1. Changllenges and Goals in
Chinese Education
Dr. Guizhen Jin
Associate Professor
Center of Educational Research
Beijing Institute of Technology (BIT)
jgzh6688@bit.edu.cn
jgzh1965@sina.com

2. A Brief Introduction to Myself

4. My Work

5. Highlights of This Part
 Brief Introductions to China and Its
Education
 Achievements & Difficulties in
Compulsory Education
 Reforms in Higher Education
 Chanllenges & Education in the Future

6. I. A Brief Introduction to
China
 Location
 History and Culture; Scenes and Sights
 Rural Areas and Urban Areas
 A Developing Country

7. Location

8. China and USA

9. Hu Huanyong Line
East Area
64% of land 34% of Land
4% of Population 96% of People
West Area

10. Scenes and Sights

11. Scenes and Sights

13. History and Culture (a long
history of Education)

14. Rural Areas in China

15. Population in Rural areas &
Urban areas
P opulation by Urban & R ural
140000
120000
100000
Total
80000
Populati
60000 on
Urban
40000 Populati
on
20000 Rural
Populati
0 on
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007

16. 0
100000
120000
140000
20000
40000
60000
80000
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
P
1994
Population by Urban & Rural
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
on
on
on
Rural
Urban
Total
Populati
Populati
Populati

17. A Brief Introduction to Chinese
Education
What do you know about Chinese
Education?
System of Chinese Education
Population of Education in Each Level

18. System of Chinese Education
Graduate
Education
3-8 years
Higher
Education
(2-4 -3-4)
Secondary Education
(Junior and Senior)
( 3-4-3years)
Primary Education
(5-6 years)

19. System of Chinese Education
Graduate
Edu. & Post
Gra Edu.
Adult and
Distant
College & Professional
Learning
university Higher
Education
Senior
Senior Senior
Common professional technical
Education
Junior Education
Primary education
Preschool education

20. Basic Statistics of Regular Education
in China--2007
Institutions Students Teachers
(thousand) (million) (million)
Total 595 260.96 17.05
Higher Education 3.227 6.063 1.27
Senior secondary 31.26 65.15 5.78
Education
Junior Secondary 61.01 57.94 3.48
Education
Primary Schools 369.063 107.9 5.65
Work-study 0.0076 9.09 0.0017
Schools
Special schools 0.16 4.19 0.035
Kindergardens 129.09 23.49 0.83

21. Basic Statistics of Regular
Education in China:1985-2007
School
No.
Students Staff
Year Population of ratos
No. No.
(Miilli education
on)
1985 144 21753 1261 23014 22.0
1990 136 23654 1432 25086 22.2
1996 155 30401 1549 31950 26.2
1997 157 31076 1577 32653 26.7
1998 155 31809 1580 33389 27.0
1999 159 32672 1596 34268 27.5
2000 149 32093 1592 33685 26.8
2001 135 32135 1574 33709 26.6
2002 117 31873 1579 33452 26.2
2003 96 31989 1610 33599 26.2
2004 68 32558 1597 34155 26.4
2005 65 36904 1624 38528 29.6
2006 63 31860 1652 33512 25.6
2007 66 32187 1675 33862 25.8

22.  The largest population in the world
 Huge educational population in various
stages

23. The most largest educational
population in various stages
各级普通学校毕业生升学率
120.0
100.0
80.0
升学率
小学升初中（%）
60.0
初中升高中（%）
40.0 高中升高等教育（%）
20.0
0.0
1991
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
1990
1992
2007

24. Achievements of Chinese
Compulsory Education
Scale of Development of the world Education in Each Level in the last 50 Years (Million)
1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 1997 1997/1950
Total of the 252.5 433.1 608.1 857 980.6 1154.2 4.6
world
Higher 6.5 12.1 28.1 51.0 68.6 88.2 13.6
Educatin
Secondary 40 79 28.1 51.0 68.6 88.2 13.6
Education
Primary 206 342 411 542 597 668 3.2
Education
1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2001 2001/1950
Total of 30.6 101.9 137.1 205.8 178.6 228.7 7.5
China
Higher 0.14 0.97 0.05 2.7 3.8 12.1 86.4
Educatin
Secondary 1.5 7.1(1957) 31.7 56.8 52.4 91.2 60.8
Education
Primary 28.9 93.8 105.3 146.3 122.4 125.4 4.3
Education

25. sources from
1.The World Education Report:2000 ( from
UNESCO )
2. Statistics of Chinese Education Ministry:
Yearbook of Statistics of Chinese Education:
From 1978---2001

26. II. Achievements in Chinese
Education
 The largest scale of education
population in the world:
 2.29 billion(2001),it is 7.5 times than
that in 1950.
 The scale of education increased 3.6
times between 1950-1997.

27. 1950-2001, the scale of higher education
Increased 85 times, secondary education
increased 60 times, primary education
increased 3 times.
Complusory education lasts 9 years,
1986-2000, 2 billion people have
received 9-year complusory education.

28. Free Complusory Education has come into reality:
In 2006, the government funding is 1,840 billion for
rural areas. It has benefited 5200 million of students
in west or middle-west areas.
In 2007, the central government supplied 120.5 billion
to Compulsory Education in rural areas for free
charging.
1.5 billion of students in rural areas benefit from it.
In 2008, students in urban received free schooling.

29. In a word, we spent 2% of education
expense and have educated 20% of
world population. We have made great
achievement in compulsory education.
However, Chinese education still has
much difficulties and problems.

30. II.Difficulties & Problems in
Chinese Compulsory Education
1. Lack of educational expenditure in
total amount.
From a perspective world-widely, we
supply the lowest public education
expenditure.

31. Differnces of Budgeted Funding
Among 31 Provinces and Districts
2004 primary Regular Regular Vocational HE
Junior Middle Senior Middle SMS
school school(SMS)
Mean 1129 1246 1759 1843 5553
Highest 6680 6831 7156 5191 15810
Lowest 654 764 913 921 1946
H/L 10.2 8.9 7.8 5.6 8.1

32. Comparason of Average
Budgeted Funding Ratos by GDP
(souce:The Development Report of Chinese People 2007-2008)
Year OECD Average in Developing China
countries the world countries
2003 5.5% 4.2% 4.7% 2.8%

33.  Compare to students in urban areas,
students in rural receive less public funds,
not to say compare to other developed countries.
 According to US statistics of May 28th 2007,
the average funds in common education is
8,701$ per student in 2005, it goes up to 5%
compared to the number of 2004.

34. Regional Differences in Budgeted
Funding Per Student in 2004(yuan)

Region Total Non-salary
Beijing 15809 10216
Shanghai 9116 4490
Tianjin 9022 3886
Guangdong 8581 3573
Hubei 2459 841
Hunan 2581 857
Sichuan 1946 870

35. Some of the School Pictures in
Rural Areas

36. Some of the Key Schools
in Beijing

37. 2. Qualities in rural areas cannot be
guaranteed.
Teachers in rural areas have received little
education, got little educational training.
Qualified teachers are badly in need, however, a
great number of under-qualifed teachers are
common.
According to statistics, there are 37.9 million
irregular teachers in all, 81.8 ％ of them are
in rural schools.(2008)

38. 3. Teacher student ratos in rural areas are
much lower than that in urban areas:
Rural Primary schools: 1:23; Junior schools:
1:18 ， However, Teacher student ratos in urban areas are
1 ︰ 19 and 1 ︰ 13.5.
4. There are many schools in danger.
In 2007, there are 3.358 m2 million schools in
danger ， they are 2.48% in tatol ， however, 90 ％ of
them are distributed in werstern rural areas.

39.  Till the end of December 31, 2001 ，“ Hope
Project” has totally set up 8,890 primary
schools and gave financially aid to 2,474,342
students.; subsided 20,543 students of Hope
Stars ； and build up 130 distant schools
through internet.
(souces: China Youth Development Foundation,2002)
 Conclusion: the main difficulties and problems
in compulsory education today is in rural and
western areas.

40. Some Other Crucial problems
 Goals of Compulsory Education:
------Qualitive Education
 Curriculum reforms: too much subjects to learn
 Teaching method: Learning Knowledge or Learning
how to learn? Knowledge or method(technics)?
 Evaluation of students: What is the function of
Evaluation? Multiple perspectively.
 The enviorment of Schooling
 Schools, families & Communities

41. Discussions
How to Assess the Achievement of School Education?
More Subjects?
D:My DocumentsrecourceComparison of Subjects of S
Higher Scores?
More Skills?
More Activities
Moral Education?
Process of Learning?
More Envolvement?
D:My DocumentsComparison of School Time of USA w

42. IV. Chanllenges & Reforms in
Higher Education
 HE System in China
 Chanllenges of Chinese HEs.
 Reforms of HEs in late 15 years

43. HE System in China
(not including Adult Education HEIs:413)
Total: PRC:3,800(2007) vs USA: 3,941
(2000)
Regular Univs. Bach, Master & Doctor
Degrees
479
Common Regular
Colls & Univs740
(4 years, Bachelor)
Regular Vcational &Technical
Colleges 1168
(2-3yearsCertificate and Diploma)

44. IV.Chanllenges and Reforms in
Chinese HEIs
Chanllenges:
Development: the aims of the country
Industrialization: the means of the development
Modernization: the main goals of
industrialization
Education: the fundenmental of all
Globolization: the main Chanlleges

45. Reforms in Chinese HEIs From
1990s
The Outline of Development & Reforms of
Education in China (1993) (A Blueprint in HE)
Project 211 (1995)
Reforms of NEE & Employment (1998)
Project 985 (1998)
Expansion & Fee-charging in HEIs
(Marketization & Privatization )
Project of Quality in HEs (2006)

46. The Outline of Development &
Reforms of Education in China
(1993) (A Blueprint in Education in 1990’s)
Goals of education in China in 1990s :
Get a great inprovement in the level of over-all
education
Attain great development in pre-vocations and after-
vocations in urban, as well in rural areas
Meet the needs for experts in various fields in the
constructions of socialist & modernization
Form the base framwork of education system of
socialist characteristic in China
Focus on building up a great deal of top universities
and key desicplines in HE

47. Project 211 :Establishment of World-
class Universities(1995)
Strengthen about 100 institutions of higher education and key
disciplinary areas during the “Ninth Five-Year Plan” period to
meet the challenges of the 21st century
Cultivate mainly at home high-level innovative talents to meet the
needs of economic construction & social development
Projects fall into 3 categories:
Development of key academic programs
Development of public service systems of higher education
Improvement of overall institutional capacity

48. Higher Education Quality
Assurance System
 Higher Education Evaluation Center under
MoE established in 2004
 All HEIs have to undergo a five-year cycle
of quality evaluation
 Re-positioning of HEIs under new quality
assurance - from pyramid to network

49. Research Universities
PH.D
Teaching & Research Universities
Master’s
Teaching & Research Universities
Bachelor’s
Advanced Vocational Advanced Vocational Institutions
Qualifications

50. Expansion of HEIs & Charging
Fees in HEIs
 Fee-paying
 Dual-track to single-track
 Full cost private institutions & “self-financed” programs
 Self-financed overseas higher education
 Ability to pay & willingness to pay
 Major concerns
 Equity & regional disparity
 Quality assurance & consumer protection
 Different modes of Higher Education Institutions (HEIs)
 Public-funded HEIs (different categories, assessment mechanisms)
 Private-funded HEIs (legislation)
 Mixed-mode HEIs (independent institutional policy)
 Chinese-foreign cooperative institutions (legislation & quality
assurance)

51. Reforms of NEEHE &
Employment (1998)
Reforms of National Entrance Examination
of HE:
“3 ＋ X”:
3 →Chinese, Mathematics & English
X → Comprehensive of physics, chemical
& biology for Science/ Comprehensive
of history,geography & politics for
Social Science

52. Reforms of Employment
From free HE system to charging HE
System
From a-job-giving system to job-finding
system

53. Project 985 (1998)
 May 4, 1998, President Jiang Zemin declared at the
Peking University Centennial Celebrations that:
‘China must have a few world-class & a number of
world renowned advanced universities’
 Then launched the “Educational Action Plan toward
the 21st Century” which explicitly stressed the
development of World-Class Universities and
Internationally Renowned High-Level Research
Universities (MoE 2007).

54. Phase 1 (1999-2002)
 Making few top universities by
combination/adjustment of academic
disciplines & special support for strategic
fields
 Selected universities to nurture talent &
engage in high-level research

55. Phase 2 (2004-2007)
Establish modern university system -structure & management
Enhance capabilities in cultivating elite professionals &
creative academic teams
Establish national platforms for scientific innovation &
research bases for humanities & social sciences
84 key technology innovation platforms on cross-disciplinary
researches & in areas of national development priorities
168 technology innovation platforms
Presently 38 universities in ‘985 Project’

56. Project of Quality in HEs
(2007)
 Project of Quality in Undergraduate
Reform and Teaching
 Take up 6 Measures:
Adjustment of professional framwork
and professional certification
Shareness of disciplines, textbooks &
information

57. Innovation of Practice Teaching & Reform of
Model of Cultivating Elites
Constructions of Teams of Teaching &
Prominent Facultis
Annancement of Basic Statistics of Assessment
of Teaching & State of Teaching
One-to-one Helping of Universities in West
Provinces

58. Constructions of 7 Systems
 Predict system of setting up college professions
 Database of Statistics of Teaching Atomousphere
 Test Online System: College English & Education by
internet
 Management of Online Education & Assessment
System of Qualities
 Share System of Distinguished Disciplines
 Digetal Resource System of Multi-level Textbooks
 Service System of Life-long Learning

59. Final ExaminationS
D:DCIM参观照片（综合）良乡监考.JPG
D:DCIM参观照片（综合）良乡考试.JPG

60. Dicussions: What is Quality?
How to evaluate it?
From different perspective:
(Input & Output)
Students Themselves
Parents
Employment
Society

61. How to Improve it?
 More Finance?
 More Engagement?
 More Buildings and Libraries?
 More Famous Faculties?
 More Strict Examinations?

62. 
Thanks!