1. Distributive Justice

2. Libertarian
• equal distribution of rights
• process over product/consequence
• mostly against government -- but S&T
policy is inherently govt activity
• Milton Friedmann -- govt should get
out of the business of funding S&T --
market stimulated

3. • center: individual rights -- but if pure
market fails to produce these?
• Sen’s development as ‘freedom’
• individual’s action and condition at
the center

4. Utilitarian
• distributional system is moral as long
as it increases total happiness for the
group (not individuals)
• “we grow the pie; someone else cuts it”
problem
• innovation-development geared
towards wealth creation

5. • ST for economic growth -- how the
benefits are distributed (unequal
distribution) is other areas’ problem...
• believe in ‘trickle down’ or ‘the rising
tide that lifts all boats’ effect
• economic growth at national level
almost always help the poor

6. ST Justice as fairness
(contractarian)
• John Rawls’ critic of utilitarianism:
contract theory -- a moral system of
distribution is one that rational
individuals would agree to
• but one’s starting point is affluent
• a twist: moral system where
individuals would agree to behind a
‘veil of ignorance’

7. • anti-utilitarian -- because of unfair
distribution
• justice as fairness -- least advantaged
get at least some benefit
• no tolerance for ‘culture’ (race,
gender, etc) based patterns of unequal
distribution

8. • distinctly different that dominant
paradigm
• current: disease of affluence (cardio-
vascular, obesity, etc) than those of
poverty (malaria, tubercolosis, etc);
telecomm on business market phone/
email than basic communication for
village; the poor more likely to bear
the environmental cost of production
and innovation

9. • better-grounded moral justification for
current S&T policy without
demanding any change in policy
orientation
• ‘inclusive utilitarianism’ -- but still
sanctioning the world with growing
inequality
• ‘S&T for the poor’ -- is still marginal

10. Communitarian
• cannot embrace the permanently
growing gap between rich and poor
Rawlsian contract theory permits
• inequality produces worse outcomes
for everyone -- not just for the poor
• reduction in inequality at the center

11. • ‘poverty reduction’ is at the center,
not ‘wealth creation’ or ‘economic
growth’
• how innovation is done is as
important as what innovation focuses
on
• participatory, capacity building,
public research, private sector
stimulation