SlideShare une entreprise Scribd logo
1  sur  86
Télécharger pour lire hors ligne
Chapter 8: World War I
     1914-1918




 http://www.english.illinois.edu/maps/ww1/photoessay.htm
Nationalism
 Nationalism- extreme pride or
  devotion that a people feel for their
  country or culture.

 This sense of nationalism in Europe
  arose during the unification of
  Germany and Italy in the 19th
  century.
Nationalism (cont’d)
 Europe has several ethnic groups that
  have extreme passion for their
  country or culture.

 The Balkans was a very strained area
  due to many different ethnic groups.
Imperialism
 World Powers began acquiring territories
  that were considered to be socially
  primitive.
 Countries typically used their
  imperialistic beliefs to further their
  country’s economic demands or spread
  religious views.
Imperialism (cont’d)
 Great Britain- the world’s largest
  empire with territories all over the
  world.

 United States- acquired the Philippines,
  Puerto Rico, and Guam during the
  Spanish American War.
Imperialism (cont’d)
 France- territories in Africa, Asia,
  and South America.
 Germany- territories in Africa and in
  the Baltics.
 Austria- Hungary- Began acquiring
  territory from the collapsing Ottoman
  Empire.
The World Prior to WWI




http://www.alternatehistory.com/discussion/showthread.php?t=23357
Militarism
 Militarism- The policy of military
  preparedness and building up of
  weapons.

 1900- Germany began building a
  navy that could compete with Great
  Britain’s.
Militarism (cont’d)
 Germany also began building up their
  army and supplied it’s military with
  the latest weaponry.

 They also developed a plan to fight a
  two front war if one was to break out.

 This plan was known as the Schlieffen
  Plan.
The Schlieffen Plan
 This plan was intended to
  defeat France on the Western
  quickly so they could get to the
  Eastern Front before the
  Russians could fully mobilize.
The Schlieffen Plan




http://brokenworld.wikispaces.com/13.2+War+in+Europe
Militarism (cont’d)
 Along with Germany, other countries
  began building up their militaries.

 With rising tensions they believed
  that the threat of large militaries
  would prevent war from breaking out.
Alliance System
 Alliance- an agreement between two
  or more countries.

 Before WWI begins several
  countries begin forming alliances
  with one another.
Alliance System
 Triple Alliance- Germany,
  Austria- Hungary, Italy

 Triple Entente- France, Great
  Britain, Russia
Alliance System
 European leaders believed that these
  alliances would create a balance of power
  and prevent war from breaking out.

 They believed that one country would not
  attack another out of fear that the attacked
  nation’s allies would join the fight.
The Fuse is Lit!
 Austria-Hungary began to acquire the
  states of Bosnia and Herzegovina
  upon the collapse of the Ottoman
  Empire.

 Many Serbians were opposed to the
  new regime.
The Fuse is Lit!
 The Black Hand- Serbian super nationalist
  group that planned to assassinate the Archduke
  of Austria-Hungary.

 They believed this would lead to an
  independent Bosnia.

 On June 28, 1914, Gavrilo Princip, a member
  of the Black Hand, fired the shot that killed
  Archduke Franz Ferdinand and his wife.
Archduke Franz
     Gavrilo Princip
                                                   Ferdinand




http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gavrilo_Princip   http://www.private-prague-guide.com/article/archduke-franz-
                                               ferdinand-of-austria-and-his-assassination-june-28-1914/
Assassination of Archduke
    Franz Ferdinand




http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:The_Assassination_of_the_Archduke_Franz_Ferdinand.jpg
WWI Begins
 The assassination of Archduke Franz
  Ferdinand would spark the beginning of
  WWI.

 Austria-Hungary declares war on Serbia
  after officials found out that the Black
  Hand had been supplemented by the
  Serbian government.
WWI Begins
 Serbia Slavs had an alliance with
  Russia, thus mobilizing the Russian
  Army.

 Germany saw this has an act of war,
  and declared war on Russia.

 Germany also declared war on France,
  an ally of Russia.
WWI Begins
 Germany, following the Schlieffen
  Plan, invades Belgium.

 Germany’s invasions of Belgium
  forced Great Britain to join the war.
The Sides are Set
 With Great Britain joining the war, the
  Allied Powers were formed to oppose
  the Central Powers.

 Allied Powers- Great Britain, France,
  and Russia

 Central Powers- Germany, Austria-
  Hungary, and the Ottoman Empire
http://www.annefrank.org/en/Subsites/Timeline/World-War-One-1914-1918/Theme-1/1914/MAP---World-War-One-is-a-conflict-between-the-Central-Powers-and-the-Allies/#!/en/Subsites/Timeline/World-War-
One-1914-1918/Theme-1/1914/MAP---World-War-One-is-a-conflict-between-the-Central-Powers-and-the-Allies/
A New Kind of Warfare
 WWI brought about a new form of
  warfare on a scale never before seen in
  world history.

 Early on, the French army was not
  prepared to fight against the German
  army.

 The French were fighting in a traditional
  18th and 19th method.
A New Kind of Warfare
 The German army was equipped with
  the newest technology in warfare: The
  Machine Gun.

 A German machine gun had 50 to 100
  times the firepower of one French rifle.

 The French had nearly 15,000 deaths a
  day.
WWI German Machine Gun




 http://boivieapedia.pbworks.com/w/page/8081157/World%20War%201
The First Battle of Marne
 Began on September 7, 1914
 The German Army was within 25 miles
  of Paris, France.
 Involved more than 2 million soldiers
  along a 125 mile battlefront.
 French had pushed back the Germans 40
  miles.
 Over 250,000 lives were lost during the
  battle.
http://www.wpclipart.com/world_history/warfare/WW1/French_soldiers_first_battle_of_Marne.jpg.html
Trench Warfare
 Soldiers began building massive
  networks of trenches in order to protect
  themselves from artillery shells,
  machine gun fire, and grenades.

 On the Western Front, over 400 miles
  of trenches were dug.

 Soldiers lived in very harsh conditions.
http://youwishyouwerecrystal.wordpress.com/trench-warfare-weapons-of-world-war-one/
Trench Warfare
 Soldiers would sleep, eat, and be treated
  for wounds or left for dead in the
  trenches.

 Soldiers had to constantly be aware of the
  enemy.

 Soldiers also stay below the trenches
  walls in order for them not to be killed.
Trench Warfare
 Trench warfare created a stalemate that
  would amount to great losses of life
  during WWI.

 Commanders would order their troops
  out of the trench and would meet a
  barrage of machine gun fire.

 “No Man’s Land” is where many
  soldiers would lost their lives.
Birth of Modern Warfare
          Technology




http://incredibleimages4u.blogspot.com/2011/04/tanks-used-for-first-time.html
Birth of Modern Warfare
             Technology
 The tank invented in 1915, was used to
  level areas in “no man’s land” and to enter
  enemy trenches.
 Poison gas- invented in Germany and first
  used in WWI.
 Chlorine gas would destroy the lungs of
  soldiers.
 The use of the gas masks would make
  poison gas less effective.
Birth of Modern Warfare
              Technology
 The first time airplanes were used in
  warfare was during WWI.
 Planes would get in air battles known as
  “dogfights.”
 They would also harass the trenches by
  throwing bricks and other heavy things.
 Airplanes were later mounted with
  machine guns.
The Red Baron




http://www.fotopedia.com/items/oGrgsfdBDZM-fXsT_zPkkQI




                                                         http://hushkit.wordpress.com/2012/04/29/painting-the-sky-in-blood-2/
The United States Prior to WWI

 The United States had a strong
  tradition of isolationism.

 When the war broke out America
  began leaning towards the allies
  because of the harsh war tactics of
  Germany.
The United States Prior to WWI
 Germany began using their U-boats as a
  weapon against the Allied powers.
 The US traded primarily with Great Britain
  during early part of WWI, because of the naval
  blockade they had set up to prevent Germany
  from trading with other powers.
 On May 1, 1915, the Lusitania, a British
  luxury liner carrying over 1900 passengers
  was torpedoed by a German U-Boat, killing
  1200 people, including 128 Americans.
German U-Boat




http://www.sjsapush.com/ch23.php
The Lusitania




http://www.sjsapush.com/ch23.php
US Entry into WWI
 March 24, 1916- The Sussex was
  torpedoed once again by German
  U-boats.

 Germany issued the Sussex Pledge,
  telling the US they will not torpedo
  any merchant ship without warning.
US Entry into WWI
In February of 1917, Germany reassumed
 unrestricted submarine warfare forcing the US
 to cutoff diplomatic relations.

The Zimmerman Note would become
 another sticking point for the US to go to War.
US Entry into WWI
The Zimmerman note was a proposal by
 Arthur Zimmerman to Mexico to declare war
 on the US.
Mexico was to reacquire its old provinces of
 Texas, New Mexico and Arizona.
It was intercepted by the British and
 published in American newspapers.
http://rutlandhs.k12.vt.us/jpeterso/uboatcar.htm
US Entry into WWI
 The Zimmerman Note and unrestricted
  submarine warfare, along with the
  uncertainty of Russia remaining in the
  war, pressured Wilson to ask for a
  Declaration of War on April 2, 1917.
 The United States joined the Allied
  Forces on April 6, 1917.
Preparing for War
 In order to raise an army for the war in
  Europe, Congress passed the Selective Service
  Act in May of 1917.

 This required men between the ages of 21 and
  30 to register to be drafted into the military.

 If drafted, these men would enter training with
  little to nothing ready for them to be trained
  with or live in.
Arriving in Europe
The Americans that fought in Europe
 were known as the AEF (American
 Expeditionary Force) led by General John
 J. Pershing.

To transport troops to Europe safely, the
 US used the convoy system, in which
 troop transports were surrounded by
 destroyers or cruisers for protection.
General John J. Pershing




  http://www.old-picture.com/american-legacy/003/Pershing-General.htm
The Convoy System




http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/pathways/firstworldwar/military_conflict/p_convoy.htm
Allied Setbacks
 In November of 1917, the Bolsheviks took
  control of the Russian government.
 The Bolsheviks were communists, people
  who seek equal distribution of wealth and the
  end of all private property.
 Vladimir Lenin withdrew the Russian army
  from the Eastern Front and made peace with
  Germany, this allowed the Germans to focus
  all its forces on the Western Front.
US Troops in Battle
 US troops did not see action for nearly
  a year.

 They were a major factor in WWI.

 Helped defeat the Germans at
  Chateau-Thierry and Belleau Wood,
  which prevented the Germans from
  taking Paris.
American Military Women
 American women played a vital role in
  WWI.
 Many French-speaking American
  woman would work as switchboard
  operators known as “Hello Girls.”
 American women would also work as
  nurses, typist, bookkeepers, radio
  operators, electricians, and telegraphers.
The War Comes to an End
 In 1918, The Germans began to suffer
  crippling defeats in France.
 The war had crippled the German
  economy and people began to suffer
  from starvation.
 These same problems began to happen
  throughout the Central Powers and
  armies began to surrender.
The War Comes to an End
 On November 7, 1918, peace
  negotiations began between both sides.

 The Germans were to surrender their
  aircraft, heavy artillery, tanks, and U-
  boats.

 On November 11, 1918, the armistice
  was signed and the war was over.
The War on the Home Front




http://www.rainfall.com/posters/WWI/1069.htm
The War on the Home Front
 Liberty bonds were a type of loan that
  the US used for the war effort in
  Europe.
 The effort to sell Liberty bonds were
  very intense.
 Many celebrities, along with men in
  uniform, would hold large rallies in
  order to promote Liberty Bonds.
Liberty Bond
Rally on Wall St.




                    http://www.flickr.com/photos/46317563@N04/favorites/page11/?view=lg
Mobilizing the Economy
In order to pay for the war,
 Congress passed the War Revenue
 Act of 1917.
It increased taxes up to 77% on the
 wealthiest Americans.
The US government also began
 regulating production, fuel, and food.
Mobilizing the Economy
 Congress created hundreds of administrative
  boards to regulate both industrial and
  agricultural production and distribution.
 One of the most important boards created during
  WWI was the War Industries Board (WIB).
 The WIB was headed by Wall Street business
  leader Bernard Baruch.
 The WIB regulated all materials needed for the
  War in Europe.
Mobilizing the Economy
 Congress also began regulating food and
  fuel with the passage of the Lever Food and
  Fuel Act of 1917.
 During the war, Herbert Hoover led the
  Food Administration and increased
  production three times as much as the US
  had produced prior to WWI.
 The consumption of fuel and food was
  promoted with days such as “meatless
  Mondays” and “gasless Sundays.”
WWI “Victory Garden” Poster
Mobilizing Workers
Businesses during the war saw large increases in
 profits during the war.
This helped raise the wages of factory workers,
 however, the rising cost of food and housing
 barely helped those who worked.
Work conditions became more hazardous but the
 urgency of war goods led to faster production.
With the harsh conditions and long hours, labor
 union memberships increased 60% between 1916
 and 1919.
Mobilizing Workers
 With the threat of strikes and stoppage
  in production, the Wilson administration
  created the National War Labor Board
  in 1918.
 The NWLB acted as a mediator between
  the workers and management.
 In the short time it existed, the NWLB
  handled 1200 cases involving over
  700,000 workers.
Mobilizing Workers
 Women also played a vital role in America’s
  economy during WWI.
 Women took jobs that were traditionally held by
  men, such as working on railroads, docks, and in
  factories.
 Nearly 1 million women entered the workforce
  during WWI.
 Women’s efforts did not go unrecognized.
  Women’s suffrage advocates used their efforts
  during the war to justify their right to vote.
Women Workers During WWI




http://atdetroit.net/forum/messages/6790/57392.html?1129598706
Epidemic on the Home Front
 In 1918 an influenza epidemic broke out in
  Europe and quickly spread to the United States.
 Nearly half of the American soldiers that died
  during WWI lost their lives to the flu.
 This influenza was like none that had ever been
  seen before.
 By the time the influenza epidemic passed,
  nearly 675,000 Americans had lost their lives.
Spanish Influenza




http://www.lib.iastate.edu/spcl/exhibits/150/template/epidemic.html
Winning American’s Support for
           the War
 Many Americans favored neutrality in the
  war in Europe and Wilson had to convince
  those to support the war effort after
  neutrality was broken.
 Wilson created the Committee on Public
  Information (CPI) less that two weeks
  after declaring war on Germany.
 Wilson appointed George Creel to run the
  CPI.
Committee on Public Information
 The CPI used propaganda- posters, newspaper
  stories, speeches, and other materials that were
  designed to influence people’s opinions about
  the war in Europe.
 Creel hired the biggest movie stars of the time
  to speak on behalf of the war effort.
 He also hired artist to create patriotic posters
  and pamphlets.
 These worked extremely well and even began
  an anti-German sentiment in the US.
WWI presentation
Limiting Anti-War Speech
 In 1917, Congress passed the Espionage Act,
  which punished those that aided the enemy
  or refused military service.

 A year later Congress passed a related law
  known as the Sedition Act, which made it
  illegal for Americans to “utter, print, write, or
  publish any disloyal…or abusive language”
  criticizing the government, flag, or military.
Limiting Anti-War Speech
 Many believed these laws violated the First
  Amendment of the US Constitution.
 Charles Schenck, arrested under the Espionage
  Act, for distributing 15,000 leaflets opposing
  the government’s war policies.
 In Schenck v. United States, the Supreme
  Court upheld Schenck’s conviction, stating that
  things during wartime can cause problems for
  the government or endanger soldiers on the
  battlefield.
“Peace Without Victory”
 Before the war had ended Woodrow
  Wilson wanted a “just and lasting
  peace” so that the Great War would
  never happen again.

 In January 1918, he gave his famous
  Fourteen Points speech, which
  outlined his plan for peace.
Wilson’s Fourteen Points
 The first four points called for open diplomacy,
  freedom of the seas, removal of trade barriers,
  and the reduction of military arms.
 The fifth point proposed a fair system to resolve
  disputes over colonies.
 The last eight points dealt with self-
  determination, or the right of the people to
  decide their own political status.
 In the fourteenth point, Wilson called for the
  establishment of a League of Nations.
Paris Peace Conference
The Paris Peace conference began on
 January 12, 1919.
It had leaders from 32 countries including
 the Big Four.
The Big Four consisted of President
 Woodrow Wilson, British Prime
 Minister David Lloyd George, French
 Premier Georges Clemenceau, and
 Italian Prime Minister Vittorio Orlando.
WWI presentation
Paris Peace Conference
 Wilson had a vision of nations dealing with
  each other openly and trade fairly, while many
  other Allied Powers wanted to punish Germany
  for its role in the war.
 Other countries such as Czechoslovakia,
  Yugoslavia , and Poland wanted their
  independence.
 Eventually the Allied Powers reached an
  agreement and presented their peace treaty to
  Germany in May 1919.
The Treaty of Versailles (1919)
The Treaty of Versailles called for Germany
 to accept sole responsibility for the war.
It also called for Germany to pay massive
 reparations for damages caused during the
 war and it limited the size of the German
 army.
It called for the establishment of a League of
 Nations.
It called for the Central Powers to give all of
 their colonies to the Allies.
The Fight over the Treaty
The fight to ratify the Treaty of
 Versailles in Congress became very
 difficult for Wilson.
Their were three specific groups in
 Congress; Democrats who supported
 immediate ratification, Irreconcilables,
 who urged the outright rejection of the
 treaty, and the Reservationist, who
 demanded changes to the treaty.
The Fight over the Treaty
Senator Henry Cabot Lodge, head of the
 Committee of Foreign Relations, led the
 reservationist in Congress.
The reservationist believed that the use of
 US military force was unnecessary to carry
 out the League’s decisions.
This caused Wilson to go on an 8,000 mile
 cross country trip to promote the people to
 pressure the Republicans to ratify the treaty.
The Fight over the Treaty
 The treaty’s ratification was ultimately
  rejected once in November 1919 and again
  in March of 1920.

 The United States would not join the newly
  created League of Nations.

 The United States also signed a separate
  peace treaties with Germany after the
  Treaty of Versailles was rejected.
The Impact of WWI
At the end of WWI, nearly 14 million
 people had lost their lives.
7 million people were permanently
 disabled.
It was the most expensive war in
 world history to that point in time
 ($280 Billion).
The Impact of WWI
 Political- Led to overthrow of
  monarchies in Russia, Austria
  Hungary, Germany, and the Ottoman
  Empire.
 Economic-It devastated European
  economies, however, the US became
  the world’s leading economic power.
The Impact of WWI
 Social- The impact of women in the
  workforce led to the ratification of the 19th
  Amendment in 1920 giving women the
  right to vote. African-American populations
  began to move to northern cities thus
  causing race relation changes in the US.
The Impact of WWI
 Impact in Europe- Countries had nearly
  lost entire generations of men. France was
  in ruins, Great Britain's debt to the US was
  great, and the reparations imposed on
  Germany crippled their economy. It left to
  many issues unresolved in Europe. It would
  not be the “war to end all wars. ”

Contenu connexe

Tendances

HISTORY YEAR 10: CAUSES OF WORLD WAR 1
HISTORY YEAR 10: CAUSES OF WORLD WAR 1 HISTORY YEAR 10: CAUSES OF WORLD WAR 1
HISTORY YEAR 10: CAUSES OF WORLD WAR 1 George Dumitrache
 
To what extent was the league of nation a success?
To what extent was the league of nation a success?To what extent was the league of nation a success?
To what extent was the league of nation a success?Wan Farida Hamimi
 
World War I Causes
World War I  CausesWorld War I  Causes
World War I Causesjoeseb55
 
World War 1
World War 1World War 1
World War 1Cheng
 
European exploration
European explorationEuropean exploration
European explorationchrisallie93
 
french revolution class 9
french revolution class 9french revolution class 9
french revolution class 9KashishSingh43
 
Unification Of Germany Ppt
Unification Of Germany PptUnification Of Germany Ppt
Unification Of Germany Pptkfair
 
World War I Power Point
World War I Power PointWorld War I Power Point
World War I Power Pointjanetdiederich
 
World War 1
World War 1World War 1
World War 1chrdavi
 
Napoleon
NapoleonNapoleon
Napoleonkkatz
 
1 the main causes of wwi slideshare version
1 the main causes of wwi slideshare version1 the main causes of wwi slideshare version
1 the main causes of wwi slideshare versiondumouchelle
 
United States Enters World War I[1]
United States Enters World War I[1]United States Enters World War I[1]
United States Enters World War I[1]lherzl
 
First world-war- its impact
First world-war- its impactFirst world-war- its impact
First world-war- its impactvishnugud
 
Were the peace treaties of 1919-1923 fair
Were the peace treaties of 1919-1923 fairWere the peace treaties of 1919-1923 fair
Were the peace treaties of 1919-1923 fairWan Farida Hamimi
 
World War I (American History)
World War I (American History)World War I (American History)
World War I (American History)history_teacher25
 

Tendances (20)

HISTORY YEAR 10: CAUSES OF WORLD WAR 1
HISTORY YEAR 10: CAUSES OF WORLD WAR 1 HISTORY YEAR 10: CAUSES OF WORLD WAR 1
HISTORY YEAR 10: CAUSES OF WORLD WAR 1
 
To what extent was the league of nation a success?
To what extent was the league of nation a success?To what extent was the league of nation a success?
To what extent was the league of nation a success?
 
World War I Causes
World War I  CausesWorld War I  Causes
World War I Causes
 
World War 1
World War 1World War 1
World War 1
 
Causes WWII
Causes WWIICauses WWII
Causes WWII
 
European exploration
European explorationEuropean exploration
European exploration
 
french revolution class 9
french revolution class 9french revolution class 9
french revolution class 9
 
Unification Of Germany Ppt
Unification Of Germany PptUnification Of Germany Ppt
Unification Of Germany Ppt
 
Pacific Theater (WWII)
Pacific Theater (WWII)Pacific Theater (WWII)
Pacific Theater (WWII)
 
World War II Causes
World War II CausesWorld War II Causes
World War II Causes
 
World War I Power Point
World War I Power PointWorld War I Power Point
World War I Power Point
 
World War 1
World War 1World War 1
World War 1
 
Napoleon
NapoleonNapoleon
Napoleon
 
1 the main causes of wwi slideshare version
1 the main causes of wwi slideshare version1 the main causes of wwi slideshare version
1 the main causes of wwi slideshare version
 
United States Enters World War I[1]
United States Enters World War I[1]United States Enters World War I[1]
United States Enters World War I[1]
 
First world-war- its impact
First world-war- its impactFirst world-war- its impact
First world-war- its impact
 
Cold war
Cold warCold war
Cold war
 
World War 1
World War 1World War 1
World War 1
 
Were the peace treaties of 1919-1923 fair
Were the peace treaties of 1919-1923 fairWere the peace treaties of 1919-1923 fair
Were the peace treaties of 1919-1923 fair
 
World War I (American History)
World War I (American History)World War I (American History)
World War I (American History)
 

En vedette

ch 28 whap
ch 28 whapch 28 whap
ch 28 whapcleenker
 
Sc & the battles of the revolutionary war
Sc & the battles of the revolutionary warSc & the battles of the revolutionary war
Sc & the battles of the revolutionary warKimberly Simpson
 
Government in colonial sc 8 1.6
Government in colonial sc 8 1.6Government in colonial sc 8 1.6
Government in colonial sc 8 1.6Kimberly Simpson
 
Sc’s role in making the new nation 82.3
Sc’s role in making the new nation 82.3Sc’s role in making the new nation 82.3
Sc’s role in making the new nation 82.3Kimberly Simpson
 
8 2.2 leading to r evolution
8 2.2 leading to r evolution8 2.2 leading to r evolution
8 2.2 leading to r evolutionKimberly Simpson
 
Relations between natives & european settlers 8 1.2
Relations between natives & european settlers 8 1.2Relations between natives & european settlers 8 1.2
Relations between natives & european settlers 8 1.2Kimberly Simpson
 
Africans in early sc 8 1.4
Africans in early sc 8 1.4Africans in early sc 8 1.4
Africans in early sc 8 1.4Kimberly Simpson
 
Sc’s history of european settlement 8 1.3
Sc’s history of european settlement 8 1.3Sc’s history of european settlement 8 1.3
Sc’s history of european settlement 8 1.3Kimberly Simpson
 
WORLD WAR 1 CAUSES AND EFFECTS
WORLD WAR 1 CAUSES AND EFFECTSWORLD WAR 1 CAUSES AND EFFECTS
WORLD WAR 1 CAUSES AND EFFECTSJason Pacaway
 

En vedette (12)

ch 28 whap
ch 28 whapch 28 whap
ch 28 whap
 
Notes 8 2.4
Notes 8 2.4Notes 8 2.4
Notes 8 2.4
 
Sc & the battles of the revolutionary war
Sc & the battles of the revolutionary warSc & the battles of the revolutionary war
Sc & the battles of the revolutionary war
 
Government in colonial sc 8 1.6
Government in colonial sc 8 1.6Government in colonial sc 8 1.6
Government in colonial sc 8 1.6
 
Sc’s role in making the new nation 82.3
Sc’s role in making the new nation 82.3Sc’s role in making the new nation 82.3
Sc’s role in making the new nation 82.3
 
8 2.2 leading to r evolution
8 2.2 leading to r evolution8 2.2 leading to r evolution
8 2.2 leading to r evolution
 
Relations between natives & european settlers 8 1.2
Relations between natives & european settlers 8 1.2Relations between natives & european settlers 8 1.2
Relations between natives & european settlers 8 1.2
 
Sc government 8 2.6
Sc government 8 2.6Sc government 8 2.6
Sc government 8 2.6
 
Africans in early sc 8 1.4
Africans in early sc 8 1.4Africans in early sc 8 1.4
Africans in early sc 8 1.4
 
8 2.1 french & indian war
8 2.1 french & indian war8 2.1 french & indian war
8 2.1 french & indian war
 
Sc’s history of european settlement 8 1.3
Sc’s history of european settlement 8 1.3Sc’s history of european settlement 8 1.3
Sc’s history of european settlement 8 1.3
 
WORLD WAR 1 CAUSES AND EFFECTS
WORLD WAR 1 CAUSES AND EFFECTSWORLD WAR 1 CAUSES AND EFFECTS
WORLD WAR 1 CAUSES AND EFFECTS
 

Similaire à WWI presentation (20)

WWI part 1
WWI part 1WWI part 1
WWI part 1
 
ww1.pptx
ww1.pptxww1.pptx
ww1.pptx
 
The great war
The great warThe great war
The great war
 
World War I Used
World War I UsedWorld War I Used
World War I Used
 
World War I Used
World War I UsedWorld War I Used
World War I Used
 
Chapter 19 guided notes
Chapter 19 guided notesChapter 19 guided notes
Chapter 19 guided notes
 
Essay About The First World War
Essay About The First World WarEssay About The First World War
Essay About The First World War
 
Chapter18
Chapter18Chapter18
Chapter18
 
WWI_Ppt..ppt
WWI_Ppt..pptWWI_Ppt..ppt
WWI_Ppt..ppt
 
WWI_Ppt..ppt
WWI_Ppt..pptWWI_Ppt..ppt
WWI_Ppt..ppt
 
Ch. 20 collapse at the center
Ch. 20 collapse at the centerCh. 20 collapse at the center
Ch. 20 collapse at the center
 
First world-war-sp09
First world-war-sp09First world-war-sp09
First world-war-sp09
 
Wwi
WwiWwi
Wwi
 
Causes Of Ww I Powerpoint
Causes Of Ww I PowerpointCauses Of Ww I Powerpoint
Causes Of Ww I Powerpoint
 
War1
War1War1
War1
 
Wwi overview rbms
Wwi  overview rbms Wwi  overview rbms
Wwi overview rbms
 
World War I
World War IWorld War I
World War I
 
USH History Ch.6
USH History Ch.6USH History Ch.6
USH History Ch.6
 
HISTORY YEAR 10: THE COURSE OF WORLD WAR 1
HISTORY YEAR 10: THE COURSE OF WORLD WAR 1HISTORY YEAR 10: THE COURSE OF WORLD WAR 1
HISTORY YEAR 10: THE COURSE OF WORLD WAR 1
 
World war i ppt
World war i pptWorld war i ppt
World war i ppt
 

Dernier

Ultra structure and life cycle of Plasmodium.pptx
Ultra structure and life cycle of Plasmodium.pptxUltra structure and life cycle of Plasmodium.pptx
Ultra structure and life cycle of Plasmodium.pptxDr. Asif Anas
 
Patient Counselling. Definition of patient counseling; steps involved in pati...
Patient Counselling. Definition of patient counseling; steps involved in pati...Patient Counselling. Definition of patient counseling; steps involved in pati...
Patient Counselling. Definition of patient counseling; steps involved in pati...raviapr7
 
KARNAADA.pptx made by - saransh dwivedi ( SD ) - SHALAKYA TANTRA - ENT - 4...
KARNAADA.pptx  made by -  saransh dwivedi ( SD ) -  SHALAKYA TANTRA - ENT - 4...KARNAADA.pptx  made by -  saransh dwivedi ( SD ) -  SHALAKYA TANTRA - ENT - 4...
KARNAADA.pptx made by - saransh dwivedi ( SD ) - SHALAKYA TANTRA - ENT - 4...M56BOOKSTORE PRODUCT/SERVICE
 
How to Show Error_Warning Messages in Odoo 17
How to Show Error_Warning Messages in Odoo 17How to Show Error_Warning Messages in Odoo 17
How to Show Error_Warning Messages in Odoo 17Celine George
 
Protein Structure - threading Protein modelling pptx
Protein Structure - threading Protein modelling pptxProtein Structure - threading Protein modelling pptx
Protein Structure - threading Protein modelling pptxvidhisharma994099
 
How to Make a Field read-only in Odoo 17
How to Make a Field read-only in Odoo 17How to Make a Field read-only in Odoo 17
How to Make a Field read-only in Odoo 17Celine George
 
3.26.24 Race, the Draft, and the Vietnam War.pptx
3.26.24 Race, the Draft, and the Vietnam War.pptx3.26.24 Race, the Draft, and the Vietnam War.pptx
3.26.24 Race, the Draft, and the Vietnam War.pptxmary850239
 
How to Manage Cross-Selling in Odoo 17 Sales
How to Manage Cross-Selling in Odoo 17 SalesHow to Manage Cross-Selling in Odoo 17 Sales
How to Manage Cross-Selling in Odoo 17 SalesCeline George
 
CapTechU Doctoral Presentation -March 2024 slides.pptx
CapTechU Doctoral Presentation -March 2024 slides.pptxCapTechU Doctoral Presentation -March 2024 slides.pptx
CapTechU Doctoral Presentation -March 2024 slides.pptxCapitolTechU
 
5 charts on South Africa as a source country for international student recrui...
5 charts on South Africa as a source country for international student recrui...5 charts on South Africa as a source country for international student recrui...
5 charts on South Africa as a source country for international student recrui...CaraSkikne1
 
Clinical Pharmacy Introduction to Clinical Pharmacy, Concept of clinical pptx
Clinical Pharmacy  Introduction to Clinical Pharmacy, Concept of clinical pptxClinical Pharmacy  Introduction to Clinical Pharmacy, Concept of clinical pptx
Clinical Pharmacy Introduction to Clinical Pharmacy, Concept of clinical pptxraviapr7
 
DUST OF SNOW_BY ROBERT FROST_EDITED BY_ TANMOY MISHRA
DUST OF SNOW_BY ROBERT FROST_EDITED BY_ TANMOY MISHRADUST OF SNOW_BY ROBERT FROST_EDITED BY_ TANMOY MISHRA
DUST OF SNOW_BY ROBERT FROST_EDITED BY_ TANMOY MISHRATanmoy Mishra
 
SOLIDE WASTE in Cameroon,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,.pptx
SOLIDE WASTE in Cameroon,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,.pptxSOLIDE WASTE in Cameroon,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,.pptx
SOLIDE WASTE in Cameroon,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,.pptxSyedNadeemGillANi
 
ARTICULAR DISC OF TEMPOROMANDIBULAR JOINT
ARTICULAR DISC OF TEMPOROMANDIBULAR JOINTARTICULAR DISC OF TEMPOROMANDIBULAR JOINT
ARTICULAR DISC OF TEMPOROMANDIBULAR JOINTDR. SNEHA NAIR
 
How to Add Existing Field in One2Many Tree View in Odoo 17
How to Add Existing Field in One2Many Tree View in Odoo 17How to Add Existing Field in One2Many Tree View in Odoo 17
How to Add Existing Field in One2Many Tree View in Odoo 17Celine George
 
Unveiling the Intricacies of Leishmania donovani: Structure, Life Cycle, Path...
Unveiling the Intricacies of Leishmania donovani: Structure, Life Cycle, Path...Unveiling the Intricacies of Leishmania donovani: Structure, Life Cycle, Path...
Unveiling the Intricacies of Leishmania donovani: Structure, Life Cycle, Path...Dr. Asif Anas
 
AUDIENCE THEORY -- FANDOM -- JENKINS.pptx
AUDIENCE THEORY -- FANDOM -- JENKINS.pptxAUDIENCE THEORY -- FANDOM -- JENKINS.pptx
AUDIENCE THEORY -- FANDOM -- JENKINS.pptxiammrhaywood
 
Department of Health Compounder Question ‍Solution 2022.pdf
Department of Health Compounder Question ‍Solution 2022.pdfDepartment of Health Compounder Question ‍Solution 2022.pdf
Department of Health Compounder Question ‍Solution 2022.pdfMohonDas
 

Dernier (20)

Ultra structure and life cycle of Plasmodium.pptx
Ultra structure and life cycle of Plasmodium.pptxUltra structure and life cycle of Plasmodium.pptx
Ultra structure and life cycle of Plasmodium.pptx
 
Patient Counselling. Definition of patient counseling; steps involved in pati...
Patient Counselling. Definition of patient counseling; steps involved in pati...Patient Counselling. Definition of patient counseling; steps involved in pati...
Patient Counselling. Definition of patient counseling; steps involved in pati...
 
KARNAADA.pptx made by - saransh dwivedi ( SD ) - SHALAKYA TANTRA - ENT - 4...
KARNAADA.pptx  made by -  saransh dwivedi ( SD ) -  SHALAKYA TANTRA - ENT - 4...KARNAADA.pptx  made by -  saransh dwivedi ( SD ) -  SHALAKYA TANTRA - ENT - 4...
KARNAADA.pptx made by - saransh dwivedi ( SD ) - SHALAKYA TANTRA - ENT - 4...
 
How to Show Error_Warning Messages in Odoo 17
How to Show Error_Warning Messages in Odoo 17How to Show Error_Warning Messages in Odoo 17
How to Show Error_Warning Messages in Odoo 17
 
Prelims of Kant get Marx 2.0: a general politics quiz
Prelims of Kant get Marx 2.0: a general politics quizPrelims of Kant get Marx 2.0: a general politics quiz
Prelims of Kant get Marx 2.0: a general politics quiz
 
Protein Structure - threading Protein modelling pptx
Protein Structure - threading Protein modelling pptxProtein Structure - threading Protein modelling pptx
Protein Structure - threading Protein modelling pptx
 
How to Make a Field read-only in Odoo 17
How to Make a Field read-only in Odoo 17How to Make a Field read-only in Odoo 17
How to Make a Field read-only in Odoo 17
 
3.26.24 Race, the Draft, and the Vietnam War.pptx
3.26.24 Race, the Draft, and the Vietnam War.pptx3.26.24 Race, the Draft, and the Vietnam War.pptx
3.26.24 Race, the Draft, and the Vietnam War.pptx
 
How to Manage Cross-Selling in Odoo 17 Sales
How to Manage Cross-Selling in Odoo 17 SalesHow to Manage Cross-Selling in Odoo 17 Sales
How to Manage Cross-Selling in Odoo 17 Sales
 
Finals of Kant get Marx 2.0 : a general politics quiz
Finals of Kant get Marx 2.0 : a general politics quizFinals of Kant get Marx 2.0 : a general politics quiz
Finals of Kant get Marx 2.0 : a general politics quiz
 
CapTechU Doctoral Presentation -March 2024 slides.pptx
CapTechU Doctoral Presentation -March 2024 slides.pptxCapTechU Doctoral Presentation -March 2024 slides.pptx
CapTechU Doctoral Presentation -March 2024 slides.pptx
 
5 charts on South Africa as a source country for international student recrui...
5 charts on South Africa as a source country for international student recrui...5 charts on South Africa as a source country for international student recrui...
5 charts on South Africa as a source country for international student recrui...
 
Clinical Pharmacy Introduction to Clinical Pharmacy, Concept of clinical pptx
Clinical Pharmacy  Introduction to Clinical Pharmacy, Concept of clinical pptxClinical Pharmacy  Introduction to Clinical Pharmacy, Concept of clinical pptx
Clinical Pharmacy Introduction to Clinical Pharmacy, Concept of clinical pptx
 
DUST OF SNOW_BY ROBERT FROST_EDITED BY_ TANMOY MISHRA
DUST OF SNOW_BY ROBERT FROST_EDITED BY_ TANMOY MISHRADUST OF SNOW_BY ROBERT FROST_EDITED BY_ TANMOY MISHRA
DUST OF SNOW_BY ROBERT FROST_EDITED BY_ TANMOY MISHRA
 
SOLIDE WASTE in Cameroon,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,.pptx
SOLIDE WASTE in Cameroon,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,.pptxSOLIDE WASTE in Cameroon,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,.pptx
SOLIDE WASTE in Cameroon,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,.pptx
 
ARTICULAR DISC OF TEMPOROMANDIBULAR JOINT
ARTICULAR DISC OF TEMPOROMANDIBULAR JOINTARTICULAR DISC OF TEMPOROMANDIBULAR JOINT
ARTICULAR DISC OF TEMPOROMANDIBULAR JOINT
 
How to Add Existing Field in One2Many Tree View in Odoo 17
How to Add Existing Field in One2Many Tree View in Odoo 17How to Add Existing Field in One2Many Tree View in Odoo 17
How to Add Existing Field in One2Many Tree View in Odoo 17
 
Unveiling the Intricacies of Leishmania donovani: Structure, Life Cycle, Path...
Unveiling the Intricacies of Leishmania donovani: Structure, Life Cycle, Path...Unveiling the Intricacies of Leishmania donovani: Structure, Life Cycle, Path...
Unveiling the Intricacies of Leishmania donovani: Structure, Life Cycle, Path...
 
AUDIENCE THEORY -- FANDOM -- JENKINS.pptx
AUDIENCE THEORY -- FANDOM -- JENKINS.pptxAUDIENCE THEORY -- FANDOM -- JENKINS.pptx
AUDIENCE THEORY -- FANDOM -- JENKINS.pptx
 
Department of Health Compounder Question ‍Solution 2022.pdf
Department of Health Compounder Question ‍Solution 2022.pdfDepartment of Health Compounder Question ‍Solution 2022.pdf
Department of Health Compounder Question ‍Solution 2022.pdf
 

WWI presentation

  • 1. Chapter 8: World War I 1914-1918 http://www.english.illinois.edu/maps/ww1/photoessay.htm
  • 2. Nationalism  Nationalism- extreme pride or devotion that a people feel for their country or culture.  This sense of nationalism in Europe arose during the unification of Germany and Italy in the 19th century.
  • 3. Nationalism (cont’d)  Europe has several ethnic groups that have extreme passion for their country or culture.  The Balkans was a very strained area due to many different ethnic groups.
  • 4. Imperialism  World Powers began acquiring territories that were considered to be socially primitive.  Countries typically used their imperialistic beliefs to further their country’s economic demands or spread religious views.
  • 5. Imperialism (cont’d)  Great Britain- the world’s largest empire with territories all over the world.  United States- acquired the Philippines, Puerto Rico, and Guam during the Spanish American War.
  • 6. Imperialism (cont’d)  France- territories in Africa, Asia, and South America.  Germany- territories in Africa and in the Baltics.  Austria- Hungary- Began acquiring territory from the collapsing Ottoman Empire.
  • 7. The World Prior to WWI http://www.alternatehistory.com/discussion/showthread.php?t=23357
  • 8. Militarism  Militarism- The policy of military preparedness and building up of weapons.  1900- Germany began building a navy that could compete with Great Britain’s.
  • 9. Militarism (cont’d)  Germany also began building up their army and supplied it’s military with the latest weaponry.  They also developed a plan to fight a two front war if one was to break out.  This plan was known as the Schlieffen Plan.
  • 10. The Schlieffen Plan  This plan was intended to defeat France on the Western quickly so they could get to the Eastern Front before the Russians could fully mobilize.
  • 12. Militarism (cont’d)  Along with Germany, other countries began building up their militaries.  With rising tensions they believed that the threat of large militaries would prevent war from breaking out.
  • 13. Alliance System  Alliance- an agreement between two or more countries.  Before WWI begins several countries begin forming alliances with one another.
  • 14. Alliance System  Triple Alliance- Germany, Austria- Hungary, Italy  Triple Entente- France, Great Britain, Russia
  • 15. Alliance System  European leaders believed that these alliances would create a balance of power and prevent war from breaking out.  They believed that one country would not attack another out of fear that the attacked nation’s allies would join the fight.
  • 16. The Fuse is Lit!  Austria-Hungary began to acquire the states of Bosnia and Herzegovina upon the collapse of the Ottoman Empire.  Many Serbians were opposed to the new regime.
  • 17. The Fuse is Lit!  The Black Hand- Serbian super nationalist group that planned to assassinate the Archduke of Austria-Hungary.  They believed this would lead to an independent Bosnia.  On June 28, 1914, Gavrilo Princip, a member of the Black Hand, fired the shot that killed Archduke Franz Ferdinand and his wife.
  • 18. Archduke Franz Gavrilo Princip Ferdinand http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gavrilo_Princip http://www.private-prague-guide.com/article/archduke-franz- ferdinand-of-austria-and-his-assassination-june-28-1914/
  • 19. Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:The_Assassination_of_the_Archduke_Franz_Ferdinand.jpg
  • 20. WWI Begins  The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand would spark the beginning of WWI.  Austria-Hungary declares war on Serbia after officials found out that the Black Hand had been supplemented by the Serbian government.
  • 21. WWI Begins  Serbia Slavs had an alliance with Russia, thus mobilizing the Russian Army.  Germany saw this has an act of war, and declared war on Russia.  Germany also declared war on France, an ally of Russia.
  • 22. WWI Begins  Germany, following the Schlieffen Plan, invades Belgium.  Germany’s invasions of Belgium forced Great Britain to join the war.
  • 23. The Sides are Set  With Great Britain joining the war, the Allied Powers were formed to oppose the Central Powers.  Allied Powers- Great Britain, France, and Russia  Central Powers- Germany, Austria- Hungary, and the Ottoman Empire
  • 25. A New Kind of Warfare  WWI brought about a new form of warfare on a scale never before seen in world history.  Early on, the French army was not prepared to fight against the German army.  The French were fighting in a traditional 18th and 19th method.
  • 26. A New Kind of Warfare  The German army was equipped with the newest technology in warfare: The Machine Gun.  A German machine gun had 50 to 100 times the firepower of one French rifle.  The French had nearly 15,000 deaths a day.
  • 27. WWI German Machine Gun http://boivieapedia.pbworks.com/w/page/8081157/World%20War%201
  • 28. The First Battle of Marne  Began on September 7, 1914  The German Army was within 25 miles of Paris, France.  Involved more than 2 million soldiers along a 125 mile battlefront.  French had pushed back the Germans 40 miles.  Over 250,000 lives were lost during the battle.
  • 30. Trench Warfare  Soldiers began building massive networks of trenches in order to protect themselves from artillery shells, machine gun fire, and grenades.  On the Western Front, over 400 miles of trenches were dug.  Soldiers lived in very harsh conditions.
  • 32. Trench Warfare  Soldiers would sleep, eat, and be treated for wounds or left for dead in the trenches.  Soldiers had to constantly be aware of the enemy.  Soldiers also stay below the trenches walls in order for them not to be killed.
  • 33. Trench Warfare  Trench warfare created a stalemate that would amount to great losses of life during WWI.  Commanders would order their troops out of the trench and would meet a barrage of machine gun fire.  “No Man’s Land” is where many soldiers would lost their lives.
  • 34. Birth of Modern Warfare Technology http://incredibleimages4u.blogspot.com/2011/04/tanks-used-for-first-time.html
  • 35. Birth of Modern Warfare Technology  The tank invented in 1915, was used to level areas in “no man’s land” and to enter enemy trenches.  Poison gas- invented in Germany and first used in WWI.  Chlorine gas would destroy the lungs of soldiers.  The use of the gas masks would make poison gas less effective.
  • 36. Birth of Modern Warfare Technology  The first time airplanes were used in warfare was during WWI.  Planes would get in air battles known as “dogfights.”  They would also harass the trenches by throwing bricks and other heavy things.  Airplanes were later mounted with machine guns.
  • 37. The Red Baron http://www.fotopedia.com/items/oGrgsfdBDZM-fXsT_zPkkQI http://hushkit.wordpress.com/2012/04/29/painting-the-sky-in-blood-2/
  • 38. The United States Prior to WWI  The United States had a strong tradition of isolationism.  When the war broke out America began leaning towards the allies because of the harsh war tactics of Germany.
  • 39. The United States Prior to WWI  Germany began using their U-boats as a weapon against the Allied powers.  The US traded primarily with Great Britain during early part of WWI, because of the naval blockade they had set up to prevent Germany from trading with other powers.  On May 1, 1915, the Lusitania, a British luxury liner carrying over 1900 passengers was torpedoed by a German U-Boat, killing 1200 people, including 128 Americans.
  • 42. US Entry into WWI  March 24, 1916- The Sussex was torpedoed once again by German U-boats.  Germany issued the Sussex Pledge, telling the US they will not torpedo any merchant ship without warning.
  • 43. US Entry into WWI In February of 1917, Germany reassumed unrestricted submarine warfare forcing the US to cutoff diplomatic relations. The Zimmerman Note would become another sticking point for the US to go to War.
  • 44. US Entry into WWI The Zimmerman note was a proposal by Arthur Zimmerman to Mexico to declare war on the US. Mexico was to reacquire its old provinces of Texas, New Mexico and Arizona. It was intercepted by the British and published in American newspapers.
  • 46. US Entry into WWI  The Zimmerman Note and unrestricted submarine warfare, along with the uncertainty of Russia remaining in the war, pressured Wilson to ask for a Declaration of War on April 2, 1917.  The United States joined the Allied Forces on April 6, 1917.
  • 47. Preparing for War  In order to raise an army for the war in Europe, Congress passed the Selective Service Act in May of 1917.  This required men between the ages of 21 and 30 to register to be drafted into the military.  If drafted, these men would enter training with little to nothing ready for them to be trained with or live in.
  • 48. Arriving in Europe The Americans that fought in Europe were known as the AEF (American Expeditionary Force) led by General John J. Pershing. To transport troops to Europe safely, the US used the convoy system, in which troop transports were surrounded by destroyers or cruisers for protection.
  • 49. General John J. Pershing http://www.old-picture.com/american-legacy/003/Pershing-General.htm
  • 51. Allied Setbacks  In November of 1917, the Bolsheviks took control of the Russian government.  The Bolsheviks were communists, people who seek equal distribution of wealth and the end of all private property.  Vladimir Lenin withdrew the Russian army from the Eastern Front and made peace with Germany, this allowed the Germans to focus all its forces on the Western Front.
  • 52. US Troops in Battle  US troops did not see action for nearly a year.  They were a major factor in WWI.  Helped defeat the Germans at Chateau-Thierry and Belleau Wood, which prevented the Germans from taking Paris.
  • 53. American Military Women  American women played a vital role in WWI.  Many French-speaking American woman would work as switchboard operators known as “Hello Girls.”  American women would also work as nurses, typist, bookkeepers, radio operators, electricians, and telegraphers.
  • 54. The War Comes to an End  In 1918, The Germans began to suffer crippling defeats in France.  The war had crippled the German economy and people began to suffer from starvation.  These same problems began to happen throughout the Central Powers and armies began to surrender.
  • 55. The War Comes to an End  On November 7, 1918, peace negotiations began between both sides.  The Germans were to surrender their aircraft, heavy artillery, tanks, and U- boats.  On November 11, 1918, the armistice was signed and the war was over.
  • 56. The War on the Home Front http://www.rainfall.com/posters/WWI/1069.htm
  • 57. The War on the Home Front  Liberty bonds were a type of loan that the US used for the war effort in Europe.  The effort to sell Liberty bonds were very intense.  Many celebrities, along with men in uniform, would hold large rallies in order to promote Liberty Bonds.
  • 58. Liberty Bond Rally on Wall St. http://www.flickr.com/photos/46317563@N04/favorites/page11/?view=lg
  • 59. Mobilizing the Economy In order to pay for the war, Congress passed the War Revenue Act of 1917. It increased taxes up to 77% on the wealthiest Americans. The US government also began regulating production, fuel, and food.
  • 60. Mobilizing the Economy  Congress created hundreds of administrative boards to regulate both industrial and agricultural production and distribution.  One of the most important boards created during WWI was the War Industries Board (WIB).  The WIB was headed by Wall Street business leader Bernard Baruch.  The WIB regulated all materials needed for the War in Europe.
  • 61. Mobilizing the Economy  Congress also began regulating food and fuel with the passage of the Lever Food and Fuel Act of 1917.  During the war, Herbert Hoover led the Food Administration and increased production three times as much as the US had produced prior to WWI.  The consumption of fuel and food was promoted with days such as “meatless Mondays” and “gasless Sundays.”
  • 63. Mobilizing Workers Businesses during the war saw large increases in profits during the war. This helped raise the wages of factory workers, however, the rising cost of food and housing barely helped those who worked. Work conditions became more hazardous but the urgency of war goods led to faster production. With the harsh conditions and long hours, labor union memberships increased 60% between 1916 and 1919.
  • 64. Mobilizing Workers  With the threat of strikes and stoppage in production, the Wilson administration created the National War Labor Board in 1918.  The NWLB acted as a mediator between the workers and management.  In the short time it existed, the NWLB handled 1200 cases involving over 700,000 workers.
  • 65. Mobilizing Workers  Women also played a vital role in America’s economy during WWI.  Women took jobs that were traditionally held by men, such as working on railroads, docks, and in factories.  Nearly 1 million women entered the workforce during WWI.  Women’s efforts did not go unrecognized. Women’s suffrage advocates used their efforts during the war to justify their right to vote.
  • 66. Women Workers During WWI http://atdetroit.net/forum/messages/6790/57392.html?1129598706
  • 67. Epidemic on the Home Front  In 1918 an influenza epidemic broke out in Europe and quickly spread to the United States.  Nearly half of the American soldiers that died during WWI lost their lives to the flu.  This influenza was like none that had ever been seen before.  By the time the influenza epidemic passed, nearly 675,000 Americans had lost their lives.
  • 69. Winning American’s Support for the War  Many Americans favored neutrality in the war in Europe and Wilson had to convince those to support the war effort after neutrality was broken.  Wilson created the Committee on Public Information (CPI) less that two weeks after declaring war on Germany.  Wilson appointed George Creel to run the CPI.
  • 70. Committee on Public Information  The CPI used propaganda- posters, newspaper stories, speeches, and other materials that were designed to influence people’s opinions about the war in Europe.  Creel hired the biggest movie stars of the time to speak on behalf of the war effort.  He also hired artist to create patriotic posters and pamphlets.  These worked extremely well and even began an anti-German sentiment in the US.
  • 72. Limiting Anti-War Speech  In 1917, Congress passed the Espionage Act, which punished those that aided the enemy or refused military service.  A year later Congress passed a related law known as the Sedition Act, which made it illegal for Americans to “utter, print, write, or publish any disloyal…or abusive language” criticizing the government, flag, or military.
  • 73. Limiting Anti-War Speech  Many believed these laws violated the First Amendment of the US Constitution.  Charles Schenck, arrested under the Espionage Act, for distributing 15,000 leaflets opposing the government’s war policies.  In Schenck v. United States, the Supreme Court upheld Schenck’s conviction, stating that things during wartime can cause problems for the government or endanger soldiers on the battlefield.
  • 74. “Peace Without Victory”  Before the war had ended Woodrow Wilson wanted a “just and lasting peace” so that the Great War would never happen again.  In January 1918, he gave his famous Fourteen Points speech, which outlined his plan for peace.
  • 75. Wilson’s Fourteen Points  The first four points called for open diplomacy, freedom of the seas, removal of trade barriers, and the reduction of military arms.  The fifth point proposed a fair system to resolve disputes over colonies.  The last eight points dealt with self- determination, or the right of the people to decide their own political status.  In the fourteenth point, Wilson called for the establishment of a League of Nations.
  • 76. Paris Peace Conference The Paris Peace conference began on January 12, 1919. It had leaders from 32 countries including the Big Four. The Big Four consisted of President Woodrow Wilson, British Prime Minister David Lloyd George, French Premier Georges Clemenceau, and Italian Prime Minister Vittorio Orlando.
  • 78. Paris Peace Conference  Wilson had a vision of nations dealing with each other openly and trade fairly, while many other Allied Powers wanted to punish Germany for its role in the war.  Other countries such as Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia , and Poland wanted their independence.  Eventually the Allied Powers reached an agreement and presented their peace treaty to Germany in May 1919.
  • 79. The Treaty of Versailles (1919) The Treaty of Versailles called for Germany to accept sole responsibility for the war. It also called for Germany to pay massive reparations for damages caused during the war and it limited the size of the German army. It called for the establishment of a League of Nations. It called for the Central Powers to give all of their colonies to the Allies.
  • 80. The Fight over the Treaty The fight to ratify the Treaty of Versailles in Congress became very difficult for Wilson. Their were three specific groups in Congress; Democrats who supported immediate ratification, Irreconcilables, who urged the outright rejection of the treaty, and the Reservationist, who demanded changes to the treaty.
  • 81. The Fight over the Treaty Senator Henry Cabot Lodge, head of the Committee of Foreign Relations, led the reservationist in Congress. The reservationist believed that the use of US military force was unnecessary to carry out the League’s decisions. This caused Wilson to go on an 8,000 mile cross country trip to promote the people to pressure the Republicans to ratify the treaty.
  • 82. The Fight over the Treaty  The treaty’s ratification was ultimately rejected once in November 1919 and again in March of 1920.  The United States would not join the newly created League of Nations.  The United States also signed a separate peace treaties with Germany after the Treaty of Versailles was rejected.
  • 83. The Impact of WWI At the end of WWI, nearly 14 million people had lost their lives. 7 million people were permanently disabled. It was the most expensive war in world history to that point in time ($280 Billion).
  • 84. The Impact of WWI  Political- Led to overthrow of monarchies in Russia, Austria Hungary, Germany, and the Ottoman Empire.  Economic-It devastated European economies, however, the US became the world’s leading economic power.
  • 85. The Impact of WWI  Social- The impact of women in the workforce led to the ratification of the 19th Amendment in 1920 giving women the right to vote. African-American populations began to move to northern cities thus causing race relation changes in the US.
  • 86. The Impact of WWI  Impact in Europe- Countries had nearly lost entire generations of men. France was in ruins, Great Britain's debt to the US was great, and the reparations imposed on Germany crippled their economy. It left to many issues unresolved in Europe. It would not be the “war to end all wars. ”