Napoleon - Religion

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Napoleon negotiated a deal with the new Pope called the Concordat of 1801 to reestablish the Catholic Church in France after the French Revolution. The Concordat made Catholicism the main religion but not the official state religion, allowed the government to nominate bishops but gave the Pope final approval, and granted equal rights to Catholics and Protestants. The deal undermined royalists, united the clergy behind Napoleon, and consolidated his power while removing opponents, but many revolutionaries still disliked the Church.

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The leaders of the pro-Catholic Vichy French regime that collaborated with the conquering Nazi regime were also deeply anti-Semitic, and cooperated with the Germans to persecute the Jews from the earliest days of the regime. Communism was the mortal enemy of the Christian faith, most Catholics saw fascists as allies in their struggles against communism. Was the reputation of the Catholic Church harmed by the collaboration of the Vichy regime? There is no single clear-cut answer to this question. The study of the Vichy regime is most valuable when used as a study on how Christians should live their lives under a secular and ungodly regime. Most of the bishops were compromised in their dealings with the Nazis and the Vichy regime, only one Vichy bishop spoke out against collaboration, many bishops were forced to resign at the war’s end. However, many Catholic clergy and laymen opposed the anti-Semitism of the war years. Communists and Catholics jointly fought against the Nazis in the French Resistance, and much pro-Catholic legislation introduced by the Vichy regime was retained after the war. We can be cautiously optimistic in our views, many Catholics and priests lived out their faith in difficult times, although many Catholics and priests collaborated with the Nazis.

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