Presentation by Andreas Schleicher Tackling the School Absenteeism Crisis 30 ...
Top down approach
1.
2. E X A M P L E :
How to Win Friends and
Influence People
(BY:Dale Carnegie1936)
3. QUESTIONS:
1) How do you influencepeople?
2) If somethingwrong was done on to you, how you are going
to react on thatperson?
3) What do you thinkof the title“How to win friends and
Influencepeople”?
4) Whatis/are your expectation/son theselection?
4. 1) What is the problem in thestory?
2) Who is responsible for whathappened? Why?
3) How did Mr. Bob Hoover reacted on themechanic?
4) In whatway do you thinkdid Mr. Hoover influencethe
mechanic?
QUESTIONS:
Answer the following questions in ¼ sheet of paper to
be passed after 5mins.
13. According to Frank Smith:
•Reading does not aim to translate
written language to spoken language;
•It does not aim to process each word
or letter; and
•It does not derive meaning from text.
14. According to Kenneth S.
Goodman
Focus the goal of reading which
is “constructing meaning
according to text.”
15. Top-down Processing
Reader generates meaning by
employing background
knowledge, expectations,
assumptions, and questions, and
reads to confirm these
expectations.
Example
Pre-reading activities (i.e. activating schema,
previewing, and predicting) + background
knowledge (cultural, linguistic, syntactic,
and historical) = comprehension
Aebersold, J. & Field, M. L., (1997). From reader to reading teacher: Issues and strategies for second language
classrooms. New York: Cambridge University Press.
16. Step 1: Read the title. Predict what the
text is going to be about.
Step 2: Ask questions:
- What is your purpose for reading this
text?
- What type of text is this? (A
newspaper article? A letter? A
textbook? A poem?)
- What is a “Jabberwocky”?
Step 3: Activate background
knowledge: What do you know about
Lewis Carroll’s style of writing?
Top-down Strategies:
Application
18. “Jabberwocky”
By Lewis Carroll
(from Through the Looking-Glass and What Alice Found There,
1872)
`Twas brillig, and the slithy toves
Did gyre and gimble in the wabe:
All mimsy were the borogoves,
And the mome raths outgrabe.
Top-down Strategies:
Application
19. ADDITIONAL INFORMATIONS..
EXTENSIVE READING PROCESS
How to read?
Read for general understanding
Focus on meaning, rather than on the language
Read rapidly
Compete only against yourself
No pressures of testing
20. E X A M P L E :
How to Win Friends and Influence People
(BY: Dale Carnegie 1936)
21.
22. Nickname: Bob
Born: January 24, 1922 (age 93)
Nashville, Tennessee
Allegiance: United States of America
Service/branch: United States Air Force
Years of service:1940–1948
Rank: First Lieutenant
Unit: 52nd Fighter Group Flight Evaluation
Group Battles/wars: World War II
Korean War
Awards:Distinguished Flying Cross
Soldier's Medal for Valor
Air Medal with Clusters
Purple Heart
Croix de guerre
Other work: Test and air show pilot