7. Then the bacteria are transmitted to the lymphatic system and bloodstream and spread to other organs occurs.
8. The bacteria further multiply in organs that have high oxygen pressures, such as the upper lobes of the lungs, the kidneys, bone marrow, and meninges -- the membrane-like coverings of the brain and spinal cord.
9.
10. Tuberculosis may involve multiple organs such as the lung, liver, spleen, kidney, brain, and bone.
11. About 15% of people develop tuberculosis in an organ other than their lungs. About 25% of these people usually had known TB with inadequate treatment.
24. 12 year-old-female with history of recurrent chest infection for 3 years duration and positive history of contact with tuberculosis infected patient, pathologicaly proven tuberculosis.
25. In a minority of people with weakened immune systems, TB bacteria may spread through their blood to various parts of the body. This is called miliary tuberculosis and produces fever, weakness, loss of appetite, and weight loss. Cough and difficulty breathing are less common. X-ray of the chest of a patient with miliary tuberculosis (TB). Affected areas of the lungs (black) are shown by grainy white patches.
26. A 48-year-old foreign-born woman developed cough, sputum production, and blood-tinged sputum. Sputum staining showed tubercle bacilli. Her chest X-ray showed a cavity-like lesion in right upper lobe of her lung.
27. Doctors treated the same woman with three medications for TB. One month later, she showed significant improvement, as seen by this repeat chest X-ray. Standard therapy for active TB consists of a six-month regimen: Two months with Rifater (isoniazid, rifampin, and pyrazinamide) ; Four months of isoniazid and rifampin (Rifamate, Rimactane); And ethambutol (Myambutol) or streptomycin added until your drug sensitivity is known (from the results of bacterial cultures).
28. Prior to the 1950s, medications were not available for treating tuberculosis. One of the treatments was placing paraffin wax sheets in the chest cavity to stop the infection. This patient had this treatment performed on her. This is of pure historical interest because this treatment is no longer performed.
29.
30. In 2009, the TB rate in the United States was 3.8 cases per 100,000 population , a slight decrease from the prior year. Four states (California, Florida, New York , and Texas) accounted for the majority of all new TB cases (50.3%).
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