8. Heliocentrism/
Heliocentric Model
• The center of the
solar system is not
the Earth but
actually the sun
• Started the birth of
modern astronomy/
• scientific
revolution/
transformation of
society’s thoughts
and beliefs

9. DARWINIAN REVOLUTION
(one of the most controversial intellectual revolutions of its time)

10. Charles Darwin
• An English naturalist,
biologist and geologist.
• all life is related and has
descended from a
common ancestor: the
birds and the bananas, the
fishes and the flowers --
all related.
• Published his book, On
the Origin of Species.
• complex creatures evolve
from more simplistic
ancestors naturally over
time

11. Theory of Evolution
• Populations pass through a
process of natural selection
in which only the fittest
would survive.
• Organisms have the ability
to adapt to their
environment and would
gradually changed into
something that would be
more competitive to
survive - evolution

12. FREUDIAN REVOLUTION

13. Sigmund Freud
• was the founding
father of
psychoanalysis, a
method for treating
mental illness and
also a theory which
explains human
behavior.

14. Freud’s Theory
• emphasized the
influence of the
unconscious mind on
behavior.
• Freud believed that the
human mind was
composed of three
conflicting elements:
the id, the ego, and the
superego.

15. Questions for Reflection:
1. Why do you think were most intellectual
ideas controversial?
2. Why did the people accept these new
discoveries despite being contradictoryto
what was widely accepted at that time?
3. How do intellectual revolutions transform
societies?

16. References:
• https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-
psychology/chapter/psychodynamic-perspectives-on-
personality/
• https://www.christianitytoday.com/history/people/scholar
sandscientists/nicholas-copernicus.html
• https://www.britannica.com/science/geocentric-system
• https://www.darwins-theory-of-evolution.com/