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1. THE EGYPTIAN
CIVILIZATION

2. MAP OF EGYPTMAP OF EGYPT

3. INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION
• What is Egypt ?What is Egypt ?
• River flow and floodRiver flow and flood
• DirectionDirection
• GeographyGeography
• No interruptionNo interruption
• BuildingsBuildings

4. EARLY HISTORYEARLY HISTORY
• SettlersSettlers
• Provinces and kingdoms (4500-4000 BC)Provinces and kingdoms (4500-4000 BC)
• Two major advancementsTwo major advancements
• CalendarCalendar
• WritingWriting
• HieroglyphicsHieroglyphics

5. RELIGIONRELIGION
• RaRa
• Amon- RaAmon- Ra
• OsirisOsiris
• IsisIsis
• Role of PharoahRole of Pharoah
• Life in EgyptLife in Egypt
• Religious guidanceReligious guidance

6. IDEOLOGYIDEOLOGY
• Belief on judgementBelief on judgement
• Body preservationBody preservation

7. SOCIAL SYSTEMSOCIAL SYSTEM
• PharaohsPharaohs
• AdministratorsAdministrators
• Other officialsOther officials
• SoldiersSoldiers

8. SOCIETYSOCIETY
• Social classesSocial classes
PharaohPharaoh
Priests and noblesPriests and nobles
A middle class of artisans, merchants and professionalsA middle class of artisans, merchants and professionals
Agricultural peasantsAgricultural peasants
SlavesSlaves
• The womenThe women
• MarriagesMarriages

9. • SCIENCESCIENCE
• EConomyEConomy

10. CHARACTERISTICS OFCHARACTERISTICS OF
EGYGTIAN CIVILIZATIONEGYGTIAN CIVILIZATION
• FortificationFortification
• OwnershipOwnership
• Principles of Town planningPrinciples of Town planning
• SectorsSectors

11. Architectural Character of EgyptArchitectural Character of Egypt
Major CharacteristicsMajor Characteristics
• Readily available material (papyrus, reed,Readily available material (papyrus, reed,
clay)clay)
• Less stone and more sun dried bricksLess stone and more sun dried bricks
• Fiber or reed material for reinforcementFiber or reed material for reinforcement
• Very thick walls (30-80ft) around theVery thick walls (30-80ft) around the
enclosureenclosure
• No true arch but brick vaultsNo true arch but brick vaults

12. ARCHITECTURALARCHITECTURAL
CHARACTERCHARACTER
• ColumnsColumns
• Monumental and trabeatedMonumental and trabeated

13. • Approach of Temples (sphinxes)Approach of Temples (sphinxes)
• Heavy and solid ArchitectureHeavy and solid Architecture

14. EGYPTIAN BUILDING TYPESEGYPTIAN BUILDING TYPES
1- Tomb Architecture1- Tomb Architecture
MastabaMastaba
Royal pyramidsRoyal pyramids
Rock hewn tombsRock hewn tombs
2- Temples2- Temples
3- Dwellings3- Dwellings
4- Fortresses4- Fortresses

15. TombsTombs
• In the beginning, the tombs wereIn the beginning, the tombs were
rectangular in shape.rectangular in shape.
• Gradually it changed to inclined roofGradually it changed to inclined roof
building.building.
• Ultimately it reached the true pyramid.Ultimately it reached the true pyramid.
• Pyramid has square base and fourPyramid has square base and four
triangular planes.triangular planes.

16. Stepped PyramidStepped Pyramid

17. Mastaba tombsMastaba tombs
• The graves looked like a house plan of several rooms.The graves looked like a house plan of several rooms.
• The central one contained the sarcophagus.(stone coffinThe central one contained the sarcophagus.(stone coffin
with inscription)with inscription)
• For the greater security of goods and the body , the tombFor the greater security of goods and the body , the tomb
chamber was sunk much deeper and cut in the rockchamber was sunk much deeper and cut in the rock
below.below.
• After the burial , heavy stone porticullises were droppedAfter the burial , heavy stone porticullises were dropped
across the entrance.across the entrance.
• Later the walls were covered with colored relief drawingsLater the walls were covered with colored relief drawings
showing scenes from the daily life of the dead person.showing scenes from the daily life of the dead person.

18. The Mastaba TombThe Mastaba Tomb

19. The Royal PyramidsThe Royal Pyramids
• Pyramid of Khufu (Cheops)Pyramid of Khufu (Cheops)
• Pyramid of ChephrenPyramid of Chephren
• Pyramid of MykerinosPyramid of Mykerinos

20. Pyramid of Khufu (Cheops)Pyramid of Khufu (Cheops)
• Built in 2600 BC at GizehBuilt in 2600 BC at Gizeh
• Cheops was the second king of the first dynasty.Cheops was the second king of the first dynasty.
• It was 480ft high, and covered an area of 13It was 480ft high, and covered an area of 13
acres and built with 2 million tons of stoneacres and built with 2 million tons of stone
blocks.blocks.
• Among 7 wonders of worldAmong 7 wonders of world
• Each stone block measured more than 2 tonsEach stone block measured more than 2 tons
each.each.
• It was lifted by means of lever.It was lifted by means of lever.

21. • The Greek historianThe Greek historian HerodotusHerodotus was toldwas told
that it took 100,000 men 20 years to buildthat it took 100,000 men 20 years to build
thethe Great PyramidGreat Pyramid at Giza. Scholarsat Giza. Scholars
today, however, think it may have beentoday, however, think it may have been
built by only 20,000 men over 20 years.built by only 20,000 men over 20 years.

22. • Located in Gizeh towards left of River Nile.Located in Gizeh towards left of River Nile.
• Cheops was the second king of the 4th dynasty.Cheops was the second king of the 4th dynasty.
• The four sides face the cardinal points.The four sides face the cardinal points.
• Angles are nearly equilateral i.e 51 degrees 52Angles are nearly equilateral i.e 51 degrees 52
minutes.minutes.
Inside 0f the PyramidInside 0f the Pyramid
• It has three chambersIt has three chambers
1- King’s Chamber1- King’s Chamber
2- Queen’s Chamber2- Queen’s Chamber
3- Subterranean Chamber3- Subterranean Chamber

23. Section through the PyramidSection through the Pyramid

24. Inside of the pyramidInside of the pyramid
• King’s chamber has sarcophagus made ofKing’s chamber has sarcophagus made of
granite.granite.
• Entrance is on the north side and 55ftEntrance is on the north side and 55ft
above the ground level.above the ground level.
• Queen’s chamber was sealed .Queen’s chamber was sealed .
• Gallery going to the king’s chamber isGallery going to the king’s chamber is
called the grand gallery.called the grand gallery.

25. • The grand gallery is 7.5ft high and 7ft wide.The grand gallery is 7.5ft high and 7ft wide.
• It is covered by a corbelled vault.It is covered by a corbelled vault.
• It was sealed by stone slabs after the burial.It was sealed by stone slabs after the burial.
• Two shafts 18inches x 6inches leads from the king’sTwo shafts 18inches x 6inches leads from the king’s
chamber to the outside of the pyramid.chamber to the outside of the pyramid.
• They may be for ventilation or for the free passage ofThey may be for ventilation or for the free passage of
Ka(spirit of the dead)Ka(spirit of the dead)

26. • EntranceEntrance
King’s chamber and entrance toKing’s chamber and entrance to
Queen’s chamberQueen’s chamber

27. The shaft and galleryThe shaft and gallery

28. The boatsThe boats
On the east and west sides are twoOn the east and west sides are two
boat shaped pits , cut in the rock.boat shaped pits , cut in the rock.
They may be for the king’sThey may be for the king’s
transport.transport.

29. Material of constructionMaterial of construction
• Dressed Tura, limestone blocks were usedDressed Tura, limestone blocks were used
for construction.for construction.
• Blocks were bedded in thin limestoneBlocks were bedded in thin limestone
mortar used as a lubricant rather than formortar used as a lubricant rather than for
adhesive.adhesive.

30. Rock Hewn TombsRock Hewn Tombs
• They were the tombs made by cutting the rocks.They were the tombs made by cutting the rocks.
• They were mostly built after the middle kingdom.They were mostly built after the middle kingdom.
• The temple's facade is dominated by fourThe temple's facade is dominated by four
enormous seated statues of the Pharaoh (eachenormous seated statues of the Pharaoh (each
over 20 meters or 67 feet high, although one hasover 20 meters or 67 feet high, although one has
been damaged since ancient times.been damaged since ancient times.

31. Small and Great temple Abu –Small and Great temple Abu –
Simbel 1301 BCSimbel 1301 BC

32. • The Great Temple is dedicated to Ramses II and aThe Great Temple is dedicated to Ramses II and a
statue of him is seated with three other gods within thestatue of him is seated with three other gods within the
innermost part of the rock-cut temple (the sanctuary).innermost part of the rock-cut temple (the sanctuary).
The temple's facade is dominated by four enormousThe temple's facade is dominated by four enormous
seated statues of the Pharaoh (each over 20 meters orseated statues of the Pharaoh (each over 20 meters or
67 feet high), although one has been damaged since67 feet high), although one has been damaged since
ancient times. The Small Temple was probablyancient times. The Small Temple was probably
completed ahead of the Great Temple and is dedicatedcompleted ahead of the Great Temple and is dedicated
to Ramses' favorite wife, Nefertari. At the entrance standto Ramses' favorite wife, Nefertari. At the entrance stand
six 10-metre-high (33 feet) rock-cut statues - two ofsix 10-metre-high (33 feet) rock-cut statues - two of
Ramses and one of Nefertari on either side of theRamses and one of Nefertari on either side of the
doorway.doorway.

34. Thank YouThank You