The document discusses methods for extracting and analyzing phenolic compounds from plants. It describes various extraction techniques including maceration, solvent extraction, ultrasound-assisted extraction, microwave-assisted extraction and supercritical fluid extraction. It also discusses analytical methods for identification and quantification of phenolic compounds including chromatography, spectrophotometry and spectroscopy. The focus is on optimizing extraction parameters and analytical techniques for effective separation and characterization of phenolic compounds.

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primary metabolites. They are more limited in
distribution being found usually in specific families.
They are not necessary for growth and development,
but may serve as pollination attractants,
environmental adaptations, or protection.
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9. (
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10. Polyphenols Simple phenols Miscellaneous
Liganas
Tannins 0 1
Cumarins
$
Lignins
Resveratrol
Flavones
Flavonols
Flavan-3-ol
Isoflavones
Flavanols
Anthocyanins
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14. Freeze-drying, Air drying, Oven drying,
Grinding, Homogenization
Sample pre-
treatment
! Solid-liquid extraction
Conventional Modern
Extraction
Percolation UAE, MAE, SFE, PLE,
Maceration PHWE ,
Soxhlet, Refluxing, Infusion
Clean- up -
UV, Isolation
EC, CC-fractionation, Filtration, Evaporation,
FLU, LLE, SPE, SPME, SDME
Instrumental
TLC
analysis
MS
GC
LC
LC
FID, ECD MS, MS/MS
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Electo.Chem., FLU, MS, MS/MS, NMR 14

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Solvent ½ h -24 h
Filtration
Pooled
Up to 72 hr Solvent renewed
two-three
Solvent
Sample
Stirred
Shacken
Solvent
Sample
Universal
Prolonged ext. time improves efficiency but
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US irradiation
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Recently , UAE is widely used
for all types of phenolic cpds
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Heating
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expansion and rupture of cell walls
Weakening van der Waals forces between solute & matrix
liberation of phenolics
Only polar solvents are used for MAE
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D
Plant flavonoids
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-4
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Liquid solvent
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30. 2)
100 atm to 200 atm
5 G
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Multiple extraction ( for static)
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35. &
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36. &2 SDME-GC-MS
SDME-in syringe derivatization
• &2D &
- Hexyl acetate
• 5 /
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SDME-in syringe derivatization
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GC/MS 36

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38. K (
Derivatization
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Individual
Determination
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+ 3
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L1 % 234 / 5 1')
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L1 , 1 (
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