The document is a chapter from a textbook about the industrialization of the United States after the Civil War. It is divided into sections that discuss the rise of industry, the growth of railroads, the emergence of big business, and the formation of labor unions. The sections cover topics like technological innovations, government policies, financing of railroads, working conditions, and barriers to union growth.

1. Splash Screen

2. Contents Chapter Introduction Section 1 Rise of Industry Section 2 The Railroads Section 3 Big Business Section 4 Unions Chapter Summary Chapter Assessment Click on a hyperlink to view the corresponding slides.

3. Intro 1 Click the Speaker button to listen to the audio again.

8. Intro 6 Why It Matters The rise of the United States as an industrial power began after the Civil War. Many factors promoted industry, including cheap labor, new inventions and technology, and plentiful raw materials. Railroads rapidly expanded. Government policies encouraged growth, and large corporations became an important part of the economy. As industry expanded, workers tried to form unions to fight for better wages and working conditions.

10. Intro 8 continued on next slide

11. Intro 9

12. End of Intro

15. Section 1-3 Guide to Reading (cont.) Section Theme Economic Factors The free enterprise system nurtured the growth of American industry.

16. Section 1-4 Click the Speaker button to listen to the audio again.

20. Section 1-8 How did the construction of the transcontinental railroad add to an increase in industrialization? The railroads brought settlers and miners to the West to work and moved the resources back to the factories in the East. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. The United States Industrializes (cont.) (pages 308–309)

23. Section 1-11 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Why was Europe an important source of private capital? Foreign investors saw more opportunities for growth and profit in the U.S. than at home. Free Enterprise (cont.) (page 310)

28. Section 1-16 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. What were some problems caused by high tariffs? When other countries placed high tariffs against American goods, it hurt American companies selling products overseas. Rural American farmers were especially hard hit by the tariffs, causing many of them to leave farms and take factory jobs. Government’s Role in Industrialism (cont.) (pages 310–311)

32. Section 1-20 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. How did technology cause the prices of shoes to go down? Large factories could mass-produce shoes more quickly and cheaply than local cobblers could, resulting in lower prices. New Inventions (cont.) (pages 311–312)

33. Section 1-21 Checking for Understanding __ 1. policy that government should interfere as little as possible in the nation’s economy __ 2. the total value of goods and services produced by a country during a year __ 3. one who organizes, manages, and assumes the risks of a business or enterprise A. gross national product B. laissez-faire C. entrepreneur Define Match the terms on the right with their definitions on the left. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answers. A C B

34. Section 1-22 Checking for Understanding (cont.) Explain how an abundance of natural resources contributed to economic growth in the United States in the late 1800s. Americans did not have to import resources from other countries, saving resources for internal growth. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.

35. Section 1-23 Reviewing Themes Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Economic Factors How did the principles of the free enterprise system, laissez-faire, and profit motive encourage the rise of industry? They put development in the hands of entrepreneurs, not the government.

36. Section 1-24 Critical Thinking Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Synthesizing What role did the federal government play in increasing industrialization in the United States after the Civil War? Congress subsidized railroads and sold lands below market value.

37. Section 1-25 Analyzing Visuals Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Applying Time Lines Copy the time line on pages 310 and 311 of your textbook onto a separate sheet of paper. Add other inventions you have learned about to the time line in proper chronological order. Be sure to include the date for each invention. Possible answers: 1859, first oil well dug; 1882, Edison Electric Illuminating Company supplies electric power to New York City; first refrigerated railroad car; 1893, Northrop automatic loom.

38. Section 1-26 Close Explain the effects of technological innovations such as the telephone and telegraph on American industrial development.

39. End of Section 1

42. Section 2-3 Guide to Reading (cont.) Section Theme Individual Action The railroads provided new ways for some Americans to amass wealth.

43. Section 2-4 Click the Speaker button to listen to the audio again.

47. Section 2-8 How did the government encourage rapid construction of the railroads? The government offered each railroad company land. Competition occurred between the two railroad companies as each tried to get as much land and money as possible. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Linking the Nation (cont.) (pages 314–316)

51. Section 2-12 What were the benefits of integrated railroad systems? Integrated railroad systems were equipped to shift cars from one section of the country to another and made long distance transportation quicker. It also helped unite people from different regions. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Railroads Spur Growth (cont.) (pages 316–317)

53. Section 2-14 Why were land grants necessary? The building and operating of railroad lines required more money than most private investors could raise on their own. The Land Grant System (cont.) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. (page 317)

58. Section 2-19 What was the Crédit Mobilier scandal? Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Robber Barons (cont.) (pages 317–318)

59. Section 2-20 Several stockholders of the Union Pacific set up the Crédit Mobilier, a construction company. The investors signed contracts with themselves. The company greatly overcharged Union Pacific and the railroad agreed to pay the inflated bills. When the railroad was completed, the investors had made a fortune, but the railroad was almost bankrupt. Congress agreed to give additional grants to the railroad after several members of Congress were given shares in Union Pacific at a price well below market value. An investigation implicated several members of Congress. Robber Barons (cont.) (pages 317–318)

60. Section 2-21 Checking for Understanding __ 1. a geographical region in which the same standard time is kept __ 2. a grant of land by the federal government especially for roads, railroads, or agricultural colleges A. time zone B. land grant Define Match the terms on the right with their definitions on the left. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answers. B A

61. Section 2-22 Checking for Understanding (cont.) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Explain the provisions of the Pacific Railway Act. The Act provided for the construction of the transcontinental railroad.

62. Section 2-23 Reviewing Themes Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Individual Action How did Grenville Dodge contribute to the economic growth of the United States in the late 1800s? He supervised the Union Pacific’s westward expansion.

63. Section 2-24 Critical Thinking Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Synthesizing How did railroad expansion in the United States lead to industrial growth? Railroad expansion increased the size of markets and led to great amounts of money being spent on resources.

64. Section 2-25 Analyzing Visuals Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Examining Maps and Graphs Study the map and the graph on page 317 of your textbook. Then make up a quiz of at least five questions based on the information presented. Quizzes will vary.

65. Section 2-26 Close Discuss ways in which the railroads spurred industrial growth.

66. End of Section 2

69. Section 3-3 Guide to Reading (cont.) Section Theme Economic Factors Large national corporations formed in the United States in the mid-1800s and contributed to greater production.

70. Section 3-4 Click the Speaker button to listen to the audio again.

74. Section 3-8 Why were large corporations able to thrive when so many small companies were forced out of business? Large corporations were able to produce more goods cheaply and more efficiently. They could continue in poor economic times, and they could negotiate rebates from railroads. Small businesses with high operating costs were unable to compete with large corporations and were forced out of business. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. The Rise of Big Business (cont.) (pages 319–320)

81. Section 3-15 Why did Americans fear monopolies? Americans feared monopolies because a company with a monopoly could charge whatever price it wanted for a product. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. The Consolidation of Industry (cont.) (pages 320–322)

84. Section 3-18 How did department stores change the idea of shopping? Department stores brought a huge assortment of products into one building. They made shopping seem glamorous and exciting. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Selling the Product (cont.) (page 323)

85. Section 3-19 Checking for Understanding __ 1. an organization that is authorized by law to carry on an activity but treated as though it were a single person __ 2. costs that occur while running a company __ 3. total control of a type of industry by one person or one company __ 4. costs a company must pay regardless of whether or not it is operating __ 5. the combining of competing firms into one corporation A. corporation B. horizontal integration C. fixed costs D. operating costs E. monopoly Define Match the terms on the right with their definitions on the left. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answers. D E A C B

86. Section 3-20 Checking for Understanding (cont.) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. List the new methods of advertising and selling that helped push consumer goods in the late 1800s. New methods included large display ads in newspapers, department stores, chain stores, and mail-order catalogs.

87. Section 3-21 Reviewing Themes Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Economic Factors What factors allowed corporations to develop in the United States in the late 1800s? General incorporation laws allowed corporations to develop in the United States in the late 1800s.

88. Section 3-22 Critical Thinking Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Forming an Opinion Do you think an individual today can rise from “rags to riches” like Andrew Carnegie did? Why or why not? Answers will vary.

89. Section 3-23 Analyzing Visuals Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Analyzing Photographs Study the photograph of a woman using an early electric vacuum cleaner on page 322 of your textbook. How would you compare this to today’s vacuum cleaners? How do you think new mass-produced appliances such as this one affected the lives of women in this era? Vacuums are lighter today. New mass produced appliances gave women more leisure time.

90. Section 3-24 Close Analyze how large corporations came to dominate American business.

91. End of Section 3

94. Section 4-3 Guide to Reading (cont.) Section Theme Individual Action People like Samuel Gompers and Mother Jones strove to balance the power of corporations with the needs of workers.

95. Section 4-4 Click the Speaker button to listen to the audio again.

98. Section 4-7 How did deflation add to poor relations between workers and employers? Deflation caused prices to fall and increased the buying power of workers’ wages. Companies cut workers’ wages but prices fell even faster, so that wages were really still going up in buying power. Workers were angry, however, because they were being paid less for the same amount of work. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Working in the United States (cont.) (pages 326–327)

105. Section 4-14 How did companies try to prevent unions from forming? Companies would have workers take oaths or sign contracts promising not to join a union. They would also hire detectives to identify union organizers. Workers who tried to organize a union were fired and placed on a blacklist. If workers formed a union, companies used a lockout to break it. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Early Unions (cont.) (pages 327–328)

113. Section 4-22 What did the railroad managers do to break the union boycott of Pullman cars? They attached mail cars to the Pullman cars. If the strikers refused to handle the Pullman cars, they would be interfering with the United States mail. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. The Struggle to Organize (cont.) (pages 328–330)

116. Section 4-25 What were some of Samuel Gompers’s beliefs regarding unions? Gompers believed that unions should stay out of politics. He was against socialist and communist ideas, and he believed that the AFL should fight for small gains like higher wages and better working conditions. Although willing to use the strike, Gompers felt negotiation was better. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. The American Federation of Labor (cont.) (pages 330–331)

119. Section 4-28 Why were women paid less than men were paid? It was assumed that a woman had a man who was supporting her. It was believed that men needed a higher wage because they had a family to support. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Working Women (cont.) (page 331)

120. Section 4-29 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answers. Checking for Understanding __ 1. an agreement in which a company agrees to hire only union members __ 2. an organization of common laborers and craft workers in a particular industry __ 3. settling a dispute by agreeing to accept the decision of an impartial outsider __ 4. an organization of workers with the same trade or skill __ 5. a company tool to fight union demands by refusing to allow employees to enter its facilities to work A. trade union B. industrial union C. lockout D. arbitration E. closed shop Define Match the terms on the right with their definitions on the left. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answers. B D E A C

121. Section 4-30 Checking for Understanding (cont.) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. List the groups of workers represented by the Knights of Labor and the American Federation of Labor. Industrial workers and trade workers were represented by the Knights of Labor and the American Federation of Labor.

122. Section 4-31 Reviewing Themes Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Individual Action What political contribution did Mary Harris “Mother” Jones make to American society? She became a key organizer for the United Mine Workers union.

123. Section 4-32 Critical Thinking Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Analyzing Why did early labor unions fail? Early labor unions failed because of confrontations that led to violence and courts that ruled against them. They fought for many things all at the same time, and frequent strikes and blacklisting hurt them.

124. Section 4-33 Analyzing Visuals Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Analyzing Photographs Examine the photograph of workers in a watch factory at the top of page 331 of your textbook. Most of the people in the picture are women. What do you think the jobs were of the men in the photograph? The men were probably managers or supervisors.

125. Section 4-34 Close Describe industrial working conditions in the United States in the late 1800s.

126. End of Section 4

127. Chapter Summary 1

128. End of Chapter Summary

129. Chapter Assessment 1 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answers. Reviewing Key Terms Define Match the terms on the right with their definitions on the left. __ 1. a grant of land by the federal government especially for roads, railroads, or agricultural colleges __ 2. policy that government should interfere as little as possible in the nation’s economy __ 3. total control of a type of industry by one person or one company __ 4. settling a dispute by agreeing to accept the decision of an impartial outsider A. gross national product B. laissez-faire C. land grant D. economies of scale E. fixed costs F. monopoly G. trust H. holding company I. arbitration J. Marxism B F C I

130. Chapter Assessment 2 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answers. Reviewing Key Terms (cont.) Define Match the terms on the right with their definitions on the left. __ 5. the reduction in the cost of a good brought about especially by increased production at a given facility __ 6. a combination of firms or corporations formed by a legal agreement, especially to reduce competition __ 7. theory of socialism in which a class struggle would exist until the workers were finally victorious, creating a classless society G J D A. gross national product B. laissez-faire C. land grant D. economies of scale E. fixed costs F. monopoly G. trust H. holding company I. arbitration J. Marxism

131. Chapter Assessment 3 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answers. Reviewing Key Terms (cont.) Define Match the terms on the right with their definitions on the left. __ 8. the total value of goods and services produced by a country during a year __ 9. costs a company must pay regardless of whether or not it is operating __ 10. a company whose primary business is owning a controlling share of stock in other companies E H A A. gross national product B. laissez-faire C. land grant D. economies of scale E. fixed costs F. monopoly G. trust H. holding company I. arbitration J. Marxism

132. Chapter Assessment 4 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Reviewing Key Facts The United States had an advantage in industrializing due to its resources and large workforce. What resources did the nation have? Why was its workforce large? The nation had iron ore, water, copper, coal, and timber. Its workforce was large due to large families and floods of immigrants.

133. Chapter Assessment 5 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Reviewing Key Facts (cont.) How did inventions contribute to economic growth in the United States in the late 1800s? Inventions helped increase the nation’s productive capacity and improved transportation and communication.

134. Chapter Assessment 6 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Reviewing Key Facts (cont.) How did the federal government encourage railroad companies to construct railroads? The government offered land grants.

135. Chapter Assessment 7 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Reviewing Key Facts (cont.) What new methods of selling products were developed in the late 1800s? Large display advertisements in newspapers, department stores, chain stores, and mail-order catalogs were used.

136. Chapter Assessment 8 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Reviewing Key Facts (cont.) Why did workers try to organize labor unions in the United States in the late 1800s? Workers tried to change poor working conditions, low pay, and job security.

137. Chapter Assessment 9 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Reviewing Key Facts (cont.) What were the two basic types of workers in American industry at this time? Craft workers and common laborers were the two basic types of workers.

138. Chapter Assessment 10 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Critical Thinking Analyzing Themes: Individual Action List the names and actions of five people who contributed to American economic growth in the late 1800s. Answers will vary.

139. Chapter Assessment 11 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Critical Thinking (cont.) Analyzing Analyze the impact of technological innovations and industrialization on the American labor movement. Inventions such as electric power and the automatic loom led to large manufacturing companies and industrialization but created a host of challenges for workers, such as harsh working conditions. This led workers to unite and join labor unions.

140. Chapter Assessment 12 Economics and History The graph below shows steel production from 1865 to 1900. Study the graph and answer the questions on the following slides.

141. Chapter Assessment 13 Interpreting Graphs Between what years did steel production have the greatest increase? The greatest increase occurred between 1895 and 1900. Economics and History (cont.) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.

142. Chapter Assessment 14 Economics and History (cont.) Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Making Inferences How did increased steel production contribute to American industrialism? Increased steel production allowed railroads to be built, improving transportation and benefiting industry.

143. Chapter Assessment 15 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. Directions: Choose the phrase that best completes the following sentence. Labor unions were formed in order to F protect factory owners and improve workers’ wages. G improve workers’ wages and make factories safer. H make factories safer and prevent lockouts. J prevent lockouts and fight deflation. Test-Taking Tip Read each part of each answer choice carefully. Only one answer choice contains two correct reasons.

144. Chapter Assessment 16 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. What are some of the reasons the United States had become the world’s leading industrial nation by the early 1900s? Possible answers: The United States had abundant natural resources, a large workforce, and a free enterprise system.

145. End of Chapter Assessment

146. F/F/F 3-Fact The New York Stock Exchange In 1792 business-people met in New York City to establish a stock exchange—a marketplace for buying and selling stock in companies. At first, the new stock exchange was located under a buttonwood tree on Wall Street. The organization took its present name, the New York Stock Exchange, in 1863. Huge amounts of the capital required for the nation’s industrialization after the Civil War passed through the New York Stock Exchange. As stock trading grew, investors from across the nation needed financial news. In 1882 Henry Charles Dow and Edward D. Jones founded Dow Jones & Company. This new company sent bulletins on the day’s business to Wall Street’s financial houses. The day’s last delivery contained a news sheet, which became The Wall Street Journal in July 1889. Today, The Wall Street Journal has the largest daily circulation of any newspaper in the United States.

147. FYI Contents 3 Carnegie Steel OPEC Click on a hyperlink to view the corresponding slide.

148. FYI 3-1a In 1898, although Carnegie Steel’s output had risen threefold over the previous few years, the number of workers needed to produce the steel had decreased by 400. The use of electricity to drive automatic machinery was largely responsible for the decline in the workforce.

149. FYI 3-2b Today the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) tries to maintain stability in the oil industry to ensure profits. This is called a cartel. Since 1970 OPEC has controlled approximately one-third to one-half of the world’s oil supply. In 2001 member nations included Algeria, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Libya, Nigeria, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates, and Venezuela.

150. FYI 4-1 A century after the railroad strike of 1877, another group of transportation workers, air traffic controllers, went on strike demanding higher wages and fewer working hours. In August 1981, over 11,000 striking air traffic controllers were fired.

151. Moment in History 1 Click the Speaker button to listen to the audio again.

152. You Don’t Say 2-1 Time Tales Opponents of standard time called local time “God’s time” because it was based on the laws of nature–the sun’s position in the sky. Not until 1918 was Congress able to pass a law that standardized time zones.

153. You Don’t Say 4-1 Hard Work Strict rules were enforced in the workplace in the late 1800s. Many bosses forbade singing, drinking, joking, smoking, or conversation on the job. They also denied immigrant workers time to celebrate their national holidays and holy days, and they did not accommodate workers who did not want to work on the Sabbath.

154. CT Skill Builder 1 Making Inferences Just as you are about to leave home to catch your school bus, you hear a radio report. Firefighters are battling a blaze near the bus garage. Your bus is late. Although no one told you, you know that the fire disrupted the bus schedule. You have made an inference. From the limited facts available, you formed a conclusion. By combining facts and general knowledge, you inferred that the fire trucks delayed your bus. Click the Speaker button to listen to the audio again.

156. CT Skill Builder 3 Practicing the Skill Read the passage on the next slide about early airplanes, and then answer the questions on the following slides. Making Inferences

157. CT Skill Builder 4 Practicing the Skill (cont.) On December 8, 1903, Samuel Langley was ready for his second attempt at flying a manned, self-propelled aircraft. This had never been done before. Langley used a $50,000 U.S. government grant to build a plane based on unmanned aircraft designs, adding a very powerful engine. The plane broke apart on takeoff and crashed into the Potomac River. In contrast, Wilbur and Orville Wright used a little more than $1,000 of their personal savings to build their aircraft. The brothers carefully studied the problems with previous planes and designed one with better wings, a more efficient propeller, and a strong but light engine. On December 17, 1903, these intrepid Americans made the first manned, powered flight in history on the sand dunes of Kitty Hawk, North Carolina. Making Inferences

158. CT Skill Builder 5 1. What are the facts regarding Langley’s attempt? 2. What are the facts regarding the Wright brothers’ attempt? Langley used a large government grant and a powerful engine. The plane broke apart and crashed. Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answers. The Wright brothers used their own money, studied previous designs, built a lightweight engine and better wings, and successfully flew. Making Inferences Practicing the Skill (cont.)

159. CT Skill Builder 6 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer. 3. What inferences might you draw based on the success of the Wright brothers and failure of Langley? Answers will vary. Making Inferences Practicing the Skill (cont.)

160. M/C 1-1

161. M/C 2-1 Railroads, 1870 and 1890 Miles of Track, 1870-1890 Click on a hyperlink to view the corresponding slide.

162. M/C 2-1a

163. M/C 2-2b

164. M/C 3-1

165. M/C 4-1

166. Why It Matters Transparency

167. Daily Focus Skills Transparency 1 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.

168. Daily Focus Skills Transparency 2 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.

169. Daily Focus Skills Transparency 3 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.

170. Daily Focus Skills Transparency 4 Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to display the answer.

171. GO 1

172. GO 2

173. GO 3

174. GO 4

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