Report on Income Earning Gap between Men and Women (2006 - 2012)

Report on Income Earning
Gap between Men and
Women (2006 – 2012)

By: Monika E. Sosnowska
February 1, 2013

INCOME EARNING GAP BETWEEN MEN AND WOMEN (2006-2012) 2

Overview conclusion without critically analyzing the
existing statistical data, thus having a biased
The research conducted for this report outlook on the topic at hand. It’s a well-known
consisted of most recent Statistics Canada fact that over many generations in the 20th
publications, Statistics Canada CANSIM century, on average, a woman earned
database tables, peer-review sources and substantially less than a man, in part due to the
newspaper articles. All of the sources were social structure of the Canadian society.
obtained electronically; the majority located However, is the income gap still evident in the
through Statistics Canada webpage or through twenty-first century? Furthermore, do variables
the SFU Library (online). All consulted sources such as education, labour choices and family
are listed in the reference list, whereas the responsibilities correlate in any way to the
sources that were employed to support the differences in earnings between the sexes? This
findings are referred to and cited throughout the report will critically analyze the existing
report. Appendices referred to in the body of the scientific data in order to provide an answer to
report follow the reference list and are positioned these two questions.
according to the citation order in the text for easy
reference. Discussion of Major Statistics Canada
Publications
Introduction
Statistics Canada publications were an
The objective of this report is to provide important component in comprehension and
the reader with an improved understanding of the support of the statistics found in the CANSIM
earning gap between men and women in Canada. database and Summary Tables referred to
The research draws on numerous sources, throughout the text. Although a number of
including Statistics Canada publications, publications contributed to an overall
CANSIM database, peer-reviewed and understanding of the topic, not all were
newspaper articles and critically analyzes income employed. Job-education match and mismatch:
trends observed over the last six years. The Wage differential, by Jennifer Yuen, for
analysis should demonstrate either narrowed or instance, supported the information found in
expanded gender wage gap and consider the other newer Statistics Canada publications, thus
correlation between numerous variables wasn’t referred to in the body of the report.
including education, family characteristics and The three publications referred to, closely
labour choices. This preliminary report will supported and simplified the statistical
allow readers to better comprehend the trends information. Why has the gender wage gap
observed over the last few years and encourage narrowed? by Marie Drolet provided a depth of
further critical analysis of social trends in information that closely related to this report and
Canada. was a significant contributor and supporter of the
tables found in the appendices. Drolet discussed
Research Question
the growth of women’s wages, education and age
The earning gap between men and contributors and possible factors behind the final
women is a well-known topic amongst outcomes. Xuelin Zhang’s Earnings of women
Canadians, who often establish their own with and without children utilized statistical

February 15, 2013 Monika E. Sosnowska


information to prove that women with children percentage of women in the lower income
earn substantially less, especially women who brackets declined whilst the percentage of men
have three or more children. The report earning above $35,000 declined (Appendix A
simplified the CANSIM data by utilizing charts Table 3).
and providing a simplified breakdown of the An indicator that women are earning
numbers. Unionization by Sharanjit Uppal, more is their increased representation among the
although not directly related to gender gap top 1 percent of tax filers in Canada. According
discussion, did examine recent union to Beltrame (2013), 21 per cent of women were
membership trends of men and women, among the wealthiest, an increase of 10
consequently providing a positive correlation percentage points between 1982 and 2010. More
between job choices and income for both men recently, women saw an increase in
and women. Collectively, these publications representation from 20.3 to 20.9 per cent
provided a larger comprehension of the statistics between 2008 and 2010. In contrast, the
and the topic itself and thus, significantly percentage of men decreased from 79.7 to 79.1
simplified the data that was generated from (see Appendix A Table 5)
Statistics Canada website. In regards to labour characteristics,
overall participation in labour force slightly
Findings declined between 2008 and 2010. Male
participation declined by 3.9 percentage points
According to Cool (2008), in 2008
whereas women saw a decline of 2.9 percentage
women employed full-year full-time (FYFT) on
points (Appendix B Table 1). A closer
average earned 71% of their male counterparts
comparison between Appendix B Table 1 and
income. Appendix A Table 1 shows a further 2.5
Table 2, which refer to same variables but in
percentage point decrease in gender income gap
different years, shows that labour force
between 2008 and 2010. Actually, between 2001
participation declined 2.5 percentage points for
and 2010 men experienced a slower wage
men and 1.9 percentage points for women
increase compared to women (Fortin et al.,
between 2010 and 2012. Women’s participation
2012). Figures show that during that time the
in FYFT careers has seen a steady increase
average wage for women increased by 12.4 per
between 2006 and 2010. As seen in Appendix B
cent whereas it increased a modest 2.65 per cent
Table 3, in 2006, men outnumbered women by
for men (see Appendix A Table 2). The data in
1,475,000 in the FYFT category but years 2006
Table 2 indicates that the gender wage gap is
to 2010 showed a decrease of 310,000 male
gradually decreasing. Appendix A Table 3
participants and an increase of 117,000 in
demonstrates the trends in income generation for
women participants. By 2010 men outnumbered
both sexes between 2006 and 2010. Women and
women by 1,057,000, a decrease of about 28.3
men were similarly represented in incomes
per cent from the 2006 figures. Furthermore, the
below $59,999, and while men outnumbered
estimated amount of FYFT workers decreased
women in the $60,000 and above income
both for men and women between 2008 and
bracket, between 2008 and 2010 the
2009, which could reflect the loss of jobs during
representation of women in higher incomes
the economic downturn of 2008, but the number
increased by half a percentage point whereas the
of women working FYFT has since recovered,
representation of men decreased. Recently, the



the opposite is true for men (Appendix B Table Career choices may contribute to the
3). narrowing gender gap. Conventionally, women
According to Cool (2008), in 2008 36.5 were more likely to earn an income in lower-
per cent of women, compared to 24.1 per cent of paying retail or administrative jobs (Cool, 2008)
men completed university education. Appendix than higher-paying manufacturing and
C Table 1 demonstrates that when equally construction sectors chosen by men (Drolet,
educated, men are more likely than women to be 2011). This trend started to change as women are
employed; however the gap narrows with the increasingly seeking higher-paying careers in
attainment of education. When comparing education and health (Drolet, 2011). Appendix D
education with employment between men and Table 1 breaks down the employment by sector
women ages 25 to 44, the group who completed for men and women, and shows that in 2012,
some secondary education saw a significant women had a higher representation in service-
difference in employment numbers. In that producing sectors such as educational services,
group, three-quarters of men were employed, in health care and social assistance, whereas men
comparison to just over a half of women. Men largely outnumbered women in goods producing
and women in the same age group who sector, especially in construction and
completed high school were slightly closer in manufacturing. Cool (2008) declares that
employment numbers, with 84.5 per cent of men unionized workers on average earn more than
and 68.6 per cent of women employed. With other non-unionized employees. Many of the
those who completed post-secondary sectors that predominantly employ women are
certification, diploma or bachelor’s degree the unionized, including education and health and
employment gap was in single digits and finally, thus, women’s average salaries may increase. In
was very minimal between men and women who contrast, according to Cool (2008), Canada
attained higher university education. Therefore recently saw a reduction of unionized jobs in
as women continue to pursue university manufacturing. According to Uppal (2011), in
education, they are more likely to be employed at 2010 more women than men were in unionized
a similar rate to men. Furthermore, education jobs, 30.8 and 28.2 per cent respectively.
attainment studies indicate that the gender Between 2000 and 2008, unionization rates
income gap also narrows with educated continued to fall for men but remained steady for
individuals (Cool, 2008). This trend is observed women. Thus, the prominence of women in
in Appendix C Table 2 which illustrates that as unionized jobs could be positively correlated
women become more educated, the income gap with lessening the earning gap between men and
between men and women decreases. Because women.
women in 2008 continued to outnumber men in According to Zhang (2009), mothers with
pursue of education (Drolet, 2011), if the higher three or more children make 20 per cent less than
education can be positively correlated to higher childless women. Many mothers continue to
income and if the trend of more women than men balance their work and home life and pursue jobs
attaining higher education, then gender that permit them more flexibility (Cool, 2008).
employment and income gap may decline further Appendix E Table 1 shows that women were, in
over the upcoming decades. fact, more likely than men to work part-time in
order to care for children. Of all part-time



working women, 34.1 per cent stated that the Statistics Canada tables were employed to
reason for their lower working hours is due to comprehend the correlations associated with this
child rearing responsibilities. Only 2.1 per cent trend. It can be stated that women’s education
of men assert the same. According to Toronto- positively correlated with lowering wage gap, as
Dominion Bank, the differences in income does a choice of career, especially if the
between men and women is largely tied to workplace is represented by a union. Family
motherhood (Grant, 2010). The fact that many characteristics correlate negatively with income
women limit their working hours to take care of and wage gap between men and women,
children would contribute to the overall gender especially larger families with three or more
income gap as men are more likely to work full- children. The negative correlation in this case
time than women and thus earn larger incomes. could be attributed to the number of hours a
woman spends at work as mothers are more
Conclusion likely than fathers to work part-time. Overall,
over the last few years, women saw a significant
The statistical research conducted found
decrease in the gender wage gap.
that the gender income gap in Canada continued
to decrease between 2006 and 2012. Several



References

Beltrame, J. (2013, January 28). Canada’s richest 1% rake in one-tenth of country’s income. CTV News.
Retrieved from http://www.ctvnews.ca/business/despite-recession-canada-s-rich-still-far-ahead-
of-the-99-per-cent-statscan-1.1132337

Canada’s richest 1% getting richer. (2013, January 28). CBC News. Retrieved from
http://www.cbc.ca/news/business/story/2013/01/28/business-tax-high-income.html

Cool J. (2008, October 24). Wage Gap Between Women and Men. Library of Parliament. Parliamentary
Information and Research Service. PRB 08-05E. Retrieved from
http://www.parl.gc.ca/Content/LOP/ResearchPublications/2010-30-e.pdfhtm

Drolet, Marie. (2011). Why has the gender wage gap narrowed. Perspectives on Labour and Income. Vol.
23, no. 1. Spring. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 75-001-X. Retrieved from
http://www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/75-001-x/2011001/pdf/11394-eng.pdf

Fang, T., Heywood, J. S. (2010, March 1). Immigration, Ethnic Wage Differentials and Output Pay in
Canada. British Journal of Industrial Relations, 48: 109–130. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-
8543.2009.00740.x. Retrieved from http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1467-
8543.2009.00740.x/pdf

Fortin, N.M., Green, D.A., Lemieux, T., Milligan, K., and Riddell, W.C. (2012, May). Canadian
inequality: Recent developments and policy options. Canadian Public Policy, 8, 121-145.
doi:10.3138/cpp.38.2.121. Retrieved from http://utpjournals.metapress.com/content
/pw6v54766127788l/fulltext.pdf

Frenette, M., Coulombe, S. (2007, June). Has Higher Education among Young Women Substantially
Reduced the Gender Gap in Employment and Earnings?. Statistics Canada Catalogue no.
11F0019MIE, no. 301. Retrieved from http://www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/11f0019m/11f0019m200
7301-eng.pdf

Grant, T. (2010, October 12). Canada lags in gender gap ranking. The Globe and Mail. Retrieved from
http://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/national/time-to-lead/canada-lags-in-gender-gap-
ranking/article1214786/

Grant, T. (2012, October 25). Canada slips in gender equality ranking. The Globe and Mail. Retrieved
from http://search.proquest.com/docview/1114948216?accountid=13800

Marshall, K. (2011, July 12). Generational change in paid and unpaid work. Canadian Social Trends, no.
92, Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 11-008-X. Retrieved from http://www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/11-
008-x/2011002/article/11520-eng.pdf

Marshall, K. (2012). Paid and unpaid work over three generations. Perspectives on Labour and Income,
vol. 24, no. 1. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 75-001-XIE. Retrieved from http://www.stat
can.gc.ca/pub/75-001-x/2012001/article/11612-eng.pdf



Statistics Canada. (2010). Why has the gender wage gap narrowed? (chart). Labour Market Activity
Survey, 1988 to 1990; Survey of Labour and Income Dynamics, 1993 to 1996; Labour Force
Survey, 1998 to 2008. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 75-001-XIE. Retrieved January 28, 2013,
from http://www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/75-001-x/2011001/charts-graphiques/11394/cg00d-eng.htm

Statistics Canada. (2010). Why has the gender wage gap narrowed? (table). Labour Market Activity
Survey, 1988 to 1990; Survey of Labour and Income Dynamics, 1993 to 1996; Labour Force
Survey, 1998 to 2008. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 75-001-XIE. Retrieved January 28, 2013,
from http://www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/75-001-x/2011001/tables-tableaux/11394/tbl001-eng.htm

Statistics Canada. (2012, June 18). Average earnings by sex and work pattern (table). Summary Tables.
Retrieved January 29, 2013, from http://www.statcan.gc.ca/tables-tableaux/sum-
som/l01/cst01/labor01a-eng.htm

Statistics Canada. (2012, June 18). Estimated numbers of earners by sex (2006 to 2010) (table). Summary
Tables. Retrieved January 28, 2013, from http://www.statcan.gc.ca/tables-tableaux/sum-
som/l01/cst01/labor56a-eng.htm

Statistics Canada. (2012, June 18). Table 202-0101 Distribution of earnings, by sex, 2010 Constant
Dollars, Annual (table). CANSIM (database). Retrieved January 30, 2013, from
http://www5.statcan.gc.ca/cansim/a26?lang=eng&retrLang=eng&id=2020101&paSer=&pattern=
&stByVal=1&p1=1&p2=-1&tabMode=dataTable&csid

Statistics Canada. (2012, June 18). Table 202-0102 Average female and male earnings, and female-to-
male earnings ratio, by work activity, 2010 Constant Dollars, Annual (table). CANSIM
(database). Retrieved January 30, 2013, from http://www5.statcan.gc.ca/cansim/a26?lang
=eng&retrLang=eng&id=2020102&paSer=&pattern=&stByVal=1&p1=1&p2=-
1&tabMode=dataTable&csid

Statistics Canada. (2012, June 18). Table 202-0104 Female-to-male earnings ratios, by selected
characteristics, 2010 constant dollars, Annual (table).CANSIM (database). Retrieved January 28,
2013, from http://www5.statcan.gc.ca/cansim/a26?lang=eng&retrLang=eng&id=2020104&paSe
r=&pattern=&stByVal=1&p1=1&p2=-1&tabMode=dataTable&csid

Statistics Canada. (2012, June 27). Table 111-0011 Family characteristics, by family type, family
composition and characteristics of parents, Annual (table). CANSIM (database). Retrieved
January 28, 2013 from http://www5.statcan.gc.ca/cansim/a26?lang=eng&retrLang=eng&id
=1110011&paSer=&pattern=&stByVal=1&p1=1&p2=-1&tabMode=dataTable&csid

Statistics Canada. (2012 June, 27). Table 111-0018 Family characteristics, labour characteristics, by sex
and age group, Annual (table). CANSIM (database). Retrieved January 28, 2013, from
http://www5.statcan.gc.ca/cansim/a26?lang=eng&retrLang=eng&id=1110018&paSer=&pattern=
&stByVal=1&p1=1&p2=-1&tabMode=dataTable&csid

Statistics Canada. (2012, June 27). Table 111-0021 Family characteristics, husband-wife families, by
wife's contribution to husband-wife employment income, Annual (table). CANSIM (database).



Retrieved January 28, 2013, from http://www5.statcan.gc.ca/cansim/a26?lang=eng&retrLang
=eng&id=1110021&paSer=&pattern=&stByVal=1&p1=1&p2=-1&tabMode=dataTable&csid

Statistics Canada. (2013, January 4). Employment by industry and sex (table). Summary Tables.
som/l01/cst01/labor10b-eng.htm

Statistics Canada. (2013, January 4). Labour force characteristics by age and sex (table). Summary Tables.

Statistics Canada. (2013, January 4). People employed, by educational attainment (table). Summary
som/l01/cst01/labor62-eng.htm

Statistics Canada. (2013, January 4). Reasons for part-time work by sex and age group (table). Summary

Statistics Canada. (2013, January 28). Table 204-0001 High income trends of tax filers in Canada,
provinces, territories and census metropolitan areas (CMA), national thresholds, Annual
(table).CANSIM (database). Retrieved January 30, 2013, from http://www5.stat
can.gc.ca/cansim/a26?lang=eng&retrLang=eng&id=2040001&paSer=&pattern=&stByVal=1&p1
=1&p2=-1&tabMode=dataTable&csid

Turcotte, Martin. (2011, August 24). Intergenerational education mobility: University completion in
relation to parents’ education level. Canadian Social Trends. No. 92. March. Statistics Canada
Catalogue no. 11-008-XWE. Retrieved from http://www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/11-008-
x/2011002/article/11536-eng.pdf

Uppal, Sharanjit. (2011, October, 26). Unionization 2011. Perspectives on Labour and Income. Autumn
2011, vol. 23, no. 4. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 75-001-XIE.
Retrieved from http://www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/75-001-x/2011004/article/11579-eng.pdf

Yuen, Jennifer. (2010, April). Job–education match and mismatch: Wage differentials. Perspectives on
Labour and Income. Vol. 11, no. 4. April. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 75-001-XIE. Retrieved
from http://www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/75-001-x/2010104/pdf/11149-eng.pdf

Zhang, Xuelin. (2009, March). Earnings of women with and without children. Perspectives on Labour
and Income. Vol. 10, no. 3. March. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 75-001-XIE. Retrieved from
http://www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/75-001-x/2009103/pdf/10823-eng.pdf



APPENDIX A

Table 1
Average female and male earnings, and female-to-male earnings ratio, by work activity,
2010 constant dollars

Earnings Work activity 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

Median earnings, females (dollars) All earners 22,400A 23,000A 23,200A 23,700A 23,900A
Full-year full-time 38,100A 38,500A 39,400A 40,700A 40,900A
workers
Other workers 9,800B 10,000B 10,200B 10,000B 10,400B
Median earnings, males (dollars) All earners 35,400A 35,900A 37,000A 35,100A 35,000A
workers
Female-to-male median earnings All earners 63.3A 64.1A 62.8B 67.6B 68.2B
ratio (percent) Full-year full-time 75.5A 74.2A 76.0A 78.2A 77.6A
workers
Other workers 90.5B 92.1C 87.5C 86.7C 89.9C

Earnings Work activity 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

Average earnings, females All earners 29,600A 30,400A 30,800A 31,600A 31,700A
(dollars) Full-year full-time 44,100 A
44,900 A
45,500 A
47,300 A
47,300A
workers
Other workers 15,200A 15,800A 15,500A 15,400A 15,700B
Average earnings, males (dollars) All earners 45,800A 46,500A 47,900A 46,100A 46,500A
workers
Female-to-male average earnings All earners 64.7A 65.5B 64.3A 68.6A 68.1A
ratio (percent) Full-year full-time 71.9B 71.2B 71.1B 74.4B 73.6B
workers
Other workers 77.1B 79.6B 75.7B 76.4B 78.2C
Source: Statistics Canada. Table 202-0102



Table 2
Average earnings by sex and work pattern

All earners
Women Men Earnings ratio
$ constant 2010 %
2001 28,200 45,300 62.1
2002 28,500 45,400 62.8
2003 28,100 44,700 62.9
2004 28,500 44,900 63.5
2005 29,200 45,600 64.0
2006 29,600 45,800 64.7
2007 30,400 46,500 65.5
2008 30,800 47,900 64.3
2009 31,600 46,100 68.6
2010 31,700 46,500 68.1
Note: Data before 1996 are drawn from Survey of Consumer Finances (SCF) and data since 1996 are taken
from the Survey of Labour and Income Dynamics (SLID). The surveys use different definitions, and as a
result the number of people working full-year full-time in the SLID is smaller than in the SCF.
Source: Statistics Canada, CANSIM, table 202-0102



Table 3
Distribution of earnings, by sex, 2010 constant dollars

Sex Earnings group 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

Males Median earnings (dollars) 35,400A 35,900A 37,000A 35,100A 35,000A
Median total income (dollars) 41,000A 41,200A 41,800A 40,900A 41,500A
Number of all earners (x 1,000) 10,005A 10,169A 10,277A 10,228A 10,353A
Median earnings of full-year full- 50,500A 51,900A 51,800A 52,000A 52,700A
time workers (dollars)
Number of full-year full-time 5,258A 5,329A 5,517A 5,065A 4,957A
workers (x 1,000)
Percentage under $5,000 12.7B 12.3B 11.6B 12.9B 13.2B
$5,000 to $9,999 (percent) 7.9B 8.0B 7.5B 7.6B 7.5B
$10,000 to $14,999 (percent) 6.6B 6.5B 6.5B 7.0B 7.1C
$15,000 to $19,999 (percent) 5.8B 5.7C 5.3C 6.2B 5.9C
$20,000 to $24,999 (percent) 5.3C 5.3B 5.5C 5.5C 5.7C
$25,000 to $29,999 (percent) 5.5C 5.7B 5.3C 5.3C 5.0C
$30,000 to $34,999 (percent) 5.7B 5.5C 5.7C 5.4C 5.4C
$35,000 to $39,999 (percent) 5.3B 5.6B 5.6C 5.4C 5.2C
$40,000 to $44,999 (percent) 5.5B 5.1B 5.4C 4.8C 4.8C
$45,000 to $49,999 (percent) 4.7C 4.6C 4.5C 4.7C 4.3C
$50,000 to $59,999 (percent) 8.0B 8.5B 8.6B 8.1B 8.2B
$60,000 and over (percent) 26.9A 27.2A 28.3A 27.2A 27.8A
Females Median earnings (dollars) 22,400A 23,000A 23,200A 23,700A 23,900A
Median total income (dollars) 28,700A 29,400A 29,800A 30,700A 30,800A
Number of all earners (x 1,000) 8,832A 9,061A 9,176A 9,223A 9,340A
Median earnings of full-year full- 38,100A 38,500A 39,400A 40,700A 40,900A
time workers (dollars)
Number of full-year full-time 3,783A 3,914A 4,043A 3,824A 3,900A
workers (x 1,000)
Percentage under $5,000 16.5B 15.8B 15.4B 15.9B 15.7B
$5,000 to $9,999 (percent) 12.0B 11.7B 11.8B 11.3B 11.0B
$10,000 to $14,999 (percent) 9.5B 10.0B 9.6B 9.6B 9.9B
$15,000 to $19,999 (percent) 8.3B 8.1B 8.1B 7.5B 7.8B
$20,000 to $24,999 (percent) 7.5B 7.2B 7.4B 7.3B 7.3B
$25,000 to $29,999 (percent) 6.4B 7.1C 6.6B 6.1C 6.6B
$30,000 to $34,999 (percent) 6.8B 6.3B 6.2C 6.1C 6.0C
$35,000 to $39,999 (percent) 5.7B 5.8B 6.0B 6.2B 5.9C
$40,000 to $44,999 (percent) 5.1C 5.4B 5.1C 4.9C 5.5C
$45,000 to $49,999 (percent) 4.2C 4.1C 4.4C 4.3C 4.4C
$50,000 to $59,999 (percent) 6.6B 6.3B 6.3B 7.0B 6.5B
$60,000 and over (percent) 11.4B 12.3B 13.1B 13.8B 13.6B



Table 4
High income trends of tax filers in Canada, provinces, territories and census metropolitan
areas (CMA), national thresholds
Income concepts=Total income

Income groups Statistics 2008 2009 2010

Top 1 percent income Threshold value (current dollars) 202,600 198,000 201,400
group Number of tax filers (persons) 249,755 252,300 254,730
Percentage, males 79.7 79.2 79.1
Percentage, females 20.3 20.8 20.9
Percentage married or in common-law 82.8 82.8 82.7
relationship
relationship, males
relationship, females
Median age (years) 51 51 51
Median income (current dollars) 291,000 278,700 283,400
Average income (current dollars) 461,800 424,900 429,600
Share of income 11.5 10.7 10.6
Share of income, males 9.5 8.7 8.7
Share of income, females 2.0 1.9 1.9
Percentage of income from wages and 63.8 62.4 63.9
salaries
salaries, males
salaries, females
Percentage in the same quantile last year 72.1 71.3 72.1
Percentage in the same quantile five years 52.5 52.7 52.7
ago
Bottom 99 percent Threshold value (current dollars) 202,600 198,000 201,400
income group Number of tax filers (persons) 24,725,060 24,976,58 25,217,1
5 45
Percentage, males 47.8 47.7 47.7
Percentage, females 52.2 52.3 52.3
relationship
relationship, males
relationship, females
Median age (years) 46 46 47
Median income (current dollars) 28,100 28,000 28,400
Average income (current dollars) 36,000 35,900 36,600
Share of income 88.5 89.3 89.4
Share of income, males 50.1 49.9 49.9
Share of income, females 38.4 39.4 39.5
salaries
salaries, males
salaries, females
Percentage in the same quantile last year 99.7 99.7 99.7
Percentage in the same quantile five years 99.6 99.6 99.5
ago



APPENDIX B

Table 1
Family characteristics, labour characteristics, by sex and age group
Age group=All age groups

Sex Labour characteristics 2008 2009 2010

Both sexes Total labour income 18,516,390 18,514,640 18,579,750
Labour participation rate (rate) 70.0 69.2 68.8
Males Total labour income 9,583,680 9,564,930 9,597,260
Females Total labour income 8,932,710 8,949,710 8,982,480



Table 2
Labour force characteristics by age and sex (2012)

Unemployment rate Participation rate Employment rate
%
Both sexes 7.2 66.7 61.8
15 to 24 years 14.3 63.6 54.5
15 to 19 years 20.1 49.5 39.6
20 to 24 years 11.0 76.1 67.7
25 years and older 6.0 67.2 63.2
25 to 44 years 6.3 87.1 81.6
25 to 34 years 6.9 86.3 80.4
35 to 44 years 5.6 87.9 82.9
45 to 64 years 5.8 75.7 71.3
45 to 54 years 5.6 85.7 80.9
55 to 64 years 6.3 63.8 59.8
Males 7.7 71.3 65.8
15 to 24 years 15.9 63.5 53.4
15 to 19 years 22.0 48.3 37.7
20 to 24 years 12.5 77.1 67.4
25 to 44 years 6.4 92.0 86.1
25 to 34 years 7.5 91.2 84.4
35 to 44 years 5.4 92.8 87.8
45 to 64 years 6.2 80.0 75.0
45 to 54 years 6.0 88.8 83.5
55 to 64 years 6.7 69.3 64.7
Females 6.8 62.2 57.9
15 to 24 years 12.6 63.6 55.6
15 to 19 years 18.2 50.8 41.6
20 to 24 years 9.3 75.0 68.0
25 to 44 years 6.1 82.2 77.2
25 to 34 years 6.2 81.4 76.3
35 to 44 years 5.9 83.0 78.1
45 to 64 years 5.4 71.5 67.6
45 to 54 years 5.2 82.6 78.3
55 to 64 years 5.8 58.5 55.1
Source: Statistics Canada, CANSIM, table 282-0002.



Table 3
Estimated numbers of earners by sex (2006 to 2010)

2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
thousands
All earners 18,837 19,230 19,452 19,451 19,693
Women 8,832 9,061 9,176 9,223 9,340
Men 10,005 10,169 10,277 10,228 10,353
Full-year full-time workers 9,041 9,243 9,560 8,889 8,858
Women 3,783 3,914 4,043 3,824 3,900
Men 5,258 5,329 5,517 5,065 4,957



APPENDIX C

Table 1
People employed, by educational attainment (2012)

Both sexes Men Women
%
Total 61.8 65.8 57.9
15 to 24 years 54.5 53.4 55.6
25 to 44 years 81.6 86.1 77.2
45 and over 51.5 56.5 46.8
Less than Grade 9 20.0 27.4 13.5
15 to 24 years 26.0 29.2 21.4
25 to 44 years 50.5 63.9 34.3
45 and over 15.8 22.0 10.9
Some secondary school 39.5 46.3 32.1
15 to 24 years 35.2 36.1 34.2
25 to 44 years 64.9 73.3 52.4
45 and over 34.4 43.9 25.3
High school graduate 61.1 68.1 54.3
15 to 24 years 63.4 63.7 62.9
25 to 44 years 77.7 84.8 68.6
45 and over 51.7 58.8 46.1
Some postsecondary 60.6 62.6 58.5
15 to 24 years 56.5 53.6 59.4
25 to 44 years 75.5 80.8 69.3
45 and over 54.0 58.5 49.9
1
Postsecondary certificate or diploma 70.6 73.6 67.7
15 to 24 years 74.5 73.7 75.3
25 to 44 years 85.2 88.9 81.6
45 and over 59.2 62.0 56.6
Bachelor's degree 74.8 76.9 73.1
15 to 24 years 71.2 67.3 73.8
25 to 44 years 85.4 89.8 82.1
45 and over 63.8 65.9 61.7
Above bachelor's degree 75.4 75.1 75.6
15 to 24 years 70.3 71.3 70.2
25 to 44 years 86.0 88.4 83.9
45 and over 66.7 66.8 66.6
Source: Statistics Canada, CANSIM, table 282-0004 and Catalogue no. 89F0133XIE.



Table 2
Female-to-male earnings ratios, by selected characteristics, 2010 constant dollars

Selected characteristics 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

All age groups 75.5A 74.2A 76.0A 78.2A 77.6A
All marital statuses 75.5A 74.2A 76.0A 78.2A 77.6A
Never married 96.0C 95.8C 87.3B 96.1B 96.1B
Married 70.1A 70.0A 72.3A 72.6A 71.8A
Other marital status 75.2C 75.0C 76.0B 80.2C 83.3C
All education levels 75.5A 74.2A 76.0A 78.2A 77.6A
Some secondary6 62.0C 67.4C 70.4C 73.3C 69.5D
Graduated high school6 73.4B 72.3B 76.5B 78.6C 84.8C
Some postsecondary 76.9C 81.2C 77.9C 79.4C 74.1C
Postsecondary certificate or diploma8 71.7A 72.3B 74.9B 74.4B 73.7B
University degree9 75.3B 74.9B 78.6B 79.9B 77.1B



APPENDIX D

Table 1
Employment by industry and sex (in percent)

2012
Number employed
Both sexes Men Women
%
All industries 100.0 100.0 100.0
Goods-producing sector 22.1 32.9 10.2
Agriculture 1.8 2.3 1.1
Forestry, fishing, mining, quarrying, oil and gas1 2.1 3.3 0.8
Utilities 0.8 1.2 0.4
Construction 7.2 12.2 1.8
Manufacturing 10.2 14.0 6.0
Services-producing sector 77.9 67.1 89.8
Trade 15.1 14.8 15.4
Transportation and warehousing 4.9 7.1 2.4
Finance, insurance, real estate and leasing 6.2 5.1 7.5
Professional, scientific and technical services 7.4 8.2 6.6
Business, building and other support services2 3.9 4.2 3.7
Educational services 7.4 4.8 10.2
Health care and social assistance 12.2 4.1 21.1
Information, culture and recreation 4.5 4.8 4.2
Accommodation and food services 6.3 4.9 7.8
Other services 4.5 3.9 5.3
Public administration 5.5 5.2 5.7



APPENDIX E

Table 1
Reasons for part-time work by sex and age group

Men
2012
Men
Total 15-24 25-44 45 and over
%
Own illness 3.7 0.7 5.2 6.7
Caring for children 1.3 x 3.9 1.2
Other personal/family responsibilities 1.4 0.6 2.1 2.1
Going to school 37.2 73.4 20.5 0.9
Personal preference 25.1 4.3 15.5 58.4
Other voluntary 2.8 1.3 5.3 3.2
1
Other 28.4 19.7 47.5 27.4
Total employed part-time 1,086.5 480.1 236.8 369.6
(thousands)
% employed part-time2 11.8 39.4 5.9 9.3
Source: Statistics Canada, CANSIM, table 282-0014 and 282-0001 and Catalogue no 89F0133XIE.

Women
2012
Women
Total 15-24 25-44 45 and over
%
Own illness 3.4 0.5 2.7 6.2
Caring for children 13.1 1.2 34.1 5.2
Other personal/family responsibilities 3.8 0.5 4.2 6.0
Going to school 24.7 71.4 8.6 1.0
Personal preference 26.3 4.6 14.7 52.9
Other voluntary 2.1 1.2 2.8 2.2
1
Other 26.6 20.6 32.9 26.3
Total employed part-time 2,208.3 668.6 692.9 846.8
(thousands)
% employed part-time2 26.5 55.2 19.3 24.0
Source: Statistics Canada, CANSIM, table 282-0014 and 282-0001 and Catalogue no 89F0133XIE.



Table 2
Family characteristics, husband-wife families, by wife's contribution to husband-wife
employment income

Wife's contribution to Husband-wife families2 2008 2009 2010
husband-wife family
employment income2,3,4

Number of husband-wife Total husband-wife families6 6,504,820 6,559,500 6,599,070
families with employment Husband-wife families with no children6 2,700,460 2,754,110 2,787,420
income Husband-wife families with 1 child6 1,507,520 1,510,670 1,512,780
Husband-wife families with 2 children6 1,607,400 1,607,990 1,610,820
Husband-wife families with 3 or more 689,440 686,730 688,040
children6
Median contribution of the Total husband-wife families6 29,200 29,780 30,400
wife to husband-wife family Husband-wife families with no children6 28,910 29,340 29,780
employment income Husband-wife families with 1 child6 28,900 29,400 30,070
(dollars)8 Husband-wife families with 2 children6 31,020 31,830 32,880
Husband-wife families with 3 or more 25,910 26,480 27,280
children6



Table 3
Family characteristics, by family type, family composition and characteristics of parents

Family type2,8,9 Parent 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
characteristics

Couple families8 All parental age 7,629,330 7,727,870 7,832,060 7,926,210 7,989,380
groups5
Median total income 70,400 73,420 75,880 75,320 76,950
(dollars)4,11
Lone-parent All parental age 1,391,330 1,379,310 1,383,470 1,389,570 1,401,870
families9 groups5
(dollars)4,11
Male lone-parent All parental age 237,050 234,670 242,210 243,270 247,020
families9 groups5
(dollars)4,11
Female lone- All parental age 1,154,270 1,144,640 1,141,260 1,146,310 1,154,850
parent families9 groups5
(dollars)4,11



Chart 1
Unionization rates of workers age 25 to 54


Report on Income Earning Gap between Men and Women (2006 - 2012)

Recommandé

Recommandé

Contenu connexe

Tendances

Tendances (20)

Similaire à Report on Income Earning Gap between Men and Women (2006 - 2012)

Similaire à Report on Income Earning Gap between Men and Women (2006 - 2012) (20)

Dernier

Dernier (20)

Report on Income Earning Gap between Men and Women (2006 - 2012)