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CELL DIVISION
CELL DIVISION

Why do cells need to divide?
-To allow an organism to
grow
-To pass on genetic material
-To assist an organism’
survival
CELL DIVISION
2 types of cell division

Mitosis

Meiosis

-daughter
cells are
genetically
identical

-daughter
cells are
genetically
different
CELL DIVISION
Mitosis

5 stages:

- Literally refers
to the division
of the nucleus

Interphase
Prophase

Metaphase
Anaphase

Telophase
CELL DIVISION
Interphase

- Cell is not dividing but
also not dormant
- Cell is active and
growing and also
preparing for division
- Sometimes called
resting phase but this
is inaccurate (real
resting phase is G0)
- DNA/chromosomes
not visible (unwound)
CELL DIVISION
Interphase: 4 stages
Gap 0 (G0):
- Cell rest cycle
- may be temporary
or permanent (where
cells are functional
but no new cells are
produced (i.e.
neuron)
G0
CELL DIVISION
Interphase: 4 stages
Gap 1 (G1):
- Rapid growth (4hr)
- cell takes in
nutrients for energy,
growth, repair
- Cells either go into S
or G0 after G1

G0
CELL DIVISION
Interphase: 4 stages
S phase (S):
- 10 hrs
- DNA synthesis/
replication
- the cell duplicates
its genetic material to
make an identical
copy of its DNA

G0
CELL DIVISION
Interphase: 4 stages
Gap 2 phase (G2):
- 3-4hr
- second period of
growth in preparation
for cell division
-cell grows larger in
size

G0
CELL DIVISION
S phase (S): Let’s take a closer look

DNA replication

DNA
duplication
Normally

After duplication
CELL DIVISION
How does all of the DNA remain organized in the nucleus?
Why does it not tangle?
CELL DIVISION
DNA strands are wrapped around histone proteins which act
as “spools”
CELL DIVISION
Histone proteins that have been wrapped with DNA form
“nucleosomes”
CELL DIVISION
Moving into mitosis…
After interphase, the cell may enter
mitotic (M) phase:
-

A process by which somatic cells grow
and divide

-

Cells come from pre-existing cells

-

Parent cell divides to produce two
new identical daughter cells

-

Cell division occurs through:
- A) Mitosis – process of dividing
nuclear material
- B) Cytokinesis – Process of
separating the cytoplasm and its
contents into equal parts
CELL DIVISION
Prophase
- nuclear membrane breaks down
- chromosomes shorten and
thicken
- Other structures important for
mitosis are also forming (i.e. the
centrioles)
CELL DIVISION
Prophase
- chromosomes
shorten and thicken
into X-shaped things
CELL DIVISION
Prophase
- A centromere holds two copies of the same chromosome together

- Each copy of a chromosome is called a chromatid
CELL DIVISION
Prophase
- A centromere holds two copies of the same chromosome
together
- Remember, every chromosome has been duplicated during the S
phase of interphase.
Colors are not accurate
- Recall this:
Mitosis

Mother’s
side

Mother’s
side

Mother’s
side
CELL DIVISION
Prophase
CELL DIVISION
Metaphase
- Proteins attach to the
centromeres creating the
kinetochores.
- Microtubules (spindle fibres)
attach at the kinetochores
and the chromosomes move
to the centre (the metaphase
plate)
CELL DIVISION
Metaphase
CELL DIVISION
Anaphase
- Paired chromosomes separate
at the kinetochores and move
to opposite sides of the cell
- Motion results from
kinetochore movement along
the spindle microtubules
CELL DIVISION
Telophase
- Chromatids arrive at opposite
poles of cell
- New membranes form around
the daughter nuclei
- Chromosomes disperse and
are no longer visible under the
light microscope
- spindle fibres disperse
CELL DIVISION
Cytokinesis
- Animal cells: the
cell membrane
pinches (forming
a cleavage furrow)
into two daughter
cells, each with
one nucleus
CELL DIVISION
Cytokinesis
- In plant cells, a
cell plate (made
of rigid cellulose)
is synthesized
between the two
daughter cells.
CELL DIVISION
Mitosis and cytokinesis: Review

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03 cell division

  • 2. CELL DIVISION Why do cells need to divide? -To allow an organism to grow -To pass on genetic material -To assist an organism’ survival
  • 3. CELL DIVISION 2 types of cell division Mitosis Meiosis -daughter cells are genetically identical -daughter cells are genetically different
  • 4. CELL DIVISION Mitosis 5 stages: - Literally refers to the division of the nucleus Interphase Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase
  • 5. CELL DIVISION Interphase - Cell is not dividing but also not dormant - Cell is active and growing and also preparing for division - Sometimes called resting phase but this is inaccurate (real resting phase is G0) - DNA/chromosomes not visible (unwound)
  • 6. CELL DIVISION Interphase: 4 stages Gap 0 (G0): - Cell rest cycle - may be temporary or permanent (where cells are functional but no new cells are produced (i.e. neuron) G0
  • 7. CELL DIVISION Interphase: 4 stages Gap 1 (G1): - Rapid growth (4hr) - cell takes in nutrients for energy, growth, repair - Cells either go into S or G0 after G1 G0
  • 8. CELL DIVISION Interphase: 4 stages S phase (S): - 10 hrs - DNA synthesis/ replication - the cell duplicates its genetic material to make an identical copy of its DNA G0
  • 9. CELL DIVISION Interphase: 4 stages Gap 2 phase (G2): - 3-4hr - second period of growth in preparation for cell division -cell grows larger in size G0
  • 10. CELL DIVISION S phase (S): Let’s take a closer look DNA replication DNA duplication Normally After duplication
  • 11. CELL DIVISION How does all of the DNA remain organized in the nucleus? Why does it not tangle?
  • 12. CELL DIVISION DNA strands are wrapped around histone proteins which act as “spools”
  • 13. CELL DIVISION Histone proteins that have been wrapped with DNA form “nucleosomes”
  • 14. CELL DIVISION Moving into mitosis… After interphase, the cell may enter mitotic (M) phase: - A process by which somatic cells grow and divide - Cells come from pre-existing cells - Parent cell divides to produce two new identical daughter cells - Cell division occurs through: - A) Mitosis – process of dividing nuclear material - B) Cytokinesis – Process of separating the cytoplasm and its contents into equal parts
  • 15. CELL DIVISION Prophase - nuclear membrane breaks down - chromosomes shorten and thicken - Other structures important for mitosis are also forming (i.e. the centrioles)
  • 16. CELL DIVISION Prophase - chromosomes shorten and thicken into X-shaped things
  • 17. CELL DIVISION Prophase - A centromere holds two copies of the same chromosome together - Each copy of a chromosome is called a chromatid
  • 18. CELL DIVISION Prophase - A centromere holds two copies of the same chromosome together - Remember, every chromosome has been duplicated during the S phase of interphase. Colors are not accurate - Recall this: Mitosis Mother’s side Mother’s side Mother’s side
  • 20. CELL DIVISION Metaphase - Proteins attach to the centromeres creating the kinetochores. - Microtubules (spindle fibres) attach at the kinetochores and the chromosomes move to the centre (the metaphase plate)
  • 22. CELL DIVISION Anaphase - Paired chromosomes separate at the kinetochores and move to opposite sides of the cell - Motion results from kinetochore movement along the spindle microtubules
  • 23. CELL DIVISION Telophase - Chromatids arrive at opposite poles of cell - New membranes form around the daughter nuclei - Chromosomes disperse and are no longer visible under the light microscope - spindle fibres disperse
  • 24. CELL DIVISION Cytokinesis - Animal cells: the cell membrane pinches (forming a cleavage furrow) into two daughter cells, each with one nucleus
  • 25. CELL DIVISION Cytokinesis - In plant cells, a cell plate (made of rigid cellulose) is synthesized between the two daughter cells.
  • 26. CELL DIVISION Mitosis and cytokinesis: Review