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INSPRING CREATIVE AND INNOVATIVE MINDS 
::: :I NIN T THHEE N NAAMMEE O OFF A ALLLLAAHH, ,M MOOSSTT G GRRAACCIOIOUUSS, ,M MOOSSTT M MEERRCCIFIFUULL : ::: 
GARDEN OF KNWOLEGDE AND VIRTUE 
Characterization and Corrosion Behavior of 
Poly( -caprolactone)/Hydroxyapatite ɛ Composite Coating on 
Ti6Al4V Fabricated by Dip - Coating Technique 
By : 
Mohd Faiz Mohd Yusoff 
MW103004 
Main-Supervisor : 
Prof. Ir. Dr. Mohammed 
Rafiq 
Co-Supervisor : 
Dr. Rafaqat Hussain
Presentation Outlines 
2 
11..00 I INNTTRROODDUUCCTTIIOONN 
1.1 Project Background 
1.2 Problem Statement 
1.3 Objectives 
1.4 Scope of Study 
1.5 Significance of study 
22..00 M MAATTEERRIIAALLSS & & M MEETTHHOODDSS 
33..00 R REESSUULLTTSS & & D DIISSCCUUSSSSIIOONNSS 
44..00 C COONNCCLLUUSSIIOONNSS 
55..00 R REECCOOMMMMEENNDDAATTIIOONN
3
4 
Biomaterial 
Natural or synthetic material that aims to replace part of 
living tissue or to restore a normal function in biological 
environment 
Metal Polymer Ceramic Composite 
Biocompatibility 
The acceptance of the implant material by the 
surrounding tissues without producing any undesirable 
response from the body and vice versa [1,2] 
Bio-inert Bio-degradable 
Does not initiate a positive 
response when introduced 
to the living tissue 
Bio-active 
Induce positive 
interaction with 
surrounding tissue 
The ability of material to 
dissolve in biological 
environment and gradually 
substituted by new tissue
5 
Metals in Biomedical Applications 
Metallic biomaterials are most commonly used for load bearing 
implant and internal fixation device due to its featured characteristics 
such as : 
i.Excellent mechanical properties : 
 High tensile strength 
 High yield strength 
 Resistance to cyclic loading (fatigue) 
 Resistance to time dependent deformation (creep) 
i.Biocompatibility (low cyto-toxicity) 
ii.High corrosion resistance 
The most commonly used metals and alloys for medical devices 
application include : 
i.Ti and Ti6Al4V 
ii.316L Stainless Steels 
iii.Co-Cr-based alloys
6 
Orthopedic Dentistry 
Cardiovascular Craniofacial
7 
Limitations of Metallic Implants 
Bio-inert : 
Do not promote the formation of 
apatite layer on its surface [3] 
Release metallic ions : 
May combine with biomolecules and 
cause adverse biological reaction [4,5] 
Solution 
Surface modification: 
Coating with bioactive material 
• Accelerate bone healing and bonding of the coatings with bone [6,7,8] 
• Enhance the corrosion resistance of metallic implant where coating layer 
will reduce the release of metallic ions by acting a barrier 
• Combine the mechanical benefits of metal alloys with bioactivity of bioactive 
materials 
Advantages
Bioactive ceramic materials 
Act as reinforcement in hard tissue and 
responsible for the stiffness of bone, 
dentine, and enamel. 
8 
Coating materials 
HHyyddrrooxxyyaappaattiittee ( (HHAA)) 
Chemical Formula : Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2 
The most important calcium 
phosphate compounds found in 
natural hard tissues as mineral phase 
Ca/P ratio : 1.67 (similar to the bone) 
Osteconductive : Promote 
osteointegration & accelerate implant 
fixation
9 
Deposition Technique 
Plasma Spray 
What is potential 
alternative technique 
PLD Sol-Gel 
to fabricate HA 
coating? 
Advantages Disadvantages 
PVD EBD 
CVD 
Dip-Coating 
Sputter Coater 
Biomimetic 
Rapid deposition rate 
High processing temperature 
induces decomposition of HA[9,10] 
Non-uniform coating with 
cracks[11] 
Good adhesion High cost equipment and demand 
elaborate setup 
Commercial 
Technique 
What is potential 
alternative technique 
to fabricate HA 
coating?
10 
Deposition Technique 
Advantages Disadvantages 
Solution: Post heat treatment 
Solution: Post heat treatment 
(sintering) 
(sintering) 
i.Improve the coating adhesion 
ii.Densify coating layer 
iii.Eliminate porosity 
i.Improve the coating adhesion 
ii.Densify coating layer 
iii.Eliminate porosity 
Dip-Coating 
Inexpensive equipment & simple 
setup 
Poor adhesion between the 
coatings and metallic substrates 
Uniformity of deposition [12] 
Low processing temperature 
Ability to coat complex substrate 
[13] 
Ability to control coating amount 
and thickess 
Alternative 
Technique
Effect of high sintering temperature during heat treatment : 
ii. Catalyze the decomposition of HA into 
non-crystalline which increased the in-vitro 
11 
Problem Statement 
Sintered in air at 600°C for 1h 
Cracks 
Sintered in vacuum at 800°C for 1h 
i. The formation of cracks on the surface 
due to the thermal expansion 
coefficient mismatch between the 
coatings and substrate during sintering 
and cooling [14,15] 
Substrate expose to the 
high temperature 
dissolution rate [16] 
iii. Oxidation and impaired mechanical 
properties [17] 
HOW TO SOLVE ? 
Electrochemical study of HA coatings on 
stainless steel substrate (Quihua Yuan, 2009)
• Poly ( -caprolactone) ɛ [PCL; (C6H10O2)n] is a semi crystalline 
aliphatic polyester that can be synthesised by ROP of 
monomeric unit "ɛ-caprolactone” with good biocompatibility, 
sustained biodegradability, and remarkable mechanical 
properties [18,19,20]. 
• The use of PCL as polymeric binder can help to improve HA 
coating and eliminate the need of sintering process to densify 
the coating layer. 
12 
Polymer Binder : Poly (ɛ-caprolactone) (PCL)
Objectives 
i. To develop a polymer-ceramic composite coating 
13 
for Ti6Al4V alloy substrate by using dip coating 
technique 
ii. To study the effect of PCL concentration in HA 
coating on deposition technique parameters. 
iii. To study the anti-corrosion properties of the 
PCL/HA coated Ti6Al4V alloy substrate.
14 
Significance of Study 
i. An alternative coating technique which is simple, 
cost effective yet gives clinically acceptable 
results will be developed. 
ii. The problem related to the dip coating technique 
(poor bonding adhesion) is solved by using 
polymeric binder.
Scope of Study 
Parameter Description 
Metallic Substrate Ti6Al4V (Dimension : 10 mm x 10 
15 
mm x 10 mm) 
Deposition Technique Dip Coating ( HTWL-01 Destop Dip 
Coater (MTI Cooperation, USA) 
HA precursor Ca Precursor : Ca(NO3)2.4H2O 
P precursor : (NH4)2HPO4 
Polymeric Binder Poly (ɛ-caprolactone) (PCL) 
Characterization Analyses XRD, FTIR, SEM 
Electrochemical test Potentiodynamic polarization test 
and electrochemical impedance 
spectroscopy (EIS) test 
(VersaSTAT 3, Priceton Applied 
Research)
16
17 
Materials 
Table 2.1 List of reagent used in the experiment 
Name Formula Brand MW (g/mol) 
Calcium nitrate tetra hydrate Ca(NO).4HO QRëCTM, AR grade 236.18 
322Diammonium hydrogen 
(NH)HPOQRëCTM, AR grade 132.06 
424 phosphate 
Ammonium hydroxide NHOH QRëCTM, AR grade 35.04 
4Chloroform CHCl QRëCTM, AR grade 119.38 
3Poly (ɛ-caprolactone) pallets [CHO]n Sigma Aldrich, UK - 
6102Sodium chloride NaCl Sigma Aldrich, UK 58.44 
Sodium bicarbonate NaHCOSigma Aldrich, UK 84.00 
3 Calcium chloride CaClSigma Aldrich, UK 110.98 
2 Potassium chloride KCl Sigma Aldrich, UK 74.55 
Dipotassium phosphate 
KHPO.3HO Sigma Aldrich, UK 174.18 
242anhydrate 
Magnesium chloride 
hexahydrate 
MgCl2.6H2O Sigma Aldrich, UK 203.30 
Sodium sulphate Na2SO4 Sigma Aldrich, UK 142.04
Substrate Preparation 
12 mm 
Cutting 
Grinding 
4 mm 
12 mm 
150 - 1000 grit sized silicon 
carbide (SiC) paper 
Cleaning 
Ultrasonically clean in acetone for 
15 min 
Drying 
In oven at 40 °C for 30 min 
Storage 
Desiccator
Synthesis of HA powder : Microwave assisted co-precipitation 
method 
Ca – Precursor 
[Ca] = 1.0 M 
P - Precursor 
[P] = 0.6 M 
Drop wise 
Ca - P Mixture 
Ca/P : 1.67 
Precipitation pH above 10 
Refluxing 
Microwave oven 
30 min ( 20 s ON and 20 s OFF) 
Filtration & Washing 
Drying 24 h (80°C) 
Heat Treatment 
Muffle Furnace 
900 °C for 3h (heating rate 
5°C) 
Characterization 
XRD & FTIR
1. PCL pallets were dissolved in chloroform at room 
temperature for 15 min followed by the addition HA powder 
(sieved to 71 μm) as shown in Table 2.2. 
20 
Preparation of PCL/HA Suspension 
Sample 
code 
HA PCL Solvent Total 
volume 
(ml) 
Weight 
(g) 
% Weight 
(g) 
% 
i 1.35 90 0.15 10 
Chloroform 
10 
ii 1.20 80 0.30 20 
iii 1.05 70 0.45 30 
iv 0.90 60 0.60 40 
v 0.75 50 0.75 50 
2. The ratio of final concentration was 15 % (w/v). 
3. Finally, the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 72 h.
21 
Dip – coating process 
To investigate the effect 
of dip coating parameter 
on coating efficiency : 
i.Withdrawal speed 
(mm/min): 40, 80, 120, 
160, 200 
ii.Number of dips: 
(1 -5)
22 
Characterization 
Viscosity of the suspension : 
• Brookfield DV-II Pro Viscometer 
Coating thickness : 
• Hitachi Tabletop Microscope, TM3000 
Phase composition : 
• XRD (Bruker D-8 Advance diffractometer) 
Functional group : 
• FTIR (ALPHA-T, Brucher) 
Surface morphology : 
• SEM (JOEL JSM-6390 LV)
23 
Electrochemical Test 
Parameter Description 
Equipment Potentiodynamic/galvanostat (VersaSTAT 
3, Priceton Applied Research) 
Cell electrode Counter : Graphite 
Reference : Ag/AgCl 
Working : Ti4Al4V 
Artificial body fluid Simulated body fluid (SBF) 
Exposed surface area of 
0.5 cm2 
working electrode 
Potentiodynamic polarization 
test 
Scan rate : 1 mV/s 
Potential range : -400 mV to +900 mV 
Electrochemical Impedance 
Spectroscopy (EIS) test 
Perturbation amplitude : 10 mV 
Frequency range : 105 Hz to 10-3 Hz
24 
Electrochemical Test 
Tafel extrapolation method
25
The effect of PCL concentration on coating 
properties 
No. of dips : 5; Withdrawal speed : 200 mm/min 
Deposition amount 
Coating Thickness 
PCL Concentration 
(wt. %) 
Viscosity,ƞ 
(N.s.m-2) 
0 0.03328 
10 0.07274 
20 0.09628 
30 0.10716 
40 0.13416 
50 0.27122
SEM : Surface Morphology 
The surface is not fully covered by HA coating 
HHAA 1100 %% PPCCLL//HHAA 
3300 %% PPCCLL//HHAA 5500 %% PPCCLL//HHAA 
Surface level pores 
Free cracks
28 
SEM : Cross Section 
HHAA 1100 %% PPCCLL//HHAA 
Coating layer Coating layer 
Ti6Al4v Ti6Al4v 
3300 %% PPCCLL//HHAA 5500 %% PPCCLL//HHAA 
Coating layer 
Coating layer 
Ti6Al4v 
Ti6Al4v 
Thin and loosely 
packed coating 
Thick and 
densely packed 
coating
For further 
investigation 
29 
30 % PCL/HA composite coating 
SSMM 
CCSS 
For further 
investigation 
Surface level pores 
Important for promoting 
osteointegration & 
Important for promoting 
osteointegration & 
nutrient diffusion 
nutrient diffusion 
Densely packed 
and intact coating 
Indicate the bonding 
between coating and 
Ti6Al4V is enough to 
resist the force during 
implantation process 
Indicate the bonding 
between coating and 
Ti6Al4V is enough to 
resist the force during 
implantation process
30 
The Effect of Withdrawal Speed and 
Number of Dips on Deposition Amount 
30 % HA/PCL
The coating thickness 
increases as the 
withdrawal speed increases 
31 
The Effect of Withdrawal Speed and Number of 
Dips on Coating Thickness 
30 % HA/PCL 
LLaannddaauu--LLeevviisshh eeqquuaattiioonn :: 
h : thickness 
Ƞ : viscosity 
v : withdrawal speed 
γ : liquid-vapour surface tension 
ρ : density 
g : gravitational acceleration
32 
XRD 
HA 
TCP 
PCL 
30 % HA/PCL 
HA 
Confirm the 
presence of PCL 
Scherrer’s Equation 
Crystallite size of HA : 18 nm
33 
FTIR 
30 % HA/PCL 
HA 
Confirm tthhee pprreesseennccee ooff PPCCLL
34 
PPT 
Sample Ecorr (mVSCE) icorr ( μA/cm2) Rp (MΩcm2) 
Ti6Al4V -372.4 2.6827 x 10-7 0.9110 
HA -229.1 6.2560 x 10-8 6.9498 
30 % PCL/HA -79.24 7.6862 x10-9 15.0987 
Noble 
direction 
4 x 
Lower current density 
35 x
35 
EIS 
1.5 orders 
Higher Z modulus at lower frequency 
displays a better corrosion resistance 
on metal substrate 
2 orders
36
37 
Conclusion 
I. In this study, we have demonstrated that dip coating 
technique can be used to obtained homogeneous crack-free 
coating of PCL/HA composite coating on Ti6Al4V. 
II. Process parameters and polymer concentration were 
successfully manipulated to control the deposition 
amount and coating thickness. 
III. The addition of 30 % PCL to HA considerably improved 
the adhesion of HA and resulted in densely packed 
coating which provide better corrosion protection when 
compared with HA coating making this combination a 
potential candidate for biomedical application.
38
39 
RECOMMENDATIONS 
In vitro study : cell adhesion, proliferation and 
differentiation
40 
Reference 
[1] J.R. Davis, Hand Book of Materials for Medical Devices, 1st ed., ASM International, 
2003. 
[2] Buddy D. Ratner, Allan S. Hoffman, Fredrick J. Schoen, J.E. Lemons, Biomaterials Science, 
2nd ed., Elsevier Academic Press, 2004. 
[3] M.A. McGee, D.W. Howie, K. Costi, D.R. Haynes, C.I. Wildenauer, M.J. Pearcy, J.D. McLean, 
Implant retrieval studies of the wear and loosening of prosthetic joints: A review, Wear, 
241 (2000) 158-165. 
[4] D.L. Mitchell, S.A. Synnott, J.A. VanDercreek, Tissue reaction involving an intraoral skin 
graft and CP titanium abutments: a clinical report, Int J Oral Maxillofac Implants, 5 (1990) 
79-84. 
[5] K. Bessho, K. Fujimura, T. Iizuka, Experimental long-term study of titanium ions eluted 
from pure titanium miniplates, J Biomed Mater Res, 29 (1995) 901-904. 
[6] P.A. Ramirus, A. Wennerberg, C.B. Johansson, F. Cosentino, S. Tundo, E. Millella, et al., 
Biological behavior of sol – gel coated dental implant, J. Mater. Sci: Mater. In Med. 14 
(2003) 539–545 
[7] T. Li, J. Lee, T. Kobayashi, H. Aoki, Hydroxyapatite coating by 
dipping method, and bone bonding strength, J. Mater. Sci. Mater. In 
Med. 7 (1996) 355– 357. 
[8] C.S Chai, B.B. Nissan, Bioactive nanocrystalline sol – gel hydroxyapatite 
coatings, J. Mater. Sci Mater. In Med. 10 (1999) 465– 469. 
[9] Palka V, Postrkova E, Koerten HK. Some characteristics of hydroxylapatite powders after 
plasma spraying. Biomaterials 1998;19:1763–72. 
[10] Ellies LG, Nelson DG, Featherstone JD. Crystallographic changes in calcium phosphates 
during plasma-spraying. Biomaterials 1992;13:313–6.
41 
Reference 
[11] 
L. Guo, H. Li, Fabrication and characterization of thin nano-hydroxyapatite coatings on 
titanium, Surface and Coatings Technology, 185 (2004) 268-274. 
[12] 
B. Aksakal, C. Hanyaloglu, Bioceramic dip-coating on Ti-6Al-4V and 316L SS implant 
materials, Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Medicine, 19 (2008) 2097-2104. 
[13] 
M. Wei, A.J. Ruys, B.K. Milthorpe, C.C. Sorrell, J.H. Evans, J. Sol–Gel Sci. Technol. 21 
(2001) 39. 
[14] T.M. Sridhar, U.K. Mudali, M. Subbaiyan, Corros. Sci. 45 (2003) 237. 
[15] P. Ducheyne, S. Radin, M. Heughebaert, Biomaterials 11(1990) 244. 
[16] 
J.M. Gomez-Vega, E. Saiz, A.P. Tomsia, Glass-based coating for titanium implant 
alloys, J. Biomed. Mater. Res. 46 (1999) 549–559. 
[17] 
Y. Wang, L. Liu, S. Guo, Characterization of biodegradable and cytocompatible nano 
hydroxyapatite/polycaprolactone porous scaffolds in degradation in vitro, Polymer 
Degradation and Stability, 95 (2010) 207-213. 
[18] 
L. Shor, S. Güçeri, X. Wen, M. Gandhi, W. Sun, Fabrication of three-dimensional 
polycaprolactone/hydroxyapatite tissue scaffolds and osteoblast-scaffold interactions 
in vitro, Biomaterials, 28 (2007) 5291-5297. 
[19] 
S.C. Baker, G. Rohman, J. Southgate, N.R. Cameron, The relationship between the 
mechanical properties and cell behaviour on PLGA and PCL scaffolds for bladder tissue 
engineering, Biomaterials, 30 (2009) 1321-1328.
42

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Characterization and Corrosion Behavior of Poly(ɛ-caprolactone)/Hydroxyapatite Composite Coating on Ti6Al4V Fabricated by Dip - Coating Technique

  • 1. INSPRING CREATIVE AND INNOVATIVE MINDS ::: :I NIN T THHEE N NAAMMEE O OFF A ALLLLAAHH, ,M MOOSSTT G GRRAACCIOIOUUSS, ,M MOOSSTT M MEERRCCIFIFUULL : ::: GARDEN OF KNWOLEGDE AND VIRTUE Characterization and Corrosion Behavior of Poly( -caprolactone)/Hydroxyapatite ɛ Composite Coating on Ti6Al4V Fabricated by Dip - Coating Technique By : Mohd Faiz Mohd Yusoff MW103004 Main-Supervisor : Prof. Ir. Dr. Mohammed Rafiq Co-Supervisor : Dr. Rafaqat Hussain
  • 2. Presentation Outlines 2 11..00 I INNTTRROODDUUCCTTIIOONN 1.1 Project Background 1.2 Problem Statement 1.3 Objectives 1.4 Scope of Study 1.5 Significance of study 22..00 M MAATTEERRIIAALLSS & & M MEETTHHOODDSS 33..00 R REESSUULLTTSS & & D DIISSCCUUSSSSIIOONNSS 44..00 C COONNCCLLUUSSIIOONNSS 55..00 R REECCOOMMMMEENNDDAATTIIOONN
  • 3. 3
  • 4. 4 Biomaterial Natural or synthetic material that aims to replace part of living tissue or to restore a normal function in biological environment Metal Polymer Ceramic Composite Biocompatibility The acceptance of the implant material by the surrounding tissues without producing any undesirable response from the body and vice versa [1,2] Bio-inert Bio-degradable Does not initiate a positive response when introduced to the living tissue Bio-active Induce positive interaction with surrounding tissue The ability of material to dissolve in biological environment and gradually substituted by new tissue
  • 5. 5 Metals in Biomedical Applications Metallic biomaterials are most commonly used for load bearing implant and internal fixation device due to its featured characteristics such as : i.Excellent mechanical properties :  High tensile strength  High yield strength  Resistance to cyclic loading (fatigue)  Resistance to time dependent deformation (creep) i.Biocompatibility (low cyto-toxicity) ii.High corrosion resistance The most commonly used metals and alloys for medical devices application include : i.Ti and Ti6Al4V ii.316L Stainless Steels iii.Co-Cr-based alloys
  • 6. 6 Orthopedic Dentistry Cardiovascular Craniofacial
  • 7. 7 Limitations of Metallic Implants Bio-inert : Do not promote the formation of apatite layer on its surface [3] Release metallic ions : May combine with biomolecules and cause adverse biological reaction [4,5] Solution Surface modification: Coating with bioactive material • Accelerate bone healing and bonding of the coatings with bone [6,7,8] • Enhance the corrosion resistance of metallic implant where coating layer will reduce the release of metallic ions by acting a barrier • Combine the mechanical benefits of metal alloys with bioactivity of bioactive materials Advantages
  • 8. Bioactive ceramic materials Act as reinforcement in hard tissue and responsible for the stiffness of bone, dentine, and enamel. 8 Coating materials HHyyddrrooxxyyaappaattiittee ( (HHAA)) Chemical Formula : Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2 The most important calcium phosphate compounds found in natural hard tissues as mineral phase Ca/P ratio : 1.67 (similar to the bone) Osteconductive : Promote osteointegration & accelerate implant fixation
  • 9. 9 Deposition Technique Plasma Spray What is potential alternative technique PLD Sol-Gel to fabricate HA coating? Advantages Disadvantages PVD EBD CVD Dip-Coating Sputter Coater Biomimetic Rapid deposition rate High processing temperature induces decomposition of HA[9,10] Non-uniform coating with cracks[11] Good adhesion High cost equipment and demand elaborate setup Commercial Technique What is potential alternative technique to fabricate HA coating?
  • 10. 10 Deposition Technique Advantages Disadvantages Solution: Post heat treatment Solution: Post heat treatment (sintering) (sintering) i.Improve the coating adhesion ii.Densify coating layer iii.Eliminate porosity i.Improve the coating adhesion ii.Densify coating layer iii.Eliminate porosity Dip-Coating Inexpensive equipment & simple setup Poor adhesion between the coatings and metallic substrates Uniformity of deposition [12] Low processing temperature Ability to coat complex substrate [13] Ability to control coating amount and thickess Alternative Technique
  • 11. Effect of high sintering temperature during heat treatment : ii. Catalyze the decomposition of HA into non-crystalline which increased the in-vitro 11 Problem Statement Sintered in air at 600°C for 1h Cracks Sintered in vacuum at 800°C for 1h i. The formation of cracks on the surface due to the thermal expansion coefficient mismatch between the coatings and substrate during sintering and cooling [14,15] Substrate expose to the high temperature dissolution rate [16] iii. Oxidation and impaired mechanical properties [17] HOW TO SOLVE ? Electrochemical study of HA coatings on stainless steel substrate (Quihua Yuan, 2009)
  • 12. • Poly ( -caprolactone) ɛ [PCL; (C6H10O2)n] is a semi crystalline aliphatic polyester that can be synthesised by ROP of monomeric unit "ɛ-caprolactone” with good biocompatibility, sustained biodegradability, and remarkable mechanical properties [18,19,20]. • The use of PCL as polymeric binder can help to improve HA coating and eliminate the need of sintering process to densify the coating layer. 12 Polymer Binder : Poly (ɛ-caprolactone) (PCL)
  • 13. Objectives i. To develop a polymer-ceramic composite coating 13 for Ti6Al4V alloy substrate by using dip coating technique ii. To study the effect of PCL concentration in HA coating on deposition technique parameters. iii. To study the anti-corrosion properties of the PCL/HA coated Ti6Al4V alloy substrate.
  • 14. 14 Significance of Study i. An alternative coating technique which is simple, cost effective yet gives clinically acceptable results will be developed. ii. The problem related to the dip coating technique (poor bonding adhesion) is solved by using polymeric binder.
  • 15. Scope of Study Parameter Description Metallic Substrate Ti6Al4V (Dimension : 10 mm x 10 15 mm x 10 mm) Deposition Technique Dip Coating ( HTWL-01 Destop Dip Coater (MTI Cooperation, USA) HA precursor Ca Precursor : Ca(NO3)2.4H2O P precursor : (NH4)2HPO4 Polymeric Binder Poly (ɛ-caprolactone) (PCL) Characterization Analyses XRD, FTIR, SEM Electrochemical test Potentiodynamic polarization test and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) test (VersaSTAT 3, Priceton Applied Research)
  • 16. 16
  • 17. 17 Materials Table 2.1 List of reagent used in the experiment Name Formula Brand MW (g/mol) Calcium nitrate tetra hydrate Ca(NO).4HO QRëCTM, AR grade 236.18 322Diammonium hydrogen (NH)HPOQRëCTM, AR grade 132.06 424 phosphate Ammonium hydroxide NHOH QRëCTM, AR grade 35.04 4Chloroform CHCl QRëCTM, AR grade 119.38 3Poly (ɛ-caprolactone) pallets [CHO]n Sigma Aldrich, UK - 6102Sodium chloride NaCl Sigma Aldrich, UK 58.44 Sodium bicarbonate NaHCOSigma Aldrich, UK 84.00 3 Calcium chloride CaClSigma Aldrich, UK 110.98 2 Potassium chloride KCl Sigma Aldrich, UK 74.55 Dipotassium phosphate KHPO.3HO Sigma Aldrich, UK 174.18 242anhydrate Magnesium chloride hexahydrate MgCl2.6H2O Sigma Aldrich, UK 203.30 Sodium sulphate Na2SO4 Sigma Aldrich, UK 142.04
  • 18. Substrate Preparation 12 mm Cutting Grinding 4 mm 12 mm 150 - 1000 grit sized silicon carbide (SiC) paper Cleaning Ultrasonically clean in acetone for 15 min Drying In oven at 40 °C for 30 min Storage Desiccator
  • 19. Synthesis of HA powder : Microwave assisted co-precipitation method Ca – Precursor [Ca] = 1.0 M P - Precursor [P] = 0.6 M Drop wise Ca - P Mixture Ca/P : 1.67 Precipitation pH above 10 Refluxing Microwave oven 30 min ( 20 s ON and 20 s OFF) Filtration & Washing Drying 24 h (80°C) Heat Treatment Muffle Furnace 900 °C for 3h (heating rate 5°C) Characterization XRD & FTIR
  • 20. 1. PCL pallets were dissolved in chloroform at room temperature for 15 min followed by the addition HA powder (sieved to 71 μm) as shown in Table 2.2. 20 Preparation of PCL/HA Suspension Sample code HA PCL Solvent Total volume (ml) Weight (g) % Weight (g) % i 1.35 90 0.15 10 Chloroform 10 ii 1.20 80 0.30 20 iii 1.05 70 0.45 30 iv 0.90 60 0.60 40 v 0.75 50 0.75 50 2. The ratio of final concentration was 15 % (w/v). 3. Finally, the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 72 h.
  • 21. 21 Dip – coating process To investigate the effect of dip coating parameter on coating efficiency : i.Withdrawal speed (mm/min): 40, 80, 120, 160, 200 ii.Number of dips: (1 -5)
  • 22. 22 Characterization Viscosity of the suspension : • Brookfield DV-II Pro Viscometer Coating thickness : • Hitachi Tabletop Microscope, TM3000 Phase composition : • XRD (Bruker D-8 Advance diffractometer) Functional group : • FTIR (ALPHA-T, Brucher) Surface morphology : • SEM (JOEL JSM-6390 LV)
  • 23. 23 Electrochemical Test Parameter Description Equipment Potentiodynamic/galvanostat (VersaSTAT 3, Priceton Applied Research) Cell electrode Counter : Graphite Reference : Ag/AgCl Working : Ti4Al4V Artificial body fluid Simulated body fluid (SBF) Exposed surface area of 0.5 cm2 working electrode Potentiodynamic polarization test Scan rate : 1 mV/s Potential range : -400 mV to +900 mV Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) test Perturbation amplitude : 10 mV Frequency range : 105 Hz to 10-3 Hz
  • 24. 24 Electrochemical Test Tafel extrapolation method
  • 25. 25
  • 26. The effect of PCL concentration on coating properties No. of dips : 5; Withdrawal speed : 200 mm/min Deposition amount Coating Thickness PCL Concentration (wt. %) Viscosity,ƞ (N.s.m-2) 0 0.03328 10 0.07274 20 0.09628 30 0.10716 40 0.13416 50 0.27122
  • 27. SEM : Surface Morphology The surface is not fully covered by HA coating HHAA 1100 %% PPCCLL//HHAA 3300 %% PPCCLL//HHAA 5500 %% PPCCLL//HHAA Surface level pores Free cracks
  • 28. 28 SEM : Cross Section HHAA 1100 %% PPCCLL//HHAA Coating layer Coating layer Ti6Al4v Ti6Al4v 3300 %% PPCCLL//HHAA 5500 %% PPCCLL//HHAA Coating layer Coating layer Ti6Al4v Ti6Al4v Thin and loosely packed coating Thick and densely packed coating
  • 29. For further investigation 29 30 % PCL/HA composite coating SSMM CCSS For further investigation Surface level pores Important for promoting osteointegration & Important for promoting osteointegration & nutrient diffusion nutrient diffusion Densely packed and intact coating Indicate the bonding between coating and Ti6Al4V is enough to resist the force during implantation process Indicate the bonding between coating and Ti6Al4V is enough to resist the force during implantation process
  • 30. 30 The Effect of Withdrawal Speed and Number of Dips on Deposition Amount 30 % HA/PCL
  • 31. The coating thickness increases as the withdrawal speed increases 31 The Effect of Withdrawal Speed and Number of Dips on Coating Thickness 30 % HA/PCL LLaannddaauu--LLeevviisshh eeqquuaattiioonn :: h : thickness Ƞ : viscosity v : withdrawal speed γ : liquid-vapour surface tension ρ : density g : gravitational acceleration
  • 32. 32 XRD HA TCP PCL 30 % HA/PCL HA Confirm the presence of PCL Scherrer’s Equation Crystallite size of HA : 18 nm
  • 33. 33 FTIR 30 % HA/PCL HA Confirm tthhee pprreesseennccee ooff PPCCLL
  • 34. 34 PPT Sample Ecorr (mVSCE) icorr ( μA/cm2) Rp (MΩcm2) Ti6Al4V -372.4 2.6827 x 10-7 0.9110 HA -229.1 6.2560 x 10-8 6.9498 30 % PCL/HA -79.24 7.6862 x10-9 15.0987 Noble direction 4 x Lower current density 35 x
  • 35. 35 EIS 1.5 orders Higher Z modulus at lower frequency displays a better corrosion resistance on metal substrate 2 orders
  • 36. 36
  • 37. 37 Conclusion I. In this study, we have demonstrated that dip coating technique can be used to obtained homogeneous crack-free coating of PCL/HA composite coating on Ti6Al4V. II. Process parameters and polymer concentration were successfully manipulated to control the deposition amount and coating thickness. III. The addition of 30 % PCL to HA considerably improved the adhesion of HA and resulted in densely packed coating which provide better corrosion protection when compared with HA coating making this combination a potential candidate for biomedical application.
  • 38. 38
  • 39. 39 RECOMMENDATIONS In vitro study : cell adhesion, proliferation and differentiation
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  • 42. 42

Notes de l'éditeur

  1. Thermal expansion is the tendency of matter to change in volume in response to a change in temperature. When a substance is heated, its particles begin moving more and thus usually maintain a greater average separation. Materials which contract with increasing temperature are unusual; this effect is limited in size, and only occurs within limited temperature ranges (see examples below). The degree of expansion divided by the change in temperature is called the material's coefficient of thermal expansion and generally varies with temperature.