3. Outline of Presentations
What is GIS ?
How GIS Representation Geographic data ?
How data are stored in ArcGIS ?
GIS Maps
GIS Analyze Process
What is ArcGIS ?
Planning a GIS Project
8. A geographic information system (GIS) is a system designed to
Gathering, Storing, Updating, Manipulating, Analyzing and
present all types of spatial or geographical data.
A geographic information system (GIS) is a computer-based tool
that analyzes, stores, manipulates and visualizes geographic
information on a map.
GIS allows you to view, understand, question, interpret and
visualize data in many ways in form of maps, reports and charts.
A GIS helps you answer questions and solve problems by looking
at your data in a way that is quickly understood and easily
shared.
Briefly GIS mean Making Smart Maps can Talk to You
Then GIS is
9. Different groups of people (general public, planners, teachers, scientists)
can find a different definition useful.
“GIS is much more than a container of maps in digital form”.
“A GIS is a computerized tool for solving geographic problems”
“GIS is a spatial decision support system”
“GIS is a method for revealing patterns and processes in geographic
information”
“GIS is a tool to automate time-consuming tasks that are too tedious or
expensive or inaccurate if performed by hand”
“GIS is a collection of computer hardware, software, and geographic
data for capturing, managing, analyzing, and displaying all forms of
geographically referenced information.”
There are a number of definitions of GIS :
10. A Geographic Information System is not only about computers,
software and electronic data.
A GIS is an organized collection of :
Hardware
Software
Network
Data
Procedures
And people!
GIS Not Software only!
14. Two components of geographic data
Spatial Data: representation of geographic features associated
with real-world locations
Says where the feature is
Co-ordinate based
Stored in files and managed by the GIS software
Attribute Data (non Spatial) : descriptive information
Says what a feature is .
like : statistics, text, images, sound, etc.
Stored in tables and managed by an RDBMS (relational database
management system)
Geographic Data
15. Geographic data models
Two main models for geographic data
Vector data: Discrete features
three feature types
points/nodes (single x,y locations)
lines/arcs (linear string of x,y locations)
areas/polygons (closed string of x,y locations)
zones or areas
Raster data : A continuous surface
Rectangular array of cells or pixel
16. Geographic data models
Other models :
Surfaces for 3D visualization
Networks (geometric, transportation)
19. All data store in the genius
GIS Container
“Geo-Database”
20. What is a geodatabase?
ArcGIS geodatabase is a collection of geographic
datasets of various types held in a common file
system folder, a Microsoft Access database, or a
multiuser relational DBMS
The geodatabase contains
three primary dataset types:
Feature classes
Raster datasets
Tables
21. Types of geodatabases
There are three types of GDB:
Personal Geodatabase
Single user editing / multiple readers
Stored in MS Access
Size limit of 2 GB
File Geodatabase
Single user editing / multiple readers
1 TB per table
Reduced storage requirements
ArcSDE Geodatabase
Stored in an Enterprise DBMS
Supports multiuser editing via versioning
Requires ArcEditor or ArcInfo to edit
22. An overview of geodatabase design
How the geographic features are to be represented for each
theme (for example, as points, lines, polygons, or rasters) along
with their tabular attributes
How the data will be organized into datasets, such as feature
classes, attributes, raster datasets, and so forth
What additional spatial and database elements will be needed
for integrity rules, for implementing rich GIS behavior (such as
topologies, networks, subtypes and raster catalogs), and
defining spatial and attribute relationships between datasets
23. Geodatabase Workflow
Create Schema
Import / Load data
Pre-process data to store geodatabase behaviors
Create geodatabase behaviors ( subtypes, domain,…)
Apply behaviors
Create topology or geometric network
Create connectivity rules for networks
Use and edit in ArcMap
Feature and attribute validation
Backtrack to create needed schemas if necessary
27. A geological map is a Unique
Values Map based on
categorical data representing
different formations, or other
geological units
This maps have fixed scale
27
Ordinary Maps
28. GIS organizes the world into ‘layers’ of
geographic objects that are alike.
Each map Composed of a series of layers
drawn in a particular order.
Each layer is used to display and work
with a specific GIS dataset.
Layer references the data stored in
geodatabases
Layer defines how a GIS dataset is
symbolized and labeled in your map views
28
GIS Maps
29. Advantage of GIS maps:
Composed of a series of layers.
Dynamic Scale
Dynamic Labels, Annotations
Symbols associated with Data
Variable not fixed
29
GIS Maps
34. Analyzing GIS data
The true power of a GIS lies in its ability to
analyze geospatial data
Why analysis ?
Gain more information than with visualization
Answer questions about your data
Use for site selection
Make better decisions
Derive new data that contains new
information
36. Analyzing GIS data
The most commonly used GIS tools
Overlay and proximity
Table management
Surface creation
Spatial and nonspatial statistics
Selection and extraction
37. Analyzing GIS data
Overlay analysis
One of the most basic questions asked of a
GIS is "What's on top of what?"
41. Analyzing GIS data
Table analysis and management
Creating GIS data from tables
Joining tables
Making features from tables
Analysis of tabular data
Finding how many
Looking at the distribution of values
Counting records
Management of tabular data
Calculating values
Joining tables
Attribute indexes
Subtypes and attribute domains
Table views
Pivoting a table
Raster tables
43. Analyzing GIS data
Statistical analysis
Spatial statistics tools that allow
you to discover and characterize
geographic patterns and are
described in Statistical analysis,
along with standard nonspatial
statistical tools, such as minimum,
maximum, sum, frequency, mean,
and standard deviation
45. Analyzing GIS data
Selecting and Extracting data
GIS datasets often contain much
more data than you need, and a
common set of tasks is to reduce or
extract data from larger, more
complex datasets
There are several methods available
to reduce or extract data from
larger, more complex datasets
Feature-based extraction
Raster-based extraction
Feature-based extraction
Selecting features
Clipping features
Dissolving features
Raster-based extraction
Raster data extraction tools
include tools that simplify
complex or noisy data and tools
that create a spatial subset or
sample of a raster.
53. ArcMap
ArcMap is the main application
used in ArcGIS for Desktop for
mapping, editing, analysis, and
data management.
ArcMap is used for all 2D
mapping work and visualization.
ArcMap displays map contents in
one of two views:
Data view
Layout view
55. ArcMap
Map layers
Within the data frame, you display
geographic datasets as layers, where
each layer represents a particular
dataset overlaid in the map.
each layer's map symbols, colors, and
labels help describe the objects in
the map
A layer doesn't store the actual
geographic data. Instead, it
references a dataset, such as a
feature class, an image, a grid, and
so on
56. ArcMap
The Table of Contents
Lists all the layers on the map and
shows what the features in each
layer represent.
The check box next to each
layer indicates whether its
display is currently turned on
or off.
The order of layers within the
table of contents specifies
their drawing order in the data
frame.
57. ArcMap
The Catalog Window
used to organize and manage various
types of geographic information as
logical collections—for example, the
data, maps, and results of your
current GIS projects that you work
with in ArcGIS.
provides a tree view of file
folders and geodatabases.
The order of layers within the
table of contents specifies their
drawing order in the data frame.
58. ArcCatalog
The ArcCatalog application provides
a catalog window.
ArcCatalog is used to:
Organize your GIS contents
Manage geodatabase schemas
Search for and add content to
ArcGIS applications
Document your contents
Manage GIS servers
Manage standards-based metadata
59. ArcToolbox
The ArcToolbox window
contains shortcuts to
toolboxes.
Toolboxes can be a file (.tbx) in
a folder or an item in a
geodatabase.
Tool types
Built-in tool
Model tool
Script tool
61. Steps in a GIS Project
Define the field of activity
Identify your objectives “What information do you need”
Assembling data “paper maps, digital files, remote sensing/satellite, fieldwork”
Preprocessing “preparation of data”
Create a Geodatabase “ features, relations, domain, ….”
Digitizing features on a surface
Analysis
Product Generation “graphics (maps and charts), tabular reports”
Planning a GIS Project