2. 1.
2.
The need of clinicians to refer to old films
in order to observe the course of disease
processes.
Possibility of litigation and likely
requirement of having to produce films
as evidence in any subsequent court
case.

3. The recommended minimum time limits
for medical records, including
radiographs, should be kept for;
1. Ultrasound (obstetric) – 25 years.
2. Paediatric- until patient‘s 25th birthday or
8 years after last visit if longer.
3. All others – 8 years.
So large storage space is required.

4. A large-film-format storage area divided
into;
1.
2.
Current store-for films up to 3 years.
Archive store- for films over 3 years old,
which are used less frequently.

5. Storage area design specification;
 Shelving;
1. Fixed shelving racks are preferable to
mobile ones.
2. Shelving should metal construction (fire
safety).

6. Considerations contributing to store design.
1. Adequate ventilation.
2. Satisfactory illumination.
3. Dust-free environment.
4. Automatic smoke detectors.
5. Secure locks, especially if the store is
remote from the department.

7. 
1.
2.

Copying a full-sized radiograph onto a
small-format film such as;
35x35 mm (microfilm or microfiche).
100x100 mm of the reversal type thus
producing a negative image just like the
original.
The equipment for miniaturization may be
purchased or contract for miniaturizing
radiographs may be given to commercial
who will do filming either on or off the
premises.

9. 



There is special film reader, which will
project onto screen an image similar in
size to the original radiograph.
It possible to produce large copies
(35x43 cm) from miniature film if required
by using special film enlarger.
A series of images relating to any one
patient is called microfiche.
Storage cabinets are available have
capacity for storing up 3500 microfiche.

10. 1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Huge saving in valuable space.
Versatility. Films are small enough to be
field in cabinets or with patient’s note.
The original large films can be released
for silver recovery.
No expensive larger film bag.
Miniature-format film has a guaranteed
archival permanence for 25 years.
Film can be field easily in an automatic
film-retrieval system.

11. 1.
2.
3.
Large initial cost.
Need to provide film reader.
Reluctance on the part of some
clinicians to accept change.

12. 
Film digitization is a process by which the
analogue optical densities present in a
radiographic image are converted into
discrete picture elements (pixels), each
of which will have a digital value whose
magnitude depends on the original film
density at point sample.

14. X-ray film digitizer and workstation

15. 
1.
2.
The methods available for storing digital
image data may be categorized into;
Short-term data (on line) storage,
provided by hard disk drive.
Long-term (off-line or archival)storage),
the most common method of archival
storage of digital data is optical disk.

16. Any electronic network set up
to receive , archive and transmit
digital images to another area is
known as PACS
One of most significant benefits of working with digitized images is the opportunity
to transmit the images over short or long distances using local area networks (LANs)
or telephone lines (teleradiography), so that can be displayed on remote diagnostic
workstation.

17. • Images instantly available – real time.
• Radiologist and Physician can review same image
at the same time.
• Immediate magnification.
• No film processing.
• Burn images to a CD and take to referring hospital.
• Radiologist can review from anywhere; offshore?
• ED “Digital” Sticky Note - Radiologist can type note
right on image telephone call is not required.