1. Cells: Prokaryote vs
Eukaryote

2. Cells have evolved two
different architectures:
Prokaryote “style”
Eukaryote “style”

3. Prokaryote cells are
smaller and simpler
Commonly known as bacteria
10-100 microns in size
Single-celled(unicellular) or
Filamentous (strings of single cells)

4. These are
prokaryote
E. coli bacteria
on the head of a
steel pin.

5. Prokaryote cells are simply built
(example: E. coli)
capsule: slimy outer
coating
cell wall: tougher middle
layer
cell membrane: delicate
inner skin

6. Prokaryote cells are simply built
(example: E. coli)
cytoplasm: inner liquid filling
DNA in one big loop
pilli: for sticking to things
flagella: for swimming
ribosomes: for building
proteins

7. Prokaryote lifestyle
unicellular: all
alone
colony: forms a
film
filamentous:
forms a chain of
cells

8. Prokaryote Feeding
Photosynthetic: energy from sunlight
Disease-causing: feed on living things
Decomposers: feed on dead things

9. Eukaryotes are bigger and more
complicated
Have organelles
Have chromosomes
can be multicellular
include animal and plant cells

10. Organelles are
membrane-bound cell
parts
Mini “organs” that have
unique structures and
functions
Located in cytoplasm

11. Cell Structures
Cell membrane
delicate lipid
and protein
skin around
cytoplasm
found in all
cells

12. Nucleus
a membrane-bound
sac evolved to store
the cell’s
chromosomes(DNA
)
has pores: holes

13. Nucleolus
inside nucleus
location of
ribosome
factory
made or
RNA

14. mitochondrion
makes the cell’s
energy
the more energy
the cell needs,
the more
mitochondria it
has

15. Ribosomes
build proteins
from amino acids
in cytoplasm
may be freefloating, or
may be attached
to ER
made of RNA

16. Endoplasmic
reticulum
may be smooth:
builds lipids and
carbohydrates
may be rough:
stores proteins
made by
attached
ribosomes

17. Golgi Complex
takes in sacs
of raw
material from
ER
sends out sacs
containing
finished cell
products

18. Lysosomes
sacs filled with
digestive enzymes
digest worn out
cell parts
digest food
absorbed by cell

19. Centrioles
pair of bundled
tubes
organize cell
division

20. Cytoskeleton
made of
microtubules
found throughout
cytoplasm
gives shape to cell
& moves organelles
around inside.

21. Structures found in plant cells
Cell wall
very strong
made of
cellulose
protects cell
from rupturing
glued to other
cells next door

22. Vacuole
huge waterfilled sac
keeps cell
pressurized
stores starch

23. Chloroplasts
filled with
chlorophyll
turn solar
energy into
food energy

24. How are plant and animal cells different?

25. Structure
cell membrane
nucleus
nucleolus
ribosomes
ER
Golgi
centrioles
cell wall
mitochondria
cholorplasts
One big vacuole
cytoskeleton
Animal cells
Yes
Yes
yes
yes
yes
yes
yes
no
yes
no
no
yes
Plant cells
yes
yes
yes
yes
yes
yes
no
yes
yes
yes
yes
Yes

26. Eukaryote cells can be
multicellular
The whole cell can be specialized for one
job
cells can work together as tissues
Tissues can work together as organs

27. Advantages of each kind of
cell architecture
Prokaryotes
Eukaryotes
simple and easy to grow
can specialize
fast reproduction
multicellularity
all the same
can build large bodies

28. Examples of specialized
euk. cells
liver cell:
specialized to
detoxify blood
and store
glucose as
glycogen.

29. sperm cell:
specialized to
deliver DNA
to egg cell

30. Mesophyll cell
specialized
to capture
as much
light as
possible
inside a
leaf

31. How do animal cells
move?
Some can crawl with pseudopods
Some can swim with a flagellum
Some can swim very fast with cilia

32. Pseudopods
means “fake feet”
extensions of cell
membrane
example: ameoba

33. Flagellum/flagella
large whiplike tail
pushes or pulls cell
through water
can be single, or a
pair

34. Cilia
fine, hairlike
extensions
attached to cell
membrane
beat in unison

35. How did organelles evolve?
many scientists theorize that
eukaryotes evolved from
prokaryote ancestors.
in 1981, Lynn Margulis
popularized the
“endosymbiont theory.”

36. Endosymbiont theory:
a prokaryote ancestor
“eats” a smaller
prokaryote
the smaller prokaryote
evolves a way to avoid
being digested, and lives
inside its new “host” cell
kind of like a pet.

37. Endo = inside
Symbiont = friend

38. the small prokaryotes that can do
photosynthesis evolve into chloroplasts,
and “pay” their host with glucose.
The smaller prokaryotes that can do
aerobic respiration evolve into
mitochondria, and convert the glucose into
energy the cell can use.
Both the host and the symbiont benefit
from the relationship

39. Chlorella are
tiny green cells
that live inside
some amoeba...
endosymbiosis
may still be
evolving today!

40. Eukaryotic and
Prokaryotic Cells
AHMP 5406

41. Objectives:
1.
Discuss the key differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cellular
components
2.
Describe the basic structure of mammalian eukaryotic cells
3.
Discuss the different nutritional classes
4.
Explain the endosymbiotic theory and development of organelles in the
Euk. cell
5.
Compare and contrast the genome organization of prokaryotes versus
eukaryotes
6.
Compare the different ways new genes are generated from existing genes
7.
Explain why the human genome is complex

42. Objectives:
1.
Discuss the key differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cellular
components
2.
Describe the basic structure of mammalian eukaryotic cells
3.
Discuss the different nutritional classes
4.
Explain the endosymbiotic theory and development of organelles in the
Euk. cell
5.
Compare and contrast the genome organization of prokaryotes versus
eukaryotes
6.
Compare the different ways new genes are generated from existing genes
7.
Explain why the human genome is complex

43. 1
Features All Cells Share
Hereditary info stored in DNA
Proteins are used as catalysts
DNA replication occurs through templated polymerization
Hereditary info transcribed into RNA
RNA translated into protein
Later we will discuss these things in greater detail

44. From DNA to Protein
(Why is this eukaryotic?)

45. 1
Prokaryotic cells:
No membrane bound organelles
Simple genome organization
Genes usually do not have introns
Between 500 and 4000 genes
M. genitalium has 477 genes
Great degree of diversity
Unicellular

46. 1
Eukaryotic cells
All organelles are membrane-bound
Complex genome organization
Large genome size
Between 6,000 and 30,000 genes
Genes have introns
Where is the genetic diversity?
Large amount of regulatory DNA
To control gene expression
High degree of genetic redundancy
Unicellular or multicellular

47. 1

48. Objectives:
1.
Discuss the key differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic
cellular components
2.
Describe the basic structure of mammalian eukaryotic cells
3.
Discuss the different nutritional classes
4.
Explain the endosymbiotic theory and development of organelles
in the Euk. cell
5.
Compare and contrast the genome organization of prokaryotes
versus eukaryotes
6.
Compare the different ways new genes are generated from
existing genes
7.
Explain why the human genome is complex

49. 1 and 2
General eukaryotic cell

50. Objectives:
1.
Discuss the key differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cellular
components
2.
Describe the basic structure of mammalian eukaryotic cells
3.
Discuss the different nutritional classes
4.
Explain the endosymbiotic theory and development of organelles in the
Euk. cell
5.
Compare and contrast the genome organization of prokaryotes versus
eukaryotes
6.
Compare the different ways new genes are generated from existing genes
7.
Explain why the human genome is complex

51. 3
Cells can be powered by different
energy sources
I eat other living things!
Organotrophic
Animals
Protists etc.
I need a tan?
Phototrohpic
Bacteria
Plants
Algae
I eat dirt?
Lithotropic
Arcaebacteria

52. Objectives:
1.
Discuss the key differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cellular
components
2.
Describe the basic structure of mammalian eukaryotic cells
3.
Discuss the different nutritional classes
4.
Explain the endosymbiotic theory and development of organelles in the
Euk. cell
5.
Compare and contrast the genome organization of prokaryotes versus
eukaryotes
6.
Compare the different ways new genes are generated from existing genes
7.
Explain why the human genome is complex

53. 4
Eukaryotic cell may have
been predators
The primordial eukaryotic cell may have survived by
eating other cells
This would require:
A large cell
A flexible membrane
An elaborate cytoskeleton
Protected DNA (in an organelle, which one?)

54. 4
Dinidium is a cilliated protozoan
Lunch!
He looks hungry

55. 4

56. 4

57. 4

58. Objectives:
1.
Discuss the key differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic
cellular components
2.
Describe the basic structure of mammalian eukaryotic cells
3.
Discuss the different nutritional classes
4.
Explain the endosymbiotic theory and development of organelles
in the Euk. cell
5.
Compare and contrast the genome organization of prokaryotes
versus eukaryotes
6.
Compare the different ways new genes are generated from
existing genes
7.
Explain why the human genome is complex

59. 5
Genome organization in
Prok. and Euk.
Prokaryotes
Circular DNA
mtDNA very similar
Eukaryotes
Linear DNA
nuclear DNA

60. 5
Prokaryotic DNA

61. 5
Eukaryotic DNA
DNA packaged in a chromosome
Linear DNA
Associated proteins
More details later

62. Objectives:
1.
Discuss the key differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic
cellular components
2.
Describe the basic structure of mammalian eukaryotic cells
3.
Discuss the different nutritional classes
4.
Explain the endosymbiotic theory and development of organelles
in the Euk. cell
5.
Compare and contrast the genome organization of prokaryotes
versus eukaryotes
6.
Compare the different ways new genes are generated from
existing genes
7.
Explain why the human genome is complex

63. 6
Ways to generate new genes from preexisting genes
Intragenic mutation
Simply a mutation in the sequence
Gene duplication
Whole gene is just recopied into different part of the genome
DNA segment shuffling
Similar genes may exchange segments
Horizontal transfer
Cell to cell transfer of genetic material
e.g. Plasmids
ancient mitochondrial genes
Viruses
Sex

64. 6
Gene Families
Created by generation of different genes from a
precursor
Speciation results in orthologous genes
An organismal phylogeny is produced
Gene duplication can result in paralogous genes
A gene phylogeny is produced

65. Objectives:
1.
Discuss the key differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic
cellular components
2.
Describe the basic structure of mammalian eukaryotic cells
3.
Discuss the different nutritional classes
4.
Explain the endosymbiotic theory and development of organelles
in the Euk. cell
5.
Compare and contrast the genome organization of prokaryotes
versus eukaryotes
6.
Compare the different ways new genes are generated from
existing genes
7.
Explain why the human genome is complex

66. 7
The human genome is complex:
Partly because of duplications

67. 7
Regulatory
DNA is
everywhere
in eukaryotic
genomes

68. 7
mRNA Structure

69. 7
Comparative Genome Sizes