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- 2. 2 THE CONCEPT OF ‘RESPIRATION’ IS CENTRAL TO ALL LIVING PROCESSES It is worth while studying this presentation thoroughly because it is essential for an understanding of all the activities of living cells and organisms
- 3. 3 All living cells are made up of chemical substances The processes of living involve reactions between the substances A reaction is an event which produces a change in a substance For example, a reaction between carbon and oxygen (such as burning coal in air) changes the carbon in the coal, and oxygen in the air into carbon dioxide This reaction can be represented by the equation C + O2 CO2 carbon oxygen carbon dioxide
- 4. 4 an atom of carbon plus a molecule of oxygen O2 c C o o combine to form a molecule of carbon dioxide CO2
- 5. 5 The reaction between carbon and oxygen also releases energy in the form of heat and light (flames) Living organisms get their energy from reactions like this (but not reactions which are violent enough to produce flames)
- 6. 6 CO2 energy release source of carbon source of carbon oxygen
- 7. 7 One of the energy-producing reactions is called respiration (Respiration is not the same thing as breathing) The chemical reactions of respiration take place in all living cells The reaction takes place between oxygen and a substance which contains carbon. The reaction produces carbon dioxide and water, and releases energy
- 8. 8 The carbon-containing substances come from FOOD The oxygen comes from the AIR (or water) The energy is used to drive other chemical reactions taking place in cells One example of this is the release of energy in muscle cells to make them contract and produce movement
- 9. 9 One example of an energy-producing reaction in cells is the breakdown of sugar when it combines with oxygen This can be represented by the equation C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy sugar oxygen carbon water (glucose) dioxide This means that one molecule of sugar reacts with six molecules of oxygen to produce six molecules of carbon dioxide and six molecules of water. Energy is released during this process
- 10. 10 Some examples of the use muscle of energy in organisms contraction Respiration supplies the energy for germination ls cel in es ng c ha l ica cell division em
- 11. Energy use in muscle contraction 11 shoulder blade The blood stream brings food and oxygen to the muscle cells. Respiration occurs in the cells and releases energy which…… upper arm bone lower arm bones
- 12. 12 …….makes the muscle contract and pull the lower arm up
- 13. 15 One example of respiration in ourselves 2. The lungs absorb oxygen from the air 1. Air taken in 1.Food taken in 2.The stomach and intestine digest food. One of the products 3.The blood stream is glucose carries glucose and oxygen to the muscles 4 RESPIRATION 5 Carbon dioxide Glucose and is carried to the lungs oxygen react to by the blood produce energy for muscle contraction
- 14. 16 Question 1 What is the most important point about respiration? (a) it uses oxygen (b) It releases energy (c) It produces carbon dioxide (d) It needs food and air
- 15. 17 Question 2 In which part of the human body is respiration most likely to be occurring? (a) The lungs (b) The heart (c) The muscles (d) All of these
- 16. 18 Question 3 Which of these are waste products of respiration? (a) Carbon dioxide (b) Water (c) Oxygen (d) Nitrogen
- 17. 19 Question 4 Which of the following would be reliable indicators of respiration in a living organism? (a) Output of water vapour (H2O) (b) Output of carbon dioxide (CO2) (c) Uptake of oxygen (O2) (d) Production of energy
- 18. 20 Question 5 Which of the following statements are correct? (a) We breathe in air (b) We breathe in oxygen (c) We breathe out air (d) We breathe out carbon dioxide
- 22. 24 The process of respiration described so far has been defined as the release of energy when foodstuffs such as glucose react with oxygen to produce carbon dioxide and water. This form of respiration, which needs oxygen, is called aerobic respiration. There is another form of respiration which does not need oxygen and is called anaerobic respiration. In anaerobic respiration, glucose is still broken down to carbon dioxide with the release of energy, but without the involvement of oxygen The glucose is not completely broken down to CO2 and H2O but to CO2 and alcohol (ethanol).
- 23. 25 Anaerobic respiration can be represented by the equation energy C6H12O6 2C2H5OH + 2CO2 glucose alcohol The energy released by anaerobic respiration is considerably less than the energy from aerobic respiration. Anaerobic respiration takes place at some stage in the cells of most living organisms. For example, our own muscles resort to anaerobic respiration when oxygen is not delivered to them fast enough.
- 24. 26 Anaerobic respiration is widely used by many micro-organisms such as bacteria and yeasts. Bacteria and yeasts are microscopic single-celled organisms. Bacteria are to be found everywhere, in or on organisms, in water, air and soil Yeasts are usually found in close association with vegetable matter such as fruit
- 25. 27 Bacteria cell wall there are many nucleus species of bacteria and they have different shapes and sizes cytoplasm 0.002mm a single bacterium
- 26. 28 Aerobic and anaerobic bacteria Bacteria which need oxygen in order to respire are called aerobic bacteria. Aerobic bacteria are likely to be found in the air, water and soil where oxygen is available Bacteria which can respire without needing oxygen are called anaerobic bacteria Anaerobic bacteria are to be found in situations where oxygen is lacking, such as in stagnant water, waterlogged soils or the intestines of animals
- 27. 30 Fermentation One form of anaerobic respiration in bacteria and yeasts is called fermentation. During fermentation, sugar is broken down to alcohol and carbon dioxide The reaction described in slide 25 is an example of fermentation Fermentation is involved in brewing and wine-making
- 28. 29 Yeasts cell wall nucleus cytoplasm 0.005mm vacuole Yeast cells dividing single yeast cell
- 29. 33 Brewing In brewing beer, a sugary product (malt) is dissolved out of germinating barley Yeast is added to this solution and fermentation begins, producing alcohol and carbon dioxide Some of the carbon dioxide escapes but the rest dissolves in the beer when it is bottled or put into casks When the bottles or casks are opened, the dissolved CO2 escapes as bubbles
- 30. 34 Beer fermenting ©Stuart Boreham/CEPHAS
- 31. 35 Baking In baking, yeast is added to a mixture of flour and water, made into the form of a dough The yeast first changes the flour starch into sugar and then ferments the sugar into alcohol and CO2 The CO2 forms bubbles in the dough which cause it to expand (‘rise’) When the dough is baked, the heat evaporates the alcohol but makes the trapped bubbles expand giving the bread a ‘light’ texture
- 32. Dough rising 36 The yeast is mixed with the dough After 1 hour in a warm place the dough has risen as a result of the carbon dioxide produced by the yeast
- 33. 37 The ‘holes’ in the bread are made by the carbon dioxide bubbles. This gives the bread a ‘light’ texture
- 34. 38 Question 1 Which statements are correct ? Anaerobic respiration is different from aerobic respiration because a it produces CO2 b it does not need glucose c it does not need oxygen d it produces less energy
- 35. 39 Question 2 In what circumstances do our muscle use anaerobic respiration ? a When insufficient glucose reaches the muscles b When the carbon dioxide level increases c When insufficient oxygen reaches the muscles d When we are asleep
- 36. 40 Question 3 Anaerobic bacteria are most likely to be found a in the middle of a compost heap b in the air c in fast-flowing streams d on the surface of the skin
- 37. 41 Question 4 In which of the following is the production of CO 2 more important than the production of alcohol ? a Brewing beer b Fermenting grape juice c Making bread d Bottling wine
- 40. THE EFFECT OF LACTIC ACID IN MUSCLES DURING EXERCISE • Muscles respire aerobically, but when they are working hard a lot of energy is needed. • We breathe deeper and faster to get more O₂ into our blood. • Our heart beats faster to get the O₂ to the leg muscles as quickly as possible. • A limit is reached, but we still need more energy.
- 41. EXERCISE CAN CREATE AN O₂ DEBT
- 42. EXTRA ENERGY CAN BE PRODUCED BY ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION • Glucose → lactic acid + energy • C₆H₁₂O₆ → 2C₃H₆O₃ + energy • The lactic acid must be broken down by combining it with O₂ in the liver. • Even though we don´t need the O₂ any more, we are still taking in extra O₂ to break down the lactic acid. • While we were running we built up an oxygen debt.
- 43. Summary • AEROBIC RESPIRATION (38 ATP) - Glucose + oxygen → carbon dioxide+ water + E - C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ → 6CO₂ + 6H₂O + E
- 44. ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION (2ATP) • Yeast (important in brewing and baking) : - Glucose → alcohol + carbon dioxide + E- C₆H₁₂O₆ → 2C₂H₅OH + 2CO₂ + E • Animals (in muscle cells during exercise): - Glucose → lactic acid + E - C₆H₁₂O₆ → 2 C₃H₆O₃ + E
Notes de l'éditeur
- It is important to understand that the biological meaning of ‘Respiration’ refers to a chemical process taking place in all living cells. The function of this chemical process is to make energy available for all the cell’s activities which keep it alive. ‘ Breathing’, in some cases, plays a part but ‘respiration’ to a biologist does not mean the same as ‘breathing’.
- Some of the energy released in living organisms always appears in the form of heat
- Coal and wood are the carbon sources. The carbon dioxide goes up the chimney.
- The word ‘respiration’ is used in everyday language to mean breathing; as in,for example, ‘respiration rate’ (breathing rate) or ‘artificial respiration’. In biology, it is best to avoid confusion by using the term ‘respiration’ for the chemical reaction in cells. ‘Artificial respiration’, is better described as ‘resuscitation’.
- Organisms living in water absorb oxygen from it. But it is not the O of H 2 O that they use. The oxygen which they can use is dissolved in the water and comes, originally, from the air.
- The carbon-containing substance in this case, is glucose (C 6 H 12 O 6 ) but all food contains some carbon. Although the reaction is shown as if it takes place in one step, there are many more intermediate changes and the energy is released in stages, The progress of each step in controlled by chemicals called enzymes which are the subject of a separate presentation
- These are only a few examples. Every living process in living organisms needs energy from respiration
- The drawing represents the human arm bones with two of the muscles which produce movement (biceps and triceps)
- The water produced as a waste product of respiration is picked up by the blood stream and may be lost in sweat, water vapour from the lungs or in urine
- Respiration will be occurring in all parts of the human body that consists of living cells. Fingernails, toenails and hair do not contain living cells and so will not be respiring
- Any wet or damp non-living material (e.g. a line full of washing) will be releasing water vapour.
- Air is a mixture of nitrogen, oxygen, carbon dioxide and a small proportion of other gases. We cannot selectively breathe in only oxygen and breathe out only carbon dioxide. The lungs absorb oxygen from the air we breathe in and give out carbon dioxide. So the air we breathe out contains less oxygen and more carbon dioxide than the air we breathe in.
- Anaerobic respiration is involved at some stage in the preparation of these foodstuffs
- The vast majority of bacteria are harmless. Some are beneficial, such as those which bring about decay of dead remains. A very small proportion are harmful and cause disease in animals and plants.
- Some bacteria can use both aerobic or anaerobic respiration according to the availability of oxygen, There are some anaerobic bacteria which cannot survive in the presence of oxygen.
- Yeasts can be seen as a thin, greyish ‘bloom’ on the surface of grapes, but they are present on the surface of most fruits. When these fruits are crushed and mixed with water, the anaerobic respiration of the yeasts causes fermentation with the production of carbon dioxide and alcohol.
- The carbon dioxide bubbles plus some of the beer constituents produce a dense froth on top of the beer. The fermentation vessel is an old-fashioned open type.