Soumettre la recherche
Mettre en ligne
Biology in Focus - Chapter 19
•
Télécharger en tant que PPT, PDF
•
26 j'aime
•
19,355 vues
M
mpattani
Suivre
Biology in Focus - Chapter 19 - Descent with Modification
Lire moins
Lire la suite
Sciences
Signaler
Partager
Signaler
Partager
1 sur 103
Télécharger maintenant
Recommandé
Biology in Focus - Chapter 22
Biology in Focus - Chapter 22
mpattani
Biology in Focus - Chapter 23
Biology in Focus - Chapter 23
mpattani
Biology in Focus - Chapter 41
Biology in Focus - Chapter 41
mpattani
Biology in Focus - Chapter 21
Biology in Focus - Chapter 21
mpattani
Biology in Focus - Chapter 17
Biology in Focus - Chapter 17
mpattani
Biology in Focus - Chapter 12
Biology in Focus - Chapter 12
mpattani
Biology in Focus - Chapter 20
Biology in Focus - Chapter 20
mpattani
Biology in Focus - Chapter 43
Biology in Focus - Chapter 43
mpattani
Recommandé
Biology in Focus - Chapter 22
Biology in Focus - Chapter 22
mpattani
Biology in Focus - Chapter 23
Biology in Focus - Chapter 23
mpattani
Biology in Focus - Chapter 41
Biology in Focus - Chapter 41
mpattani
Biology in Focus - Chapter 21
Biology in Focus - Chapter 21
mpattani
Biology in Focus - Chapter 17
Biology in Focus - Chapter 17
mpattani
Biology in Focus - Chapter 12
Biology in Focus - Chapter 12
mpattani
Biology in Focus - Chapter 20
Biology in Focus - Chapter 20
mpattani
Biology in Focus - Chapter 43
Biology in Focus - Chapter 43
mpattani
Biology in Focus - Chapter 10
Biology in Focus - Chapter 10
mpattani
Biology in Focus - Chapter 42
Biology in Focus - Chapter 42
mpattani
Biology in Focus - Chapter 24
Biology in Focus - Chapter 24
mpattani
Biology in Focus - Chapter 15
Biology in Focus - Chapter 15
mpattani
Biology in Focus - Chapter 11
Biology in Focus - Chapter 11
mpattani
Biology in Focus - Chapter 27
Biology in Focus - Chapter 27
mpattani
Biology in Focus - Chapter 9
Biology in Focus - Chapter 9
mpattani
Biology in Focus - Chapter 14
Biology in Focus - Chapter 14
mpattani
Biology in Focus Chapter 5
Biology in Focus Chapter 5
mpattani
Biology in Focus - Chapter 40
Biology in Focus - Chapter 40
mpattani
Biology in Focus - Chapter 39
Biology in Focus - Chapter 39
mpattani
Biology in Focus Chapter 4
Biology in Focus Chapter 4
mpattani
Biology in Focus - Chapter 18
Biology in Focus - Chapter 18
mpattani
Biology in Focus - Chapter 25
Biology in Focus - Chapter 25
mpattani
Biology in Focus - Chapter 13
Biology in Focus - Chapter 13
mpattani
Biology in Focus - Chapter 8
Biology in Focus - Chapter 8
mpattani
Biology in Focus - Chapter 16
Biology in Focus - Chapter 16
mpattani
Biology in Focus - Chapter 31
Biology in Focus - Chapter 31
mpattani
Biology in Focus - Chapter 29
Biology in Focus - Chapter 29
mpattani
Biology in Focus Chapter 3
Biology in Focus Chapter 3
mpattani
Ap Viruses
Ap Viruses
smithbio
19 - Viruses
19 - Viruses
kindarspirit
Contenu connexe
Tendances
Biology in Focus - Chapter 10
Biology in Focus - Chapter 10
mpattani
Biology in Focus - Chapter 42
Biology in Focus - Chapter 42
mpattani
Biology in Focus - Chapter 24
Biology in Focus - Chapter 24
mpattani
Biology in Focus - Chapter 15
Biology in Focus - Chapter 15
mpattani
Biology in Focus - Chapter 11
Biology in Focus - Chapter 11
mpattani
Biology in Focus - Chapter 27
Biology in Focus - Chapter 27
mpattani
Biology in Focus - Chapter 9
Biology in Focus - Chapter 9
mpattani
Biology in Focus - Chapter 14
Biology in Focus - Chapter 14
mpattani
Biology in Focus Chapter 5
Biology in Focus Chapter 5
mpattani
Biology in Focus - Chapter 40
Biology in Focus - Chapter 40
mpattani
Biology in Focus - Chapter 39
Biology in Focus - Chapter 39
mpattani
Biology in Focus Chapter 4
Biology in Focus Chapter 4
mpattani
Biology in Focus - Chapter 18
Biology in Focus - Chapter 18
mpattani
Biology in Focus - Chapter 25
Biology in Focus - Chapter 25
mpattani
Biology in Focus - Chapter 13
Biology in Focus - Chapter 13
mpattani
Biology in Focus - Chapter 8
Biology in Focus - Chapter 8
mpattani
Biology in Focus - Chapter 16
Biology in Focus - Chapter 16
mpattani
Biology in Focus - Chapter 31
Biology in Focus - Chapter 31
mpattani
Biology in Focus - Chapter 29
Biology in Focus - Chapter 29
mpattani
Biology in Focus Chapter 3
Biology in Focus Chapter 3
mpattani
Tendances
(20)
Biology in Focus - Chapter 10
Biology in Focus - Chapter 10
Biology in Focus - Chapter 42
Biology in Focus - Chapter 42
Biology in Focus - Chapter 24
Biology in Focus - Chapter 24
Biology in Focus - Chapter 15
Biology in Focus - Chapter 15
Biology in Focus - Chapter 11
Biology in Focus - Chapter 11
Biology in Focus - Chapter 27
Biology in Focus - Chapter 27
Biology in Focus - Chapter 9
Biology in Focus - Chapter 9
Biology in Focus - Chapter 14
Biology in Focus - Chapter 14
Biology in Focus Chapter 5
Biology in Focus Chapter 5
Biology in Focus - Chapter 40
Biology in Focus - Chapter 40
Biology in Focus - Chapter 39
Biology in Focus - Chapter 39
Biology in Focus Chapter 4
Biology in Focus Chapter 4
Biology in Focus - Chapter 18
Biology in Focus - Chapter 18
Biology in Focus - Chapter 25
Biology in Focus - Chapter 25
Biology in Focus - Chapter 13
Biology in Focus - Chapter 13
Biology in Focus - Chapter 8
Biology in Focus - Chapter 8
Biology in Focus - Chapter 16
Biology in Focus - Chapter 16
Biology in Focus - Chapter 31
Biology in Focus - Chapter 31
Biology in Focus - Chapter 29
Biology in Focus - Chapter 29
Biology in Focus Chapter 3
Biology in Focus Chapter 3
En vedette
Ap Viruses
Ap Viruses
smithbio
19 - Viruses
19 - Viruses
kindarspirit
Biology in Focus - Chapter 33
Biology in Focus - Chapter 33
mpattani
Biology in Focus - Chapter 7
Biology in Focus - Chapter 7
mpattani
Biology in Focus - Chapter 37
Biology in Focus - Chapter 37
mpattani
Biology in Focus - Chapter 36
Biology in Focus - Chapter 36
mpattani
Biology in Focus - Chapter 28
Biology in Focus - Chapter 28
mpattani
Biology in Focus - Chapter 35
Biology in Focus - Chapter 35
mpattani
Biology in Focus - Chapter 34
Biology in Focus - Chapter 34
mpattani
Biology in Focus - Chapter 30
Biology in Focus - Chapter 30
mpattani
Biology in Focus - Chapter 38
Biology in Focus - Chapter 38
mpattani
En vedette
(11)
Ap Viruses
Ap Viruses
19 - Viruses
19 - Viruses
Biology in Focus - Chapter 33
Biology in Focus - Chapter 33
Biology in Focus - Chapter 7
Biology in Focus - Chapter 7
Biology in Focus - Chapter 37
Biology in Focus - Chapter 37
Biology in Focus - Chapter 36
Biology in Focus - Chapter 36
Biology in Focus - Chapter 28
Biology in Focus - Chapter 28
Biology in Focus - Chapter 35
Biology in Focus - Chapter 35
Biology in Focus - Chapter 34
Biology in Focus - Chapter 34
Biology in Focus - Chapter 30
Biology in Focus - Chapter 30
Biology in Focus - Chapter 38
Biology in Focus - Chapter 38
Similaire à Biology in Focus - Chapter 19
22 lecture BIOL 1010-30 Gillette College
22 lecture BIOL 1010-30 Gillette College
deskam2
22 lecture descent_with_modification
22 lecture descent_with_modification
veneethmathew
Chapter 22 Campbell Biology Revolusi Darwinian
Chapter 22 Campbell Biology Revolusi Darwinian
AssesorSP073MarindaS
22 descent with modification a darwinian view
22 descent with modification a darwinian view
kindarspirit
Chapter 22 darwinian view
Chapter 22 darwinian view
zose4634
Unit 10 natural selection
Unit 10 natural selection
Olympus High School - Jeff Taylor
Theory of Evolution (G10).docx
Theory of Evolution (G10).docx
RodelSienes4
Ch 14 lecture
Ch 14 lecture
Roy Withers
Biology in Focus - Chapter 26
Biology in Focus - Chapter 26
mpattani
26lecturepresentation 160331224042
26lecturepresentation 160331224042
Cleophas Rwemera
Biology in Focus - Chapter 26
Biology in Focus - Chapter 26
mpattani
22lecturepresentation 100812183917-phpapp01
22lecturepresentation 100812183917-phpapp01
Cleophas Rwemera
project on Evolution
project on Evolution
Pradeep Ghora
Ap Chapter 22 Mechanisms Of Evolution
Ap Chapter 22 Mechanisms Of Evolution
smithbio
Evolution
Evolution
Mary Beth Smith
Biology - Chp 15 - Darwins Theory Of Evolution - PowerPoint
Biology - Chp 15 - Darwins Theory Of Evolution - PowerPoint
Mr. Walajtys
History and Usefulness of Evolution.pptx
History and Usefulness of Evolution.pptx
Maryam Riasat
ap22-Descent With Modification.ppt
ap22-Descent With Modification.ppt
JOEL CAMINO
Charles Darwin Natural Selection Essay
Charles Darwin Natural Selection Essay
Help With A Paper Provo
23lecturepresentation-160331121014.pdf
23lecturepresentation-160331121014.pdf
emmaespiritu2
Similaire à Biology in Focus - Chapter 19
(20)
22 lecture BIOL 1010-30 Gillette College
22 lecture BIOL 1010-30 Gillette College
22 lecture descent_with_modification
22 lecture descent_with_modification
Chapter 22 Campbell Biology Revolusi Darwinian
Chapter 22 Campbell Biology Revolusi Darwinian
22 descent with modification a darwinian view
22 descent with modification a darwinian view
Chapter 22 darwinian view
Chapter 22 darwinian view
Unit 10 natural selection
Unit 10 natural selection
Theory of Evolution (G10).docx
Theory of Evolution (G10).docx
Ch 14 lecture
Ch 14 lecture
Biology in Focus - Chapter 26
Biology in Focus - Chapter 26
26lecturepresentation 160331224042
26lecturepresentation 160331224042
Biology in Focus - Chapter 26
Biology in Focus - Chapter 26
22lecturepresentation 100812183917-phpapp01
22lecturepresentation 100812183917-phpapp01
project on Evolution
project on Evolution
Ap Chapter 22 Mechanisms Of Evolution
Ap Chapter 22 Mechanisms Of Evolution
Evolution
Evolution
Biology - Chp 15 - Darwins Theory Of Evolution - PowerPoint
Biology - Chp 15 - Darwins Theory Of Evolution - PowerPoint
History and Usefulness of Evolution.pptx
History and Usefulness of Evolution.pptx
ap22-Descent With Modification.ppt
ap22-Descent With Modification.ppt
Charles Darwin Natural Selection Essay
Charles Darwin Natural Selection Essay
23lecturepresentation-160331121014.pdf
23lecturepresentation-160331121014.pdf
Plus de mpattani
Fingerprints
Fingerprints
mpattani
CSI and Evidence Collection
CSI and Evidence Collection
mpattani
JonBenet Ramsey
JonBenet Ramsey
mpattani
Forensic Science Chapter 1 Vocabulary
Forensic Science Chapter 1 Vocabulary
mpattani
Perch dissection
Perch dissection
mpattani
Shark basics
Shark basics
mpattani
Sea star dissection
Sea star dissection
mpattani
Squid Dissection Prelab
Squid Dissection Prelab
mpattani
Reproductive System
Reproductive System
mpattani
Biology in Focus - Chapter 31
Biology in Focus - Chapter 31
mpattani
Chapter 7 - Marine Invertebrates
Chapter 7 - Marine Invertebrates
mpattani
Female mimicry
Female mimicry
mpattani
Epigenetics
Epigenetics
mpattani
Chapter 14 - The Digestive System
Chapter 14 - The Digestive System
mpattani
Plus de mpattani
(14)
Fingerprints
Fingerprints
CSI and Evidence Collection
CSI and Evidence Collection
JonBenet Ramsey
JonBenet Ramsey
Forensic Science Chapter 1 Vocabulary
Forensic Science Chapter 1 Vocabulary
Perch dissection
Perch dissection
Shark basics
Shark basics
Sea star dissection
Sea star dissection
Squid Dissection Prelab
Squid Dissection Prelab
Reproductive System
Reproductive System
Biology in Focus - Chapter 31
Biology in Focus - Chapter 31
Chapter 7 - Marine Invertebrates
Chapter 7 - Marine Invertebrates
Female mimicry
Female mimicry
Epigenetics
Epigenetics
Chapter 14 - The Digestive System
Chapter 14 - The Digestive System
Dernier
REVISTA DE BIOLOGIA E CIÊNCIAS DA TERRA ISSN 1519-5228 - Artigo_Bioterra_V24_...
REVISTA DE BIOLOGIA E CIÊNCIAS DA TERRA ISSN 1519-5228 - Artigo_Bioterra_V24_...
Universidade Federal de Sergipe - UFS
Pests of safflower_Binomics_Identification_Dr.UPR.pdf
Pests of safflower_Binomics_Identification_Dr.UPR.pdf
PirithiRaju
Radiation physics in Dental Radiology...
Radiation physics in Dental Radiology...
navyadasi1992
THE ROLE OF PHARMACOGNOSY IN TRADITIONAL AND MODERN SYSTEM OF MEDICINE.pptx
THE ROLE OF PHARMACOGNOSY IN TRADITIONAL AND MODERN SYSTEM OF MEDICINE.pptx
Nandakishor Bhaurao Deshmukh
《Queensland毕业文凭-昆士兰大学毕业证成绩单》
《Queensland毕业文凭-昆士兰大学毕业证成绩单》
rnrncn29
Vision and reflection on Mining Software Repositories research in 2024
Vision and reflection on Mining Software Repositories research in 2024
AyushiRastogi48
Pests of Blackgram, greengram, cowpea_Dr.UPR.pdf
Pests of Blackgram, greengram, cowpea_Dr.UPR.pdf
PirithiRaju
STOPPED FLOW METHOD & APPLICATION MURUGAVENI B.pptx
STOPPED FLOW METHOD & APPLICATION MURUGAVENI B.pptx
Murugaveni B
User Guide: Magellan MX™ Weather Station
User Guide: Magellan MX™ Weather Station
Columbia Weather Systems
BIOETHICS IN RECOMBINANT DNA TECHNOLOGY.
BIOETHICS IN RECOMBINANT DNA TECHNOLOGY.
PraveenaKalaiselvan1
Harmful and Useful Microorganisms Presentation
Harmful and Useful Microorganisms Presentation
tahreemzahra82
User Guide: Orion™ Weather Station (Columbia Weather Systems)
User Guide: Orion™ Weather Station (Columbia Weather Systems)
Columbia Weather Systems
Dubai Calls Girl Lisa O525547819 Lexi Call Girls In Dubai
Dubai Calls Girl Lisa O525547819 Lexi Call Girls In Dubai
kojalkojal131
Base editing, prime editing, Cas13 & RNA editing and organelle base editing
Base editing, prime editing, Cas13 & RNA editing and organelle base editing
NetHelix
(9818099198) Call Girls In Noida Sector 14 (NOIDA ESCORTS)
(9818099198) Call Girls In Noida Sector 14 (NOIDA ESCORTS)
riyaescorts54
CHROMATOGRAPHY PALLAVI RAWAT.pptx
CHROMATOGRAPHY PALLAVI RAWAT.pptx
pallavirawat456
User Guide: Pulsar™ Weather Station (Columbia Weather Systems)
User Guide: Pulsar™ Weather Station (Columbia Weather Systems)
Columbia Weather Systems
PROJECTILE MOTION-Horizontal and Vertical
PROJECTILE MOTION-Horizontal and Vertical
MAESTRELLAMesa2
Fertilization: Sperm and the egg—collectively called the gametes—fuse togethe...
Fertilization: Sperm and the egg—collectively called the gametes—fuse togethe...
D. B. S. College Kanpur
Davis plaque method.pptx recombinant DNA technology
Davis plaque method.pptx recombinant DNA technology
caarthichand2003
Dernier
(20)
REVISTA DE BIOLOGIA E CIÊNCIAS DA TERRA ISSN 1519-5228 - Artigo_Bioterra_V24_...
REVISTA DE BIOLOGIA E CIÊNCIAS DA TERRA ISSN 1519-5228 - Artigo_Bioterra_V24_...
Pests of safflower_Binomics_Identification_Dr.UPR.pdf
Pests of safflower_Binomics_Identification_Dr.UPR.pdf
Radiation physics in Dental Radiology...
Radiation physics in Dental Radiology...
THE ROLE OF PHARMACOGNOSY IN TRADITIONAL AND MODERN SYSTEM OF MEDICINE.pptx
THE ROLE OF PHARMACOGNOSY IN TRADITIONAL AND MODERN SYSTEM OF MEDICINE.pptx
《Queensland毕业文凭-昆士兰大学毕业证成绩单》
《Queensland毕业文凭-昆士兰大学毕业证成绩单》
Vision and reflection on Mining Software Repositories research in 2024
Vision and reflection on Mining Software Repositories research in 2024
Pests of Blackgram, greengram, cowpea_Dr.UPR.pdf
Pests of Blackgram, greengram, cowpea_Dr.UPR.pdf
STOPPED FLOW METHOD & APPLICATION MURUGAVENI B.pptx
STOPPED FLOW METHOD & APPLICATION MURUGAVENI B.pptx
User Guide: Magellan MX™ Weather Station
User Guide: Magellan MX™ Weather Station
BIOETHICS IN RECOMBINANT DNA TECHNOLOGY.
BIOETHICS IN RECOMBINANT DNA TECHNOLOGY.
Harmful and Useful Microorganisms Presentation
Harmful and Useful Microorganisms Presentation
User Guide: Orion™ Weather Station (Columbia Weather Systems)
User Guide: Orion™ Weather Station (Columbia Weather Systems)
Dubai Calls Girl Lisa O525547819 Lexi Call Girls In Dubai
Dubai Calls Girl Lisa O525547819 Lexi Call Girls In Dubai
Base editing, prime editing, Cas13 & RNA editing and organelle base editing
Base editing, prime editing, Cas13 & RNA editing and organelle base editing
(9818099198) Call Girls In Noida Sector 14 (NOIDA ESCORTS)
(9818099198) Call Girls In Noida Sector 14 (NOIDA ESCORTS)
CHROMATOGRAPHY PALLAVI RAWAT.pptx
CHROMATOGRAPHY PALLAVI RAWAT.pptx
User Guide: Pulsar™ Weather Station (Columbia Weather Systems)
User Guide: Pulsar™ Weather Station (Columbia Weather Systems)
PROJECTILE MOTION-Horizontal and Vertical
PROJECTILE MOTION-Horizontal and Vertical
Fertilization: Sperm and the egg—collectively called the gametes—fuse togethe...
Fertilization: Sperm and the egg—collectively called the gametes—fuse togethe...
Davis plaque method.pptx recombinant DNA technology
Davis plaque method.pptx recombinant DNA technology
Biology in Focus - Chapter 19
1.
CAMPBELL BIOLOGY IN
FOCUS © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Urry • Cain • Wasserman • Minorsky • Jackson • Reece Lecture Presentations by Kathleen Fitzpatrick and Nicole Tunbridge 19 Descent with Modification
2.
© 2014 Pearson
Education, Inc. Overview: Endless Forms Most Beautiful Lepidopteran insects (moths and butterflies) have many features in common including a juvenile feeding stage called a caterpillar Lepidopteran species also have many features that are distinct from each other in both the caterpillar and adult forms
3.
© 2014 Pearson
Education, Inc. Lepidopterans illustrate three key observations about life The fit between organisms and their environment The shared characteristics (unity) of life The diversity of life
4.
© 2014 Pearson
Education, Inc. Figure 19.1
5.
© 2014 Pearson
Education, Inc. A new era of biology began in 1859 when Charles Darwin published The Origin of Species The Origin of Species focused biologists’ attention on the great diversity of organisms
6.
© 2014 Pearson
Education, Inc. Darwin noted that current species are descendants of ancestral species Evolution can be defined by Darwin’s phrase descent with modification Evolution can be viewed as both a pattern and a process
7.
© 2014 Pearson
Education, Inc. Darwin’s revolutionary ideas had deep historical roots Concept 19.1: The Darwinian revolution challenged traditional views of a young Earth inhabited by unchanging species
8.
© 2014 Pearson
Education, Inc. Figure 19.2
9.
© 2014 Pearson
Education, Inc. Scala Naturae and Classification of Species The Greek philosopher Aristotle viewed species as fixed and arranged them on a scala naturae The Old Testament holds that species were individually designed by God and therefore perfect
10.
© 2014 Pearson
Education, Inc. Carolus Linnaeus interpreted organismal adaptations as evidence that the Creator had designed each species for a particular purpose Linnaeus was the founder of taxonomy, the branch of biology concerned with classifying organisms He developed the binomial format for naming species (for example, Homo sapiens)
11.
© 2014 Pearson
Education, Inc. Ideas About Change over Time The study of fossils helped to lay the groundwork for Darwin’s ideas Fossils are remains or traces of organisms from the past, usually found in sedimentary rock, which appears in layers or strata Video: Grand Canyon
12.
© 2014 Pearson
Education, Inc. Figure 19.3 Younger stratum with more recent fossils Older stratum with older fossils
13.
© 2014 Pearson
Education, Inc. Paleontology, the study of fossils, was largely developed by French scientist Georges Cuvier Cuvier speculated that each boundary between strata represents a catastrophe that destroyed many species
14.
© 2014 Pearson
Education, Inc. Geologists James Hutton and Charles Lyell perceived that changes in Earth’s surface can result from slow, continuous actions still operating today Lyell further proposed that the mechanisms of change are constant over time This view strongly influenced Darwin’s thinking
15.
© 2014 Pearson
Education, Inc. Lamarck’s Hypothesis of Evolution Lamarck hypothesized that species evolve through use and disuse of body parts and the inheritance of acquired characteristics The mechanisms he proposed are unsupported by evidence
16.
© 2014 Pearson
Education, Inc. Figure 19.4
17.
© 2014 Pearson
Education, Inc. Some doubt about the permanence of species preceded Darwin’s ideas Concept 19.2: Descent with modification by natural selection explains the adaptations of organisms and the unity and diversity of life
18.
© 2014 Pearson
Education, Inc. Darwin’s Research As a boy and into adulthood, Charles Darwin had a consuming interest in nature Darwin first studied medicine (unsuccessfully) and then theology at Cambridge University After graduating, he took an unpaid position as naturalist and companion to Captain Robert FitzRoy for a five-year around-the-world voyage on the Beagle
19.
© 2014 Pearson
Education, Inc. The Voyage of the Beagle During his travels on the Beagle, Darwin collected specimens of South American plants and animals He observed that fossils resembled living species from the same region, and living species resembled other species from nearby regions He experienced an earthquake in Chile and observed the uplift of rocks
20.
© 2014 Pearson
Education, Inc. Darwin was influenced by Lyell’s Principles of Geology and thought that Earth was more than 6,000 years old His interest in geographic distribution of species was kindled by a stop at the Galápagos Islands west of South America He hypothesized that species from South America had colonized the Galápagos and speciated on the islands
21.
© 2014 Pearson
Education, Inc. Video: Albatross Courtship Video: Boobies Courtship Video: Galápagos Islands Video: Marine Iguana Video: Sea Lion Video: Soaring Hawk Video: Tortoise
22.
© 2014 Pearson
Education, Inc. Figure 19.5 HMS Beagle at sea Darwin in 1840, after his return from the voyage NORTH AMERICA Malay ArchipelagoSOUTH AMERICA Great Britain ATLANTIC OCEAN PACIFIC OCEAN EUROPE AFRICA AUSTRALIA PACIFIC OCEAN Cape of Good Hope Equator Tasmania New Zealand Brazil Argentina Cape Horn Chile AndesMtns. Genovesa PACIFIC OCEAN Equator Pinta Marchena Fernandina Florenza Pinzón Santiago Daphne Islands Santa Cruz Santa Fe Isabela Española San Cristobal Kilometers 0 4020 The Galápagos Islands
23.
© 2014 Pearson
Education, Inc. Figure 19.5a NORTH AMERICA Malay Archipelago SOUTH AMERICA Great Britain ATLANTIC OCEAN PACIFIC OCEAN EUROPE AFRICA AUSTRALIA PACIFIC OCEAN Cape of Good Hope Equator Tasmania New Zealand Brazil Argentina Cape Horn Chile AndesMtns.
24.
© 2014 Pearson
Education, Inc. Figure 19.5b Darwin in 1840, after his return from the voyage
25.
© 2014 Pearson
Education, Inc. Figure 19.5c Genovesa PACIFIC OCEAN Equator Pinta Marchena Fernandina Florenza Pinzón Santiago Daphne Islands Santa Cruz Santa Fe Isabela Española San Cristobal Kilometers 0 4020 The Galápagos Islands
26.
© 2014 Pearson
Education, Inc. Figure 19.5d HMS Beagle at sea
27.
© 2014 Pearson
Education, Inc. Darwin’s Focus on Adaptation In reassessing his observations, Darwin perceived adaptation to the environment and the origin of new species as closely related processes From studies made years after Darwin’s voyage, biologists have concluded that this is what happened to the Galápagos finches
28.
© 2014 Pearson
Education, Inc. Figure 19.6 (b) Seed-eater (a) Cactus-eater (c) Insect-eater
29.
© 2014 Pearson
Education, Inc. Figure 19.6a (a) Cactus-eater
30.
© 2014 Pearson
Education, Inc. Figure 19.6b (b) Seed-eater
31.
© 2014 Pearson
Education, Inc. Figure 19.6c (c) Insect-eater
32.
© 2014 Pearson
Education, Inc. In 1844, Darwin wrote an essay on natural selection as the mechanism of descent with modification but did not introduce his theory publicly Natural selection is a process in which individuals with favorable inherited traits are more likely to survive and reproduce In June 1858, Darwin received a manuscript from Alfred Russell Wallace, who had developed a theory of natural selection similar to Darwin’s Darwin quickly finished The Origin of Species and published it the next year
33.
© 2014 Pearson
Education, Inc. Figure 19.7
34.
© 2014 Pearson
Education, Inc. Figure 19.7a
35.
© 2014 Pearson
Education, Inc. Figure 19.7b
36.
© 2014 Pearson
Education, Inc. Ideas from The Origin of Species Darwin explained three broad observations about life The unity of life The diversity of life The match between organisms and their environment
37.
© 2014 Pearson
Education, Inc. Descent with Modification Darwin never used the word evolution in the first edition of The Origin of Species The phrase descent with modification summarized Darwin’s perception of the unity of life The phrase refers to the view that all organisms are related through descent from an ancestor that lived in the remote past
38.
© 2014 Pearson
Education, Inc. In the Darwinian view, the history of life is like a tree with branches representing life’s diversity Fossils of extinct species help to “fill in” the morphological gaps between present-day groups
39.
© 2014 Pearson
Education, Inc. Figure 19.8
40.
© 2014 Pearson
Education, Inc. Figure 19.9 Moeritherium† †Barytherium Hyracoidea (Hyraxes) Sirenia (Manatees and relatives) †Deinotherium †Mammut †Platybelodon †Stegodon Elephas maximus (Asia) Mammuthus† Loxodonta cyclotis (Africa) Loxodonta africana (Africa) Millions of years ago Years ago 60 34 24 5.5 2104 0
41.
© 2014 Pearson
Education, Inc. Figure 19.9a Moeritherium† †Barytherium Hyracoidea (Hyraxes) Sirenia (Manatees and relatives) †Deinotherium †Mammut
42.
© 2014 Pearson
Education, Inc. Figure 19.9b †Platybelodon †Stegodon Elephas maximus (Asia) Mammuthus† Loxodonta cyclotis (Africa) Loxodonta africana (Africa) Millions of years ago Years ago 60 34 24 5.5 2 104 0
43.
© 2014 Pearson
Education, Inc. Artificial Selection, Natural Selection, and Adaptation Darwin noted that humans have modified other species by selecting and breeding individuals with desired traits, a process called artificial selection Darwin argued that a similar process occurs in nature
44.
© 2014 Pearson
Education, Inc. Figure 19.10 Wild mustard Kohlrabi Cabbage Kale Broccoli Selection for leaves Selection for stems Selection for flowers and stems Selection for axillary (side) buds Selection for apical (tip) bud Brussels sprouts
45.
© 2014 Pearson
Education, Inc. Figure 19.10a Wild mustard
46.
© 2014 Pearson
Education, Inc. Figure 19.10b Kale
47.
© 2014 Pearson
Education, Inc. Figure 19.10c Brussels sprouts
48.
© 2014 Pearson
Education, Inc. Figure 19.10d Cabbage
49.
© 2014 Pearson
Education, Inc. Figure 19.10e Broccoli
50.
© 2014 Pearson
Education, Inc. Figure 19.10f Kohlrabi
51.
© 2014 Pearson
Education, Inc. Darwin drew two inferences from two observations Observation #1: Members of a population often vary in their inherited traits
52.
© 2014 Pearson
Education, Inc. Figure 19.11
53.
© 2014 Pearson
Education, Inc. Observation #2: All species can produce more offspring than the environment can support, and many of these offspring fail to survive and reproduce Video: Sea Horses
54.
© 2014 Pearson
Education, Inc. Figure 19.12 Spore cloud
55.
© 2014 Pearson
Education, Inc. Inference #1: Individuals whose inherited traits give them a higher probability of surviving and reproducing in a given environment tend to leave more offspring than other individuals
56.
© 2014 Pearson
Education, Inc. Inference #2: This unequal ability of individuals to survive and reproduce will lead to the accumulation of favorable traits in the population over generations
57.
© 2014 Pearson
Education, Inc. Darwin was influenced by Thomas Malthus, who noted the potential for human population to increase faster than food supplies and other resources If some heritable traits are advantageous, these will accumulate in a population over time, and this will increase the frequency of individuals with these traits This process explains the match between organisms and their environment
58.
© 2014 Pearson
Education, Inc. Natural Selection: A Summary Individuals with certain heritable traits survive and reproduce at a higher rate than other individuals Over time, natural selection increases the match between organisms and their environment If an environment changes over time, natural selection may result in adaptation to these new conditions and may give rise to new species
59.
© 2014 Pearson
Education, Inc. Figure 19.13 (a) A flower mantid in Malaysia (b) A leaf mantid in Borneo
60.
© 2014 Pearson
Education, Inc. Figure 19.13a (a) A flower mantid in Malaysia
61.
© 2014 Pearson
Education, Inc. Figure 19.13b (b) A leaf mantid in Borneo
62.
© 2014 Pearson
Education, Inc. Note that individuals do not evolve; populations evolve over time Natural selection can only increase or decrease heritable traits that vary in a population Adaptations vary with different environments
63.
© 2014 Pearson
Education, Inc. Concept 19.3: Evolution is supported by an overwhelming amount of scientific evidence New discoveries continue to fill the gaps identified by Darwin in The Origin of Species There are four types of data that document the pattern of evolution Direct observations Homology The fossil record Biogeography
64.
© 2014 Pearson
Education, Inc. Direct Observations of Evolutionary Change Two examples provide evidence for natural selection: natural selection in response to introduced plant species and the evolution of drug-resistant bacteria
65.
© 2014 Pearson
Education, Inc. Natural Selection in Response to Introduced Plant Species Soapberry bugs use their “beak” to feed on seeds within fruits In southern Florida soapberry bugs feed on balloon vine with larger fruit; they have longer beaks In central Florida they feed on goldenrain tree with smaller fruit; they have shorter beaks Correlation between fruit size and beak size has also been observed in Louisiana, Oklahoma, and Australia
66.
© 2014 Pearson
Education, Inc. In all cases, beak size has evolved in populations that feed on introduced plants with fruits that are smaller or larger than the native fruits These cases are examples of evolution by natural selection In Florida this evolution in beak size occurred in less than 35 years
67.
© 2014 Pearson
Education, Inc. Figure 19.14 Soapberry bug with beak inserted in balloon vine fruit Beak length (mm) On native species, balloon vine (southern Florida) On introduced species, goldenrain tree (central Florida) Museum-specimen average Field Study Results Beak Numberofindividuals 6 7 8 9 1110 0 2 4 6 8 10 0 2 4 6 8 10
68.
© 2014 Pearson
Education, Inc. Figure 19.14a Soapberry bug with beak inserted in balloon vine fruit Field Study
69.
© 2014 Pearson
Education, Inc. Figure 19.14b Beak length (mm) On native species, balloon vine (southern Florida) On introduced species, goldenrain tree (central Florida) Museum-specimen average Results Beak Numberofindividuals 6 7 8 9 1110 0 2 4 6 8 10 0 2 4 6 8 10
70.
© 2014 Pearson
Education, Inc. Figure 19.14c Beak length (mm) On native species, balloon vine (southern Florida) On introduced species, goldenrain tree (central Florida) Museum-specimen average Results Numberofindividuals 6 7 8 9 1110 0 2 4 6 8 10 0 2 4 6 8 10
71.
© 2014 Pearson
Education, Inc. The Evolution of Drug-Resistant Bacteria The bacterium Staphylococcus aureus is commonly found on people’s skin or in their nasal passages Methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) strains are dangerous pathogens S. aureus became resistant to penicillin in 1945, two years after it was first widely used S. aureus became resistant to methicillin in 1961, two years after it was first widely used
72.
© 2014 Pearson
Education, Inc. Methicillin works by inhibiting a protein used by bacteria in their cell walls MRSA bacteria use a different protein in their cell walls When exposed to methicillin, MRSA strains are more likely to survive and reproduce than nonresistant S. aureus strains MRSA strains are now resistant to many antibiotics
73.
© 2014 Pearson
Education, Inc. Figure 19.15 Year Chromosome map of S. aureus clone USA300 Annualhospitaladmissions withMRSA(thousands) ’05 400 ’93 ’94 ’95 ’96 ’97 ’98 ’99 ’00 ’01 ’02 ’03 ’04 350 300 200 250 100 150 50 0 Increased gene exchange (within species) and toxin production Increased disease severity Ability to colonize hosts Methicillin resistance Key to adaptations 250,000 base pairs 500,000 750,000 2,000,000 1,750,000 1,500,000 1,250,000 1,000,000 2,250,000 2,500,000 2,750,000 1
74.
© 2014 Pearson
Education, Inc. Figure 19.15a Chromosome map of S. aureus clone USA300 Increased gene exchange (within species) and toxin production Increased disease severity Ability to colonize hosts Methicillin resistance Key to adaptations 250,000 base pairs 500,000 2,000,000 1,750,000 1,500,000 1,250,000 1,000,000 2,250,000 2,500,000 2,750,000 1 750,000
75.
© 2014 Pearson
Education, Inc. Figure 19.15b Year Annualhospitaladmissions withMRSA(thousands) ’05 400 ’93 ’94 ’95 ’96 ’97 ’98 ’99 ’00 ’01 ’02 ’03 ’04 350 300 200 250 100 150 50 0
76.
© 2014 Pearson
Education, Inc. Natural selection does not create new traits, but edits or selects for traits already present in the population The local environment determines which traits will be selected for or selected against in any specific population
77.
© 2014 Pearson
Education, Inc. Homology Evolution is a process of descent with modification Related species can have characteristics with underlying similarity that function differently Homology is similarity resulting from common ancestry
78.
© 2014 Pearson
Education, Inc. Anatomical and Molecular Homologies Homologous structures are anatomical resemblances that represent variations on a structural theme present in a common ancestor
79.
© 2014 Pearson
Education, Inc. Figure 19.16 Humerus Carpals Radius Human Ulna Metacarpals Phalanges WhaleCat Bat
80.
© 2014 Pearson
Education, Inc. Comparative embryology reveals anatomical homologies not visible in adult organisms Vestigial structures are remnants of features that served important functions in the organism’s ancestors
81.
© 2014 Pearson
Education, Inc. Figure 19.17 Human embryoChick embryo (LM) Pharyngeal arches Post-anal tail
82.
© 2014 Pearson
Education, Inc. Figure 19.17a Chick embryo (LM) Pharyngeal arches Post-anal tail
83.
© 2014 Pearson
Education, Inc. Figure 19.17b Human embryo Pharyngeal arches Post-anal tail
84.
© 2014 Pearson
Education, Inc. Examples of homologies at the molecular level are genes shared among organisms inherited from a common ancestor Homologous genes can be found in organisms as dissimilar as humans and bacteria
85.
© 2014 Pearson
Education, Inc. A Different Cause of Resemblance: Convergent Evolution Convergent evolution is the evolution of similar, or analogous, features in distantly related groups Analogous traits arise when groups independently adapt to similar environments in similar ways Convergent evolution does not provide information about ancestry
86.
© 2014 Pearson
Education, Inc. Figure 19.18 AUSTRALIA NORTH AMERICASugar glider Flying squirrel
87.
© 2014 Pearson
Education, Inc. The Fossil Record The fossil record provides evidence of The extinction of species The origin of new groups Changes within groups over time
88.
© 2014 Pearson
Education, Inc. Figure 19.19 Cetaceans and even-toes ungulatesMost mammals (d) Odocoileus (deer)(c) Sus (pig)(a) Canis (dog) (b) Pakicetus
89.
© 2014 Pearson
Education, Inc. Figure 19.19a (a) Canis (dog)
90.
© 2014 Pearson
Education, Inc. Figure 19.19b (b) Pakicetus
91.
© 2014 Pearson
Education, Inc. Figure 19.19c (c) Sus (pig)
92.
© 2014 Pearson
Education, Inc. Figure 19.19d (d) Odocoileus (deer)
93.
© 2014 Pearson
Education, Inc. Fossils can document important transitions For example, the transition from land to sea in the ancestors of cetaceans
94.
© 2014 Pearson
Education, Inc. Figure 19.20 Hippopotamuses Common ancestor of cetaceans Other even-toed ungulates Living cetaceans Millions of years ago Tibia Foot 70 Key Femur Pelvis60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Pakicetus† Rodhocetus† Dorudon†
95.
© 2014 Pearson
Education, Inc. Figure 19.20a Common ancestor of cetaceans Living cetaceans Millions of years ago Tibia Foot Key Femur Pelvis50 40 30 20 10 0 Pakicetus† Rodhocetus† Dorudon†
96.
© 2014 Pearson
Education, Inc. Figure 19.UN01 Diacodexis, an early even-toed ungulate 20 cm
97.
© 2014 Pearson
Education, Inc. Biogeography Biogeography, the geographic distribution of species, provides evidence of evolution Earth’s continents were formerly united in a single large continent called Pangaea but have since separated by continental drift An understanding of continent movement and modern distribution of species allows us to predict when and where different groups evolved
98.
© 2014 Pearson
Education, Inc. Endemic species are species that are not found anywhere else in the world Islands have many endemic species that are often closely related to species on the nearest mainland or island Darwin explained that species on islands gave rise to new species as they adapted to new environments
99.
© 2014 Pearson
Education, Inc. What Is Theoretical About Darwin’s View of Life? In science, a theory accounts for many observations and explains and integrates a great variety of phenomena The predictions of a scientific theory must stand up to continual testing by experimentation and observation Darwin’s theory of evolution by natural selection integrates diverse areas of biological study and stimulates many new research questions Ongoing research adds to our understanding of evolution
100.
© 2014 Pearson
Education, Inc. Figure 19.UN02a Guppies transplanted Pools with pike-cichlids and guppies Pools with killifish, but no guppies prior to transplant
101.
© 2014 Pearson
Education, Inc. Figure 19.UN02b Source population Numberof coloredspots Transplanted population Source population Transplanted population Areaofcolored spots(mm2 ) 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 12 10 8 6 4 2 0
102.
© 2014 Pearson
Education, Inc. Figure 19.UN03 Observations Inferences and Over time, favorable traits accumulate in the population. Organisms produce more offspring than the environment can support. Individuals in a population vary in their heritable characteristics. Individuals that are well suited to their environment tend to leave more offspring than other individuals.
103.
© 2014 Pearson
Education, Inc. Figure 19.UN04
Notes de l'éditeur
Figure 19.1 How is this caterpillar protecting itself from predators?
Figure 19.2 Unusual species inspired novel ideas.
Figure 19.3 Formation of sedimentary strata with fossils
Figure 19.4 Acquired traits cannot be inherited.
Figure 19.5 The voyage of HMS Beagle
Figure 19.5a The voyage of HMS Beagle (part 1: full map)
Figure 19.5b The voyage of HMS Beagle (part 2: Darwin portrait)
Figure 19.5c The voyage of HMS Beagle (part 3: Galápagos map)
Figure 19.5d The voyage of HMS Beagle (part 4: Beagle at sea)
Figure 19.6 Three examples of beak variation in Galápagos finches
Figure 19.6a Three examples of beak variation in Galápagos finches (part 1: cactus-eater)
Figure 19.6b Three examples of beak variation in Galápagos finches (part 2: seed-eater)
Figure 19.6c Three examples of beak variation in Galápagos finches (part 3: insect-eater)
Figure 19.7 Alfred Russel Wallace
Figure 19.7a Alfred Russel Wallace (part 1: frog painting)
Figure 19.7b Alfred Russel Wallace (part 2: Wallace portrait)
Figure 19.8 “I think . . .”
Figure 19.9 Descent with modification
Figure 19.9a Descent with modification (part 1)
Figure 19.9b Descent with modification (part 2)
Figure 19.10 Artificial selection
Figure 19.10a Artificial selection (part 1: wild mustard)
Figure 19.10b Artificial selection (part 2: kale)
Figure 19.10c Artificial selection (part 3: brussels sprouts)
Figure 19.10d Artificial selection (part 4: cabbage)
Figure 19.10e Artificial selection (part 5: broccoli)
Figure 19.10f Artificial selection (part 6: kohlrabi)
Figure 19.11 Variation in a population
Figure 19.12 Overproduction of offspring
Figure 19.13 Camouflage as an example of evolutionary adaptation
Figure 19.13a Camouflage as an example of evolutionary adaptation (part 1: flower mantid)
Figure 19.13b Camouflage as an example of evolutionary adaptation (part 2: leaf mantid)
Figure 19.14 Inquiry: Can a change in a population’s food source result in evolution by natural selection?
Figure 19.14a Inquiry: Can a change in a population’s food source result in evolution by natural selection? (part 1: field study)
Figure 19.14b Inquiry: Can a change in a population’s food source result in evolution by natural selection? (part 2: results)
Figure 19.14c Inquiry: Can a change in a population’s food source result in evolution by natural selection? (part 3: results, detail)
Figure 19.15 The rise of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)
Figure 19.15a The rise of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) (part 1: chromosome map)
Figure 19.15b The rise of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) (part 2: hospitalization increases)
Figure 19.16 Mammalian forelimbs: homologous structures
Figure 19.17 Anatomical similarities in vertebrate embryos
Figure 19.17a Anatomical similarities in vertebrate embryos (part 1: chick embryo, LM)
Figure 19.17b Anatomical similarities in vertebrate embryos (part 2: human embryo)
Figure 19.18 Convergent evolution
Figure 19.19 Ankle bones: one piece of the puzzle
Figure 19.19a Ankle bones: one piece of the puzzle (part 1: Canis, dog)
Figure 19.19b Ankle bones: one piece of the puzzle (part 2: Pakicetus)
Figure 19.19c Ankle bones: one piece of the puzzle (part 3: Sus, pig)
Figure 19.19d Ankle bones: one piece of the puzzle (part 4: Odocoileus, deer)
Figure 19.20 The transition to life in the sea
Figure 19.20a The transition to life in the sea (detail)
Figure 19.UN01 In-text figure, Diacodexis, p. 377
Figure 19.UN02a Skills exercise: making and testing predictions (part 1)
Figure 19.UN02b Skills exercise: making and testing predictions (part 2)
Figure 19.UN03 Summary of key concepts: natural selection
Figure 19.UN04 Test your understanding, question 6 (DDT resistance data)
Télécharger maintenant