NO1 Top Black Magic Specialist In Lahore Black magic In Pakistan Kala Ilam Ex...
Redone final project
1.
2. • A probe is a spacecraft that travels through space
to collect science information. Probes do not
have astronauts. Probes send data back to Earth
for scientists to study.
• Many probes study Earth or measure properties
of space. Other probes use telescopes or other
instruments to study planets, stars, and galaxies
that are far away.
• Probes that travel to other planets have changed
from simple machines that could study a few
features of a planet to sophisticated probes that
travel great distances to study a wide range of
features on planets, moons, asteroids and
comets. We tend to call these more sophisticated
probes spacecraft, orbiters, landers and rovers.
3. • Space probes typically carry an instrument package
based on the mission, communication equipment to
transmit the data and a guidance system.
• On-board power comes from batteries or fuel cells
for short missions, solar panels for researching the
inner planets or a small nuclear reactor for travel to
the outer planets. In some cases, a gravitational
slingshot can help accelerate the probe by using the
attractive force of another body, such as a moon, to
pull the probe toward its destination.
• On arrival, space probes can fly by their destination,
making observations as they travel, go into orbit or
descend to the surface. Sometimes, a probe orbits
for a period of time and then, as its mission ends, it
crashes into the planet, transmitting data until it is
destroyed.
• Because they are unmanned, space probes have
some real advantages. They can measure data in
very hostile environments, such as the hot surface
of Venus or the methane lakes on Titan, Saturn's
largest moon. They can make very long voyages
without critical life support resources, such as
oxygen, water and food.
4. 1. Sensors, for navigation and to perform
the scientific mission.
2. Attitude thrusters, to point the space
probe to a specific place.
3. Main engine - for velocity changes
4. Communications - to send data to earth
and receive instructions.
5. 'Science packages' - any custom
onboard systems for doing the science
mission, such as the deployed aerogel
panels for catching comet dust particles a
few years ago. After their exposure, they
had to be retracted for re-entry
Enormous saucer shaped dishes have been
built around the world to send messages to
these space probes. The DSN(deep space
network) of each dish maybe 200ft across.
5. • 1.Voyagers 1 and 2
(launched 1977)
• 2. Viking 1 and 2 (1975)
• 3.Galileo (1989)
• 4.Cassini-Huygens (1997)
• 5.Magellan (1989)
• 6.Venera 9 (1975)
• 7. Mars rovers (2003)
• 8.Mars Express (2003)
• 9.Pioneers 10 and 11 (1972,
1973)
• 10.NEAR (1996)
GALILEO – 1989
FLEW TO JUPITER
FIRST TO ENTER INTO ORBIT
AROUND JUPITER TO MAKE A LONG
TERM DETAILED STUDY OF JUPITER
AND ITS MOONS.
MARS ROVERS – 2003
MISSION TO MARS
HAS DISCOVERED THAT ONCE
THERE WAS LIQUID WATER ON MARS
IN THE PAST.
MARS EXPRESS – 2003
MISSION TO MARS
THE MARS EXPRESS ORBITER HAS
BEEN HIGHLY SUCCESSFUL SINCE IT
WENT INTO MARS ORBIT.
IT HAS RETURNED 3D IMAGERY OF
THE MARTIAN SURFACE.
6. • A fly-by probe makes its
observations as it passes a celestial
body from a distance.
• The easiest and least expensive
missions to other planetary bodies .
The amount of information these
missions send back to Earth is
limited.
• Examples: Luna 3 was the first
spacecraft to view the far side of
the Moon. Mariner 4 was launched
November 28, 1964, to take the first
close-up observations of the planet
Mars.
7. • It is a space probe that orbits the planet or
moon in a a specific orbit for an extended
period of time.
• Two main advantages- First, the entire
surface of a planet may be observed within a
few weeks or months. Second, an orbiting
spacecraft may make repeated observations
of the same area, thereby recording any
changes that may have taken place on the
planet.
• Examples: Mariner 9 was launched May 30,
1971. On November 13 it went into orbit
around Mars.
• November 7, 1996, Mars Global Surveyor's
primary mission was to perform a
comprehensive study of the Red Planet over
the course of one Martian year (about 687
Earth days).
8. • A lander is a spacecraft which
descends toward and comes to
rest on the surface of an
astronomical body.
• After the soft landing the probe
stays active
• Although much can be learned
about the surface of a planet from
orbiting spacecraft, detailed
observations must be made on
the surface.
• Examples: Five Surveyor
spacecraft landed on the Moon
between July 2, 1966, and January
10, 1968. Two Viking spacecraft
landed on the surface of Mars in
1976.
9. • A Rover is a robot vehicle with wheels
or treads that roams across the
surface, carried by the lander. Its
advantage is that it is not confined to
one spot.
• Crewed missions or robotic rovers
provide not only mobility but also the
capability to do complex tasks and
make intelligent and selective
observations.
• Examples: Two Soviet mobile vehicles,
the Lunokhods, have landed on the
Moon, one in November 1970 and the
other in January, 1973. The six Apollo
lunar landing missions demonstrated
the value of manned exploration of
planetary surfaces.
10. • AKATSUKI
• JUNO
• DAWN
• NEW HORIZONS
• ROSETTA
• CASSINI
• HAYABUSA-2
• MOM(MARS ORBITER MISSION)
• CURIOSITY
• VOYAGER 1
• VOYAGER2
• HUBBLE SPACE TELESCOPE
InSight (Interior Exploration using Seismic Investigations,
Geodesy and Heat Transport) is a NASA Mars mission
consisting of a single lander. It will use sophisticated
geophysical instruments to investigate the red planet’s
interior. The data collected by InSight may help scientists
understand how the terrestrial planets formed. Scheduled for
March 2016, the mission launch date was postponed due to
issues with the seismometer. It will be at least two years
(2018) before the next available launch window because of the
relative positions of the planets.
11. • The Akatsuki spacecraft, also known as
the Venus Climate Orbiter (VCO),
captured this image of Venus on
December 6, 2015
• Launched by the Japan Aerospace
Exploration Agency (JAXA) in May 2010,
the spacecraft arrived at Venus seven
months later.. VCO flew by the planet and
circled the Sun for five years before
JAXA was finally able to place it into an
alternative elliptical Venusian orbit on
December 7, 2015.
• In August 2015, NASA announced the
next potential flyby candidate for the New
Horizons spacecraft. Named 2014 MU69,
this Kuiper Belt object (KBO) orbits
nearly a billion miles beyond Pluto.
• New Horizons is the first spacecraft to
explore Pluto and its moons. It is
scheduled to make its closest approach
to Pluto on Tuesday, July 14, 2015
• The Mars Atmosphere and Volatile
EvolutioN (MAVEN) spacecraft is the first
to study the red planet’s upper
atmosphere. It arrived at Mars in 2014
and will complete its primary science
mission on November 16, 2015.
