Simultaneously Leveraging Linux and Android in a GENIVI compliant IVI System – Andrew Patterson It is widely accepted that Linux is the operating system of choice when building a complex, in-vehicle infotainment (IVI) system. The ability to support and quickly integrate device drivers for features such as CAN, MOST, graphics accelerators, networking interfaces, and Bluetooth can result in key differentiators for any GENIVI compliant IVI-based system. But what if Android was introduced as a second operating system? This session multiple implementations integrating both Android and Linux on multicore SoCs sharing audio and video resources across both domains while maintaining GENIVI compliance. Implementations with and without hypervisor technology will also be presented.

1. Embedded World Session 22
Simultaneously Leveraging
Linux and Android
in Automotive IVI
Andrew Patterson
Business Development Director mentor.com/embedded
Android is a trademark of Google Inc. Use of this trademark is subject to Google Permissions.
Mentor Graphics Ltd Linux is the registered trademark of Linus Torvalds in the U.S. and other countries.

2. What goes into an IVI system?
Applications
Middleware/Libraries / Services
Proprietary OS
DeviceDrivers

3. Technology Evolution
Bring in the New, Exit the Old
Hi-Fi Stereo
8-Track Tapes
Circa 1970
• 300,000 new cars and trucks would be
sold in the United States this year with
no CD player Paired Device
2013
• Expected to grow to 15.9 million in
2019.
• Large population of older people who
don’t want to give up their CD players :
Change takes time
John Canali - senior analyst at Strategy Analytics,

4. Where are the influences ?
• Android : Dominant in consumer electronics mobile devices
• Automotive Standardization : Reduce costs, share non-
differentiating technology
• Technology & Value : More innovation for less money
In the first 6 months of 2012
Android downloaded onto
681,900 separate devices in
195 different countries

5. IVI Trends in Telematics : Need Linux & Android
 Collision Notification
 Insurance
 Stolen Vehicle
 In-car services, concierge, streaming
 Eco-driving services
 Real-time Cloud data : Traffic, Weather, Road ahead
 Car-Car communication
 Driverless car
 Diagnostics and servicing

6. Consumer Electronics Influence …
■ The SmartPhone Revolution
■ 3 out of 4 Smart Phones sold are Android
■ Apple & Samsung account for 83% of
market
■ Platform Refresh every 6 months
■ The Car is becoming a Consumer
Electronic Product
■ Lifecycles
— Consumer Electronics : 6 months
— Automotive : 10 years?

7. Choices and Design Options
Consumers demand choice..
Infotainment Design Choices :
• Hardware Platform
• Operating System
• Architecture
• Applications and App management
• Phone / Internet Connectivity

8. Linux to Obtain 30% IVI Market Share in 2018
60
50
40
QNX
Microsoft
% 30
Genivi
Android
20 Others
Others include
10 other Linux
platforms
0
2010 2012 2014 2016 2018
Copyright © 2012 IHS Inc. All Rights Reserved.

9. Operating Systems
OS For Against
Win CE widely License cost ?
Established
Many open source Development effort
variants / GENIVI /
flexible platform
Widely accepted in Managed by Google,
Mobile / CE, open source adaptation effort
Highly tuned / good Cost of development and
Proprietary OS control over functions by run-time, maintenance,
Commercial OEM/Tier 1 development cycle

10. Platform Options / GENIVI OS Choices
Silicon Available :
• Multi core CPUS
• High performance GPU
• Peripherals : USB, WiFi, etc
GENIVI 3.0 GENIVI 2.0 GENIVI 1.0
Accenture ARM Cortex-A9 (TI OMAP 4460) (Intel® Atom™ ) (Intel® Atom™ )
Intel® Atom™
MontaVista Renesas R-car H1 reference board Renesas R-Car H1 (Marzen) Renesas R-Car M1
(Mentor) Freescale i.MX6q Sabre-lite Freescale SABRE i.MX53
Boundary Devices Freescale i.MX53 Sabre Freescale i.MX6q Sabre-lite
Sabre-lite board Freescale i.MX53 QSB Texas Instruments Jacinto
Intel Atom Crossville Intel Atom Crossville
Wind River (i.MX6 Sabre Lite) Renesas R car M1A BOCK-W (Intel® Atom™ ), (ARM
Texas Instruments Jacinto 5 EVM Cortex-A8)
Freescale i.MX6 Sabre Lite
Renesas R car E1 – Silverstone
Mentor (i.MX6 Sabre Lite) Intel Atom Crossville Intel Atom Crossville
(i.MX6 Sabre Lite) Freescale i.MX6q
Courtesy : GENIVI 2012

11. Driver and Passenger needs
Driver Passengers
• Navigation • Social Media
• Radio / Media Player • Streamed Services
• Concierge Services • Web Browsing
• Phone • Android Apps
• Real-time travel information
Courtesy : Volvo Car

12. The case for Linux in Infotainment
mentor.com/embedded
Android is a trademark of Google Inc. Use of this trademark is subject to Google Permissions.
Linux is the registered trademark of Linus Torvalds in the U.S. and other countries.

13. Why Move to Linux ?
 Proprietary 1st generation automotive IVI
operating systems are getting expensive to
maintain and scale up
 Linux is an Industry standard
 Facebook, Amazon, Twitter all Linux servers
 Android has a Linux Kernel
 Wide choice of hardware platforms (SoC)
 SoC vendors increasingly ―do Linux first‖
 Several Automotive Linux options
 GENIVI well established
 AGL (Automotive Grade Linux) ?

14. Linux in numbers
Popularity rankings for Linux (by community access)
2010 2011 2012
1 Ubuntu Linux MINT Linux MINT
2 Fedora Ubuntu Mageia
3 Linux MINT Fedora Ubuntu
4 openSUSE openSUSE Fedora
5 PCLinuxOS Debian openSUSE
6 Debian Arch Linux Debian
7 Mandriva PCLinuxOS Arch Linux
8 Sabayon CentOS PCLinuxOS
9 Arch Linux Puppy Linux CentOS

15. Where does GENIVI fit ?
• Open Source Linux software platform
for Infotainment Systems Developers
• Goals :
– Reduce Costs
– Make Tier 1 development more
transparent
– Contributions from many expert
sources
• 170 Corporate Members
• Many projects underway

16. GENIVI is a partial solution for OEMs
Migration to Linux
Open Source Powerful
SoC
Connected HMI
Car Performance
Function Android Multi-Mode
Consolidation Support User Inputs
Picture : Courtesy GENIVI org

17. Mentor GENIVI 3.0 Linux
Audio Graphics Multimedia Speech
• ALSA • X.Org • GStreamer • festival
• PulseAudio • GENIVI Layer • GStreamer good, • pocketsphinx
• AudioManager Management base plugins
• Chromium / Webkit • tracker
CE-device External Connectivity Positioning
Access • gypsy
• wireless tools
• cedevicemanager • lighttpd • Wpa-supplicant Personal Information
• lighttpd-mod-webdav • ConnMan Management
• BlueZ • SyncEvolution
Package Networking Security System Infrastructure
Management • d-bus •
• dhcp • ecryptfs-utils quota
• sqlite • udev
• opkg • libcurl • gnupg2 • qt-core • usb-utils
• nfs-utils • openssl • fuse • libmtp
• ntp • gettext • ...
OS kernel, drivers and libraries
Linux
Linux drivers ARM A9 Freescale Sabre, SabreLite
GNU libc
17

18. Android in IVI
mentor.com/embedded
Android is a trademark of Google Inc. Use of this trademark is subject to Google Permissions.
Linux is the registered trademark of Linus Torvalds in the U.S. and other countries.

19. In-Vehicle Android
Options
• Native
• Android operating system on
―bare metal‖
• Parallel Domain
• Android running as a parallel
operating system
• Virtual Domain, Container
• Tethered
• Linked in via mobile phone

20. Arguments For Android
 Acceptance in CE
 850,000 new devices daily
 Over 700,000 Apps (Oct 2012)
 6 billion total downloads
 Car features
 Android ―Car Mode‖ routes all audio to speaker
 Hands-Free support
 Other selling points
 Familiar UI for users
 Development kits & community
 Automotive apps peripheral support

21. Top 6 Automotive Android Apps
App Description
Radaroid Radaroid shows you a map which will provide
locations of places where there might be a
speed camera installed
GPS HUD provide you the exact location and the speed
that you are travelling at. Also, the same will
be reflected in the display which can be
cleverly reflected on the windscreen. Thus
giving you a feel of using an HUD
Carr Matey In case you have forgotten the location where
you have parked your car,
Drive this app and it will read your messages and e-
Carefully mails to you.
Geo Keep yourself and others entertained by some
Reader general knowledge about that place by using
this app.

22. Android Challenges
 Roadmap managed by Google
 Updates to OS / App compatibility
 OS fragmentation and distribution
 MultiMedia IVI
 Audio Routing
 Video Layers
 Security ?

23. Beyond Apps
 Security Concerns
 Apps may provide gateway for
hackers / attacks
 May compromise / interfere with
operation of other vehicle functions
 Management
 Which Apps are authorized?
 Some Auto OEMs will set up Apps
Stores
Renault R-Link Apps Store

24. Renault R-Link

25. Tethered Smart Phone
 ―Thin Client‖ on IVI
head unit
 Approved Apps only
 Internet
Speech Engine
IVI
Networking
Connectivity Navigation Audio
Stack
Entertainment Telephony
 Quick Android Mobile Office Cloud
Integration

26. Car Connectivity Consortium
 Standard ―recipes‖ for Smart Phone tethering
 Universal Plug and Play (UPnP™) is used for controlled
access to applications
 Virtual Network Computing (VNC™) replicatesofthe
Only 34%
consumers would
phone's display on the navigation screen and to pay
be willing
communicate user inputs back to the phone. in the car
for Apps
(IMS Jan 2013)
 80 members
 70% market share in vehicles
 60% market share in smart phones.
 Built-in support
 Samsung Galaxy III, Nokia, …

27. IVI Architectures
mentor.com/embedded
Android is a trademark of Google Inc. Use of this trademark is subject to Google Permissions.
Linux is the registered trademark of Linus Torvalds in the U.S. and other countries.

28. Linux Container (LXC) Architecture
Common HMI
Graphics Layer Management
Android Apps
Networking
Navigation
IVI Android OS
Entertainment
Stack
Mobile Office
Linux Container
Mentor IVI Linux OS / LXC Resource Management
Hardware Layer Multi-Core CPU GPU

29. Overview of LXC
• OS-level virtualization method
• Used to run multiple isolated Linux systems
– Can be different distributions
• A single kernel is shared
• LXC does not provide a virtual machine
– provides a virtual environment that has its own process and network
space
• The LXC project is hosted on SourceForge
– http://sourceforge.net/projects/lxc/
• Userspace control tools are provided for Linux containers
• LXC has been integrated into Mentor ATP

30. Overview of LXC (Cont…)
Linux cgroups provide:
• Resource limiting: groups can be set to not exceed a set memory limit
• Prioritization: some groups may get a larger share of CPU or disk I/O
throughput
• Accounting: to measure how much resources certain systems use for
e.g. billing purposes
• Isolation: separate namespaces for groups, so they don't see each
other's processes, network connections or files
• Control: freezing groups or checkpointing and restarting

31. Android Guest OS via Hypervisor
Common HMI
Graphics Layer Management
Networking
Android
Navigation
IVI Apps.
Stack Entertainment
Mobile Office
Linux OS Android OS
HyperVisor Hypervisor Virtualization
ARM Multi-core CPU
SoC
GPU, Peripherals

32. Features of a Hypervisor solution
■ SoC Hardware resources shared between two or
more operating systems
■ Multi-core CPU, GPU, Audio, Network, USB
■ Independent reboot / fast boot options
■ ADAS, system start-up
■ Low Overhead ( 1-4 % CPU)
■ Privileges Management / Security
(General Dynamics) (Thales) (OpenSynergy)

33. Virtualization or Containers?
■ Option Comparison :
Hypervisor Virtualization Linux Container
For - Scalable to multiple domains on - Available as part of Mentor
a single hardware platform GENIVI Linux
- Faster boot-up time - Lower Cost
- HMI Integration easier to
manage
- Solutions in place for Android
and AUTOSAR
Against - Cost / proprietary licensed - Boot-up time : Need to wait for
software solution Linux host
- Substantial porting effort for - Less domain isolation
device drivers

34. AUTOSAR Co-Host
■ HostAUTOSAR environment on IVI or Cluster hardware
■ Mentor (or partner) AUTOSAR V4 Application
Software
(e.g. ABS
Algorithm)
IVI
SWC 1 ECU 1 SWC 3 RTE Interface
Cluster Application and
HMI BSW
RTE
Communication
Stack
Communication
IVI LIN, CAN, FR Microcontroller
OS BSW
Linux OS AVB/Ethernet Abstraction Layer
(MCAL)
MCAL
Virtualization Layer
SoC
ECU 2 ECU n
Bus : CAN, LIN, FlexRay, AVB, MOST

35. Summary : Integrated Solutions
IVI
Hardware
Flexible architectures allowing
co-existence of Android and Linux are needed