English material for slow learners of HSC students of Tamilnadu

BELOVED TEACHERS
OF ENGLISH
MUTHURAMALINGAM.P.S.
GGHSS, PANDALGUDI

• CAPTIVES-PRISONERS ****
• VALIANT -BRAVE***
• INTERRED-BURIED**
• HONOURABLE-BRIGHT**
• SLEW-KILLED**
• CENSURE-JUDGE*
• VALOUR-COURAGE*
• RUFFLE UP-DISTURB*
• SACRED -HOLY*
• GRIEVOUS-SERIOUS*
• REVERENCE-RESPECT*
• RANSOM-MONEY PAID TO
RELEASE THE PRISONERS**

EMERGED -ROUSED*****
INTUITION - INSIGHT****
FRAILTY - WEAK****
DORMANT- LATENT**
ADVENT - ARRIVAL***
ENDURANCE-TOLERATE*
LIBEL- HARM*
SUBJUGATION-SUPPRESSION*
CRUSADER- FIGHTS FOR A
CAUSE*

AWAKENED – ROUSED **
DELICATELY – CAREFULLY *
CONSUMMATE – COMPLETE *
BIZARRE – STRANGE***
STRANDED – MAROONED ***
RECCE – SURVEY **
MENACING – THREATENING ***
TRUANT – STAYED AWAY
WITHOUT PERMISSION*
STURDY – STRONG ***
FASCINATING – ATTRACTING*
IN HOT PURSUIT – CHASING*
RETAINED – CONTINUED TO
POSSESS*
TRANSFIXED - FASCINATED*

INADVERTENCY –
UNINTENTIONAL*
ANIMATED – ENCOURAGED*
SEDUCE – TEMPT***
TRANQUILITY – CALM*
PATRONAGE – SUPPORT*
OBVIOUS – APPARENT*
ORNATE – FLOWERY**

BATTERED – THRASHED*
PETRIFIED – IMMOBILE****
VILE – EVIL****
BELITTLING – TREATED
WITH SCANT RESPECT*
PATRONAGE –
ENCOURAGEMENT** HYSTERICALLY –SCREAMED*
INSTANTLY – IMMEDIATELY*
SULLEN – SAD, MISERABLE*
SQUASHED – DEFEATED***
RESOLVED – INFORMED*

UNHERALDED– UNANNOUNCED***
ACCELERATED – SPEEDED UP***
HARNESS – CONTROL****
STENCH – STINK**
INDUSTRIOUS – HARD WORKING***
ASSAIL – ATTACK*
CENSURE- CRITICISM*
ENIGMA- MYSTERY*
OMINOUS – SOMETHING BAD*

BROAD X NARROW*
FAITHFUL X DISLOYAL**
SACRED X UNHOLY**
HONOURABLE X UNWORTHY*
REVERENCE X DISRESPECT*
ROUGH X SMOOTH*
VALOUR X COWARDICE*
ANGUISHED X PEACEFUL*
TRAITOR X PATRIOTS*
VALIANT X COWARD**
RUFFLE UP X CALM**
BLUNT X SHARP*
TYRANT X DEMOCRAT*

MARVELLOUS X ORDINARY**
RADICALLY X MODERATE***
SUBSERVIENT X DOMINANT*
DOMINEERING X SUBMISSIVE***
DORMANT X ACTIVE*
BESTOWED X OBTAINED/DENIED**
FRAILLY X STRONG**
TIMID X BOLD*
INFINITE X FINITE*
FAITHFUL X FAITHLESS, DISLOYAL*

ABANDONED X INHABITED***
STURDY X WEAK*****
EVENTUALLY X INITIALLY***
CONTINUOUSLY X
INTERMITTENTLY****
SHROUDED X UNCOVERED***
VANISH X APPEAR*
BUSTLING X INACTIVE*
DETERRED X ENCOURAGED*
FORBIDDEN X ALLOWED*
PATIENT X IMPATIENT*

RISIBLE X SERIOUS**
COPIOUS X MEAGER******
OBSCURE X CLEAR**
TRANQUILITY X AGITATION**
OBVIOUS X HIDDEN*
PERFECT X IMPERFECT*
OMITTED X INCLUDED*
VIGOROUS X SPIRITLESS*
EXAGGERATED X UNDERPLAYED*
BRIEF X DETAILED*

DESPISE X ADMIRE****
VILE X GOOD*
INTERESTED X INDIFFERENT*
SULLEN X CHEERFUL**
AGONY X ECSTASY*
CREATOR X DESTROYER****
TRUSTED X UNWORTHY
STUPID X CLEVER*
LOOSENED X TIGHTENED*
SUSPICION X CERTAIN*
UNDAMAGED X DAMAGED*
ILLITERATE X LITERATE*
INDIFFERENT X INTEREST**

ULTIMATE X INITIAL**
EXTINGUISHED X LIT**
LIBERAL X CONSERVATIVE*
CURSED X BLESSED******
TRIVIAL X SIGNIFICANT*****
RELEVANT X IRRELEVANT*
GUILT X INNOCENCE*
MONSTROUS X HUMANE*
DESTRUCTION X CONSTRUCTION*
HARNESS X RELEASE**
ADVERSE X FAVOURABLY*
REMOTE X NEAR**

INDEX –
INDEXES*******
DATUM –
DATE********
BACTRIUM -
BACTERIA**
ERRATUM – ERRATA
CRITERION – CRITERIA*
MEDIUM –
MEDIA*****
SYLLABUS – SYLLABI**
MATRIX – MATRIXES**
BASIS – BASES
THESIS – THESES
RADIUS – RADII**
FORMULA –
FORMULAE*
AGENDUM – AGENDA*
ALUMNUS –
ALUMNI******

• ae usi uma sises exes
• VOE cÁ ckh ÁrZ v¡rZ
• a+e, us+i, um+a, sis+es, ex+es
1. ‘a’ endings take ‘e’(formula-formulae)
2. ‘us’ endings take ‘i’ (‘us’ is dropped as ‘y’ in lorry-lorries
and if there is already an ‘i’, ‘i ’doubles (radius-radii).
3. ‘um’ endings take ‘a’( datum-data), ‘um’ is also
dropped as ‘us’.

• FOR ‘POSITIVE’ NOUNS
SUBJECTS VERBS NOUNS
I LIKED THE DATA (PLURAL).
MY FATHER MISSED THE BBC (ABBREVIATION).
SHE KNEW THE NEWSCAST (BLENDING).
MY FRIEND WANTED THE TRUCK (AMERICAN WORD).
OUR TEACHERS SAW THE KITCHEN GARDEN ( COMPOUND WORD).
THE GIRLS FOUND THE IMPROVEMENT (PREFIX).
WE RECEIVED THE ABILITY( SUFFIX)
RAJA LOVED THE MARK (DEMARCATE) (CLIPPING).
ANY SUBLECT NEEDED THE LIGUIFIED PETROLEUM GAS.
* IF ‘NEGATIVE’ WORDS LIKE ‘AIDS’ , WE CAN USE ‘HATE’ OR ‘DID NOT LIKE/SEE/LOVE/ETC.
MY FRIEND HATED,
DISLIKED
DID NOT LIKE
PUNISHMENT.

Idioms and Phrases (Pp-284, 285, 286)
1. To give someone a piece of one’s mind****. (HE GAVE ME A PIECE OF
MIND).
2. To be at logger heads*****. (I saw them at logger heads)
3. To be at the end of one’s tether. (We found him at the end of his tether)
4. To be on cloud nine***(The winners are in cloud nine)
5. A bolt from the blue***(Missing the first rank is a bolt from the blue to
Shammi)
6. A yellow streak. (Don’t show an yellow streak)
7. In the pink of health***(He is in the pink of health at 80)
8. A shadow of one’s self (He became an MLA in the shadow of his father)
9. Honour bound*(We are honour bound to look after our parents)
10. Put on airs**.(My friend put on airs after his MBBS)
11. Once in a blue moon*(English teacher visits home once in a blue moon)

ABBREVIATIONS (Pp-124, 125)
PC-Personal Computer*, UGC-University Grants
Commission***, PSU- Public Sector Unit, HSS-Higher Secondary
Schools, CPU- Central Processing Unit******, NLC- Neyveli
Lignite Corporation *, BBC- British Broadcasting Corporation** ,
LPG-Liquefied Petroleum Gas *, CD- Compact Disc, VCR- Video
Cassette Recorder*, LAN- Local Area Network, TANSI- Taminadu
Small Scale Industries, ISRO- Indian Space Research
Organisation, AIDS- Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome**,
ATM- Automatic teller machine**, WHO- World Health
Organisation***, UNO- United Nations Organisation*, TOEFL*-
Test of English as a Foreign Language. (Students have to write
the abbreviated words in sentences not just the abbreviation),
(refer ready to use sentence table for context – Example: I loved
the Personal Computer, I saw the University Grants
Commission, I liked the Public Sector Unit, I knew the Higher
Secondary Schools, I found the Central Processing Unit, etc.)

HOMOPHONES (Pp-179,180)
Dessert (payasam), desert (palaivanam)** - We eat dessert
in the desert.
Eminent(sirantha), imminent (udan nigala kudia)*** - The
eminent scientist warned the imminent danger.
Stationery (eluthu porutgal), stationary (asayatha, nilayana)-
The stationery stores are not stationery*
Principal ( kalloori muthalvar) principle ( neri murai, olukka
niyathi)**- Our principal in a man of principle.
Industrial(thozlil sarntha), industrious (kadina ulaippu) *-
Ratan Tata is industrious and he solves all industrial
problems.
Prescribed(thoguthu kodu), proscribed(aapathu endru
arivithal)*-The lesson prescribed is announced proscribed by

Seen(paarthal), scene(katchi)*- I have seen a bad scene.
Illegible(padikka mudiyatha), eligible(thaguthi)* - He is not
eligible as he has illegible hand writing. Popular(pirapalya
mana),
populous(makkal athigamulla) – India is a popular democracy
but a populous one.
Moral(neethi), morale(kattu pattu unarvu)*- The moral of the
story improved his morale.
Peace(amaithi), piece(thundu thundaga)* - The state was in
pieces but it has peace.
Sell(virpanai seithal), cell(min kalam, aria)*- The shop sells cell
for my phone.
Route(valiyaga), root(aaniver)*- The route of Silk rooted in
China.
Adopted(thathueduthal), adapted(porunthipoguthal)*- The
adopted boy has adapted into the family.
Threw(erithal), through(valiyaga)*- She threw the waste
through the window

• Conscience(ulunarvu),conscious(vilipudaniruthal)*
- If you are conscious of your conscience, you will
not make mistake.
• Weak(palaginam), week(vaaram)*- My friend was
weak in this week.
• Whether(irandilondru), weather(kalanilai)*- I do
not know whether the weather will permit us.
• Due(karanamaga), dew(panithuli)*- Due to dew
the train was cancelled.
• Note: Students May be told, if they don’t know the
exact answer, to write one of the homophones in
both the blanks so that they may get at least one
mark for the right blank.

News and broadcast**-newscast
Education and entertainment** - edutainment
Travel and catalogue****- travelogue
motorway and hotel**- motel
Lecture and demonstration**- lecdem
Helicopter and airport***- heliport
Breakfast and lunch*- brunch
Smoke and fog- smog
Electro and execute**- electrocute
Information and wizard- info wiz.

information + technology - InfoTech
Documentary and drama**- docudrama
Vegetable and burger*- veg burger
International and police**- Interpol
Medical and care* ***- Medicare,
(refer ready to use sentence table for context- For
example; I liked the newscast. My father loved the
edutainment, my friends needed the travelogue,
my sister found the motel, etc.; using ‘the’ is
rather more important.)

de.tect****,don.key**,daugh.ter***,queue*,va.nish*,ce
n.sure*,con.tact*,ad.van.tage***,en.ter.tain****,pre.si.
dent***,en.ter.tain**,dra.ma.tic******,ac.ci.dent**,ec.c
en.tric***,con.fi.dence***,ex.press.ion*,fa.ci.li.tate*,e.r
a.di.cate***,cal.cu.la.tion*,phi.lo.so.phy*,di.li.gence*,dy
.na.mic*,per.mi.sion/per.mission*,for.tu.nate*,im.pli.cit
*,pro.duc.tion*,me.mo.ry*,es.ta.blish*,fan.tas.tic*,in.sti.
tu.tion**,ins.pi.ra.tion**,par.ti.cu.lar***,al.lit.te.ra.tion*
*,si.mul.te.ne.ous*,in.te.li.gent*,as.tro.lo.gy****,mag.ni
.fi.cent*,su.per.sti.tion*,em.bo.di.ment*,e.du.ca.tion*,fo
r.mi.da.ble*,la.bo.ra.to.ry*,ac.ti.vi.ty*,in.tro.duc.tion*,p
o.pu.la.tion*,fa.ci.li.tate*,as.so.ci.a.tion**,ap.pre.ci.a.
tion**,ar.gu.men.ta.tive*.

ONE WORD IN DIFFERENT PARTS OF
SPEECH
1. Address as a verb as a noun. 2. Hope as a
verb as a noun. 3. Equal as an adjective as a
noun. 4. Old as an adjective as a verb. 5. Like as
an adjective as a verb. 6. Well as a verb as a
noun. 7. Tears as verb and Noun. 8. Fine as
Noun and adjective. 9. Help as Noun and Verb.
10. Love as Noun and verb. 11. File as Noun
and Verb.

• FOR USING A WORD IN DIFFERENT PARTS OF SPEECH
‘ADDRESS’ AS NOUN AND VERB
1. For using as ‘Noun’- the previous table can be used:
‘I liked the address’- used as ‘Noun’( I liked the love,
We saw the tears, They needed the hope, My friend wanted
the well)
2. For ‘ Verbal’ usage:
‘ I___________ all’ ( I addressed all, I loved all, I filed all)
3. For ‘an Adjective’:
‘ I liked the __________ time’ ( I liked the old time,
she saw the fine time, Radha wanted equal time

BRITISH vs AMERICAN( Pp-25,26,27)
Flat*– apartment, / Biscuit*– cookies, /
Holiday****– vacation, / Lorry****–
truck, / Luggage* – baggage, / Railway –
railroad, / Lift**– elevator, / Taxi – cab, /
Tin – can, / Petrol*– gasoline, / Autumn-
Fall**, / Film-Movie***, / - Tap-Faucet, /
Underground*- subway, / Pavement* -
sidewalk, / Sweets-Candies**, / Mail*-
post/, / Aerial- Antenna.

COMPOUND WORDS (Pp- 126)
Duty-free***, / kitchen garden*, / day- to
– day**,/ air-conditioning*, / long-forgotten*,
/ well-to-do****, / wood-work*,/
point-to-point**, / washing-machine*,
/ sports-man*, / son-in-law*,/
down-to-earth*,/ world-famous*, / taxi-driver*,
/ shop-owner***,(refer ready to
use sentence table)

SUFFIX-PREFIX (Pp-121, 122)
• PREFIXES
• Un-kind***-, dia-gram*, contra-band, in-active* ,
im-possible***, pre-paid*, post-lunch, de-frost*,
bi-weekly*, tri-colour, ir-resposible*, dis-miss**,
non-violence*, mis-lead*, il-legal*.
• SUFFIXES: abil-ity***, quick-ly***, symbol-ise*,
faith-less***, kind-ness***, govern-ment****,
faith-ful**, eat-able, mob-ile*, affect-tion**, child-hood*.
• Note: Ask the students to write either prefix or
suffix, not both (refer ready to use sentence table).

COMPOUND WORD FORMATION (Pp-125)
Noun + noun (moonlight) *********, /
Noun + verb (sunrise) *******, / Noun +
gerund (air-conditioning) *******, / Noun
+ adjective (lifelong) ******, / Preposition
+ noun (upstairs) ***, / Verb + noun
(washbasin) ****, / Gerund + noun
(washing-machine) **, / Adjective + noun
(blackboard) *****, / Adjective + verb
(whitewash) *

PHARASAL VERBS (Pp-283)
• Break in (enter by force). The thief broke in the house.
• Break up (separate into smaller piece). The child broke up
the doll*.
• Call upon (call somebody to do something).The teacher
called upon us to clean the campus.
• Call off (cancel). We called off the tour due to bandh**.
• Cut off (cutting from a larger part). The branches were cut
off from the tree.
• Cut short (get reduced). My father cut short his shirt to
suit me**.

Phrasal-verbs
• See through (realise truth). I saw through the
reason for my headache.
• See to (deal with). I saw to the power cut with
invertor.
• Go ahead (move forward). I went ahead of my
decision to join medicine.
• Go against (not in favour). All the evidence went
against him**.

PHARASAL VERBS
Keep away (avoid going near). I kept away from the pore
well.
Keep on (continue). We kept on preparing for the board
exam.
Keep up (at the same level). My friend kept me up his
level****.
Look after (take care of). We must look after our aged
parents well.
Look into (examine something). The judge looked into the
case carefully.
Look out (keep trying to find). My friend looked out for his
lost dictionary******.

Phrasal-verbs
Pick on (treat unfairly by blaming).My neighbour picked
on a quarrel with us when he lost his hen.
pick up (Get by chance). I picked up my close friend on
the way.
Stand by (ready for action). I stood by my friend when
he joined Army.
Stand up (on your feet). I stood up to answer the
question
Give up (abandon completely). My friend gave up
smoking.
Give off (sent out). The dish gave off a fine smell*.

PHARASAL VERBS
Put on (wear). She put on her new dress for Diwali.
Put off (away from, postpone) We put off our trip to
Amarnath**.
Take off (left the ground, remove).The copter took
off from the port.
Take over (assume charge). He took over the office
when the manager fell ill*.

Phrasal-verb
Pull back (move back). The army pulled
back when it started raining.
pull on (going ahead, breath in). We pulled
on in spite of heavy rain.
Pull up ( criticizing someone) My friend
pulled up me for giving false information*.
NOTE: USE ‘DON’T____’/ ‘PLEASE_____’
(Don’t pull back or Please pull back).

CLIPPED FORM (Pp-226)
Omnibus-bus, Laboratory-lab**, Advertisement-ad***,
Influenza-flu*, Microphone-mike*,
Spectacles-specs**, Demonstration-demo*,
Gymnasium-gym****, Suitcase-case**, helicopter-copter**,
Taxi-cab-taxi*, handkerchief-kerchief***,
kilogram-kilo***, signature-sign**, aero-plane-plane*,
hamburger-burger**, photograph-photo*,
fountain-pen- pen*, refrigerator-fridge*, telephone-phone**,
perambulator-pram*, demarcate- mark**,
mathematics-maths**. (Refer ready to use sentence
table for context).

‘IF’ CLAUSE
• Type – I
Ex: If you study (first form of verb/simple present) well, you
will pass. (Simple future/ will + first form)
• Type – II
Ex: If she asked (simple past/second form) for help I would
help (would + first form of verb) her.
• *If she were an angel she would fly. (If the verb ‘if’ clause is
a ‘be’ verb it always takes ‘were’ when the verb in the main
clause is would + first form)
Type – III
• Ex: If I had known (past perfect/had + third form of verb)
the answer I would have told (would + have + third form) it.
(These verb combinations must be practiced. Refer page No.
86, 87, 88, 89, and 90).

SEMI MODALS (Pp-191,192,193)
• Dare to: (refer courage) How dare you call me by
name. She dare not go out at night.
• Need to: (necessity or not necessary) You need to
prepare all lessons. You need not read all
questions
• Ought to: (compulsion, obligation) We ought to
take care of our elders/children/health.
• Used to: (regular past happening, suspended at
present) I used to go for a walk when I was in
Bangalore.

TENSES
• Simple present tense: with adverbs present in the
sentence- always, often, frequently, generally, usually,
sometimes, every day, every week, every month, once
a week, twice a week, and truth/fact
• Present continuous: with words- still, now, while,
now-a-days, these days, at this time, at present, at
that moment and a likely action in the future.
• Present perfect: with words-yet, as yet, so far, ever
since, already, just, just now, presently, once, twice,
and period of time
• Present perfect continuous: period of time and
sentence begin with for how long, since when.
• Simple past: with words-yesterday, ago, all the while,
last and past action

RELATIVE PRONOUNS( Pp-236, 237)
The ‘5’ steps
1.Word referring human beings + relative pronoun + verb = ‘who’
• Eg: I know the boy (human word) who (relative pronoun) was selected (verb).
2.Word referring human beings + relative pronoun + noun = ‘whose’
• Eg: I know the boy (human word)whose (relative pronoun) father (noun) was selected
3.Word referring to human beings + relative pronoun + pronoun = ‘whom’
• Eg: I know the boy (human word) whom(relative pronoun) they (pronoun) trusted with.
4. A word not referring human + relative pronoun + verb/noun/pronoun = ‘that’ or
‘which’
• Eg: I read the story (non-human word) that (relative pronoun) was (verb) written by
Tagore/ I (pronoun) found in the library/ my father (noun) also liked.
5.A word referring a place of purpose + relative pronoun + verb/noun = ‘where’
• Eg: I went to the college where I had my graduation
Note: use ‘what’ other than the human, non-human and place word comes in
front of the blank, particularly ‘verb’.

Sentence pattern
• SVO**- (I named/called him),
• SVOA***** (I named/called him yesterday),
• ASVO* (Yesterday, I named him),
• SVOC**** (I named him Raja),
• SVOCA** (I named him Raja yesterday),
• ASVOC* (Yesterday, I named him Raja),
• SVIODO** (I gave him a pen),
• ASVIODO (Yesterday, I gave him a pen),
• SVIODOA (I gave him a pen yesterday),
• SVC** (He was a king/ He was good),
• SVCA***** (He was a king yesterday/ He was good
yesterday)

TYPE OF PASSIVE
• Voice with ‘by’ before object is personal passive
• Voice without ‘by’+ ‘object’ is impersonal

LINKERS
• Tips:
1.____ he was good (positive), he was selected (positive) (‘AS’ or ‘and so’-
when the sentence is positive)
2.______ he was good (positive), he was refused (negative). (‘though,
although, even though’ or ‘but, yet, still’ -if one part is negative)
3.______ he was good (positive), he would be (would + first form of
verb)selected (positive)(‘If’ or ‘and’ if -one part is positive and the other part has
‘will/would + first form/have + third form of verb’+ positive)
4.______ he was good (positive), he would be (would + first form) rejected
(negative). ( ‘unless, or, or-else, otherwise’ -if one part is positive and the other
part has ‘will/would + first form/have + third form of verb’+ negative)
5. When I went to the station, the train had already left.(Verb ‘simple
past’ in one clause and ‘past perfect’ in the other clause use ‘when’ or ‘and’.)
• Note: subordinate conjunctions like ‘as, though, although, even though, if,
unless, when’ are usually placed in the beginning of the sentence and the
coordinate conjunctions like’ and so, and, but, yet, still, or or-else,
otherwise’ are placed in the middle of the sentence)

Dialogue writing
Eg: Raj : Where are you going now, Geetha?
Geetha : I am going to Madurai.
Raj (subject) asked Geetha (object)(reporter speech),
“Where are you going? (reported speech) & Geetha told
Raj, “I am going to Madurai” are the actual speech.
The reporter verb and the object are understood.
The verb is as per the type of sentence, the object is
the speaker in the next conversation, i.e. Geetha and
the conjunction will also be as per the type of
sentences. The object for the second conversation is
the speaker of the first conversation).

Dialogue writing
Type of
sentence
Reporter
verb
conjunction Pronoun
change
Verb of reported
speech
1.statements told/replied that Use
S
O
N
Method
for all *
present tense
→past tense,
simple past
→past perfect,
will→would,can
→could,
may→might,
shall→should
2.interrogative
s
asked If/weather
or ‘wh’type
pronouns
3.imperatives ordered,
advised,
requested
To + verb or
Not to +
verb
4.exclamatory exclaimed that

Dialogue writing
• First person ‘I’ in the reported speech always
refers to →S= subject reporter speech.
• Second person ‘you’ in the reported speech
always refers to→ O= object of reporter speech.
• Third persons ‘he/she/it’ in the reported speech
has → N= no change.
• So, change the pronouns ‘I/you’ → ‘he/she’,
‘me/you’ →him/her and ‘My/your’→ ‘her/his’
• Ans: Raj asked Geetha where she was going then.
Geetha replied him that she was going to
Madurai.

Start with
• Start with the given word and remove the
conjunction and the word in which you start.
1. If I were you, I would help her (Start with ‘were’)
step 1:Were if (conjunction) I were (the word in which we start)
you, I would help her.
Step 2: Were I you, I would help her.
2. If you had invited me, I would have come. (Start
with ‘had’)
Step 1: Had if you had invited me, I would have come.
Step 2: Had you invited me, I would have come.

Simple/compound/complex
COMPLEX COMPOUND SIMPLE (phrases)
When,
As soon as
(time)
and On + (possessive adjective-
(my/our/your/his/her/their)(If the subject of both clauses are
different) + verb+ing or being (for ‘be’ verb)
As,
Since, Because
(reason)
and so or
therefore
Being (for ‘be’ verb) or having + III form or as a result of +
verb+ing or being (for ‘be’ verb) or on account of + v+ing or
being (for ‘be’ verb) or because of + v+ing or being (for ‘be’ verb) or
due to + v+ing or owing to + v+ing
Though,
Although,
Even though
(contrast)
But or yet or
still
In spite of + possessive adjective
(my/our/your/his/her/their) + V+ing or being
(for ‘be’ verb) or despite + v+ing or being (for ‘be’ verb)
If (positive
Condition)
and Incase of + v+ing or being (for ‘be’ verbs) or in the event o + v+
ing or being (for ‘be’ verb)

Simple compound complex
Unless(negative
Condition)
Or,orotherwise,
or orelse
Incase of + not + v+ing or being (for
‘be’ verbs) or in the event o + v+ ing or
being (for ‘be’ verb)
So..that + S +can
not(for present tense) or
couldnot(past)
(result)
Very and so Too…to
So that (purpose) and In order to + V+ing
Not only..but also
(emphasis)
As well as Besides being
After (time later
than)
and Having + III form of verb

• Some examples:
• Though he wrote well, he scored less (complex)/ He wrote
well but he scored less(compound) (just inter change only
the conjunction to transform compound to complex or
complex to compound)(memorise the table to use correct
conjunctions)
• To convert to simple;
• Step- 1. Remove the conjunction (Though he wrote well, he
scored less/ He wrote well but he scored less).
• Step-2. Start with respective phrase choosing from the table
(in spite of + v + ing (no possessive as the subjects are same) In spite of
writing (-ing form is added only to the first form of verb)
• Step-3. Ask them to write the remaining part as it is- well,
he scored less.

• Note: only the ‘conjunction’, ‘subject’ (takes possessive form if the
subjects are different or it is dropped) and ‘verb’ (takes –ing form) are changed.
• As he was ill, he was absent (complex)/ He was ill and so he
was absent(compound)/ Being ill, he was absent (simple)
• Having completed my home-work, I went out to play
(simple). As I completed my home-work, I went out to play
(complex).I completed my home work and so I went out to
play(compound).
• Note: While converting to simple sentence to either
complex or compound, the ‘verb of main clause’ (went - simple
past) should be noted carefully. The ‘verb’ in sub-clause is
formed as per the tense of the main clause. But, to form
‘If’/‘unless’ clause the verb ‘will/would’ of the main clause
be noted.

Combining sentences
1. If the conjunction is already given follow the
pattern as per the table
Eg: ‘Venkat shared his lunch with the boy. He had
only one sandwich’. (form a complex sentence
using ‘though’)
• Note: it is a ‘contrast’ sentence. He had only one
sandwich. He shared it. ‘Contrast’ sentences
usually have ‘actions of difference when
compared’. It may also be mentioned as more or
less, positive and negative. So, we have to use
‘though’ with more than less.
‘Though Venkat had only one sandwich (has one - more),
he shared his lunch with the boy (has no sandwich - less)

Combining the sentences
2. The children of the household constantly belittled
Gunga Ram. They never read scriptures’.(combine
them using a ‘relative pronoun’)
• Note: while using Relative pronouns see what noun
(antecedent) the subject of the second sentence refers
to. Replace the subject with RP and place the
sentence after the ‘antecedent’.
In the above sentence the subject (they) refers to ‘the
children’.
• The children of the house hold who never read
scriptures constantly belittled Gunga Ram.
Eg; I am reading a book (antecedent). It is interesting.
• I am reading a book which is interesting.

Combining sentences
3. The rain stopped. The play resumed. (combine
the sentences into complex)(refers ‘time’)
When the rain stopped, the play resumed.
4. If the same type of sentences have ‘will/would
+ verb’ combinations, it becomes conditionals.
The rain stopped. The play would be
resumed.(combine them into complex)
If the rain stopped, the play would be
resumed.

Combining sentences
5. If the same type of sentences have ‘will/would + verb’
combinations, it becomes conditionals.
• Eg: The rain stopped. The play would be resumed.
• If the rain stopped, the play would be resumed.
6. If such sentences have ‘negatives’ in the second part, it
would be ‘contrast’ sentences.
• Eg: The rain stopped. The play did not resume. (contrast)
• Though the rain stopped, the play did not resume.
7. If they are ‘negative conditionals’ with ‘will/would + not +
verb’ combination, it will take ‘unless’
Eg: The rain stopped. The play would not be resumed.
Unless the rain stopped, the play would not be resumed.

Essays
• JULIUS CAESAR
• Introduction: Julius Caesar is a famous play of William
Shakespeare. His characters are real.
• Speech of Brutus: Brutus loved Caesar. But he loved
his country more. Caesar was ambitious. He would
make his people slaves. So, he killed him. He touched
the head of the people.
• Speech of Mark Antony: Antony came to bury Caesar
not to praise. Caesar filled the treasury with ransom.
He refused the crown thrice. He left a will to people.
He was not ambitious. He touched the sentiment of
the people.
• Conclusion: The skilled speeches attracted the people.

• GANDHIJI AS A CRUSADER.
• Introduction: Gandhi worked for women’s equality. He
wanted education for them and take part in all. He made
them equal.
• Woman, man’s friend: Women are not slaves but equal. One
cannot live without the support of other. Women need
equality to shape their future.
• Gandhi Vs Tradition: He did not follow tradition blindly. If a
tradition is irrelevant to our progress, we must leave it. Child
marriage, untouchability and child widowhood are wrong.
They are immoral. They must be removed.
• Ahimsa and Sathyagraha: Ahimsa means endless love. It is
endless capacity for suffering. God created women to love.
Women are true models of Ahimsa like Sita, Savithri, and
Dhamayandhi. The power of non-violence lies with them.
They can spread good news.

Poem: Appreciation.
1. ‘Psalm of Life’- H. W. Longfellow
1. which is ‘mournful numbers’? – sad song**.
2. What is meant by ‘bivouac of life’ – temporary camp*****.
3. When should we act? – at present*.
4. What is compared ‘muffled drum’?- our heart**.
5. What is ‘learn to labour’? – work-hard*,
6. What does the life compared to? – Battle field*.
7. Who leave foot prints? – great men/our ancestors**.
8. What does the foot prints refer to? - our ancestors achievement*.
9. Where do they leave foot prints? – on the sands of time*.
10. What does the life of great men teach us? - our life is
sublime/great*.
11. Which is death-less? - soul.
12. Which soul dies? – the soul that ‘slumbers/sleeps.
ALLUSION: ‘Dust thou art, to dust returnest’ - BIBLE, Genesis.

2. ‘Women’s Rights’- Annie Louisa Walker
1. To whom does the poem addressed to? – men in general*.
2. What is the picture about? – women’s rights/mission*.
3. Where do they claim to dwell? – in the kitchen/under the
roof***.
4. What is ‘inane abstraction’? – meaningless empty
thoughts***.
5. What is meant by ‘to sleep our life away’? – waste our
time**.
6. What are women compared to? – humble plants*.
7. What do they make - a bright home with love and
happiness*.
8. What do you mean by ‘cherished circle’? – family
circle******.

3. ‘A Noiseless patient Spider’-Walt Whitman
1. What is ‘promontory’? - highest place***.
2. How does the soul stand? – detached from likes
and dislikes**.
3. Who is musing continuously? – human soul**.
4. What is filament? – flimsy material/saliva**.
5. Where does the soul stand? – in the vast space**.
6. What does the spider symbolise? – soul**
7. What is ‘gossamer thread’? – fibre/filament/the
thread bridge**.
8. What is the bridge? – connecting human soul to
spiritual world.

4. ‘English Words’- V.K.Gokak
1. What is ‘leech craft’? – using leeches to remove impure blood**.
2. What are English words compared to? –leech craft, tongues of fire, forest fire,
sunlight, winged seed, winging seed, swarm of fire flies, homing bees, god***.
3. Which were the ‘thorns’ in our blood? – Native language*.
4. What do you mean by ‘thorn-mills’? – superstitious thoughts*.
5. What does the word ‘you’ and ‘dawn’ refers to? – English words*.
6. What is ‘devouring’? – removed unnecessary things*.
7. Who crossed the furrowed seas? - English words*.
8. What are clustered stars? – clustered means ‘group of stars’, all English
words*.
9. What is ‘nascent loveliness’? – new born beauty/beautiful existence**.
10. What is ‘gospel’? – good news**.
11. What is ‘global merchandise’? – trade language**.
12. What is ‘homing bees’? – as bees collect honey and keep them in hive,
English words collect word all over and keep them vocabulary list*.
13. What is ‘Indo Aryan’? – English belongs to Germanic, an Indo Aryan
language**.
ALLUSION:
1. ‘Indo Aryan’- English belong to Germanic, Indo-Aryan language.
2. ‘And theWord was God’ – BIBLE, St. John.

5. ‘snake’- D. H. Lawrence
1. Why did the snake come? – To drink water*.
2. Who is ‘someone’, ‘guest’? – The snake***.
3. What is education tell? – Yellow snakes are poisonous, must be killed**.
4. Who must be killed? – Snake**.
5. What is education? - learned knowledge*.
6. What is accursed education? – Education made him hate snakes*.
7. Who is the first comer? – Snake**.
8. Who is the second comer? - D. H. Lawrence, the poet**.
9. What does ‘he’ refers to? – Snake.
10. What is Etna? – Volcano in Sicily**.
11. What is the mean act/pettiness? – act of throwing the log***.
12. What is ‘albatross’? – A sea bird*.
13. Who is the king in exile? – Snake*.
14. What does the poet wish for? – The snake to come back*.
• ALLUSION:
1. ‘Sicilian July with Etna smoking’ – Etna, a volcano in Sicily, referring heat and
burning.
2. ‘And I thought of the albatross’ – ‘Rime of Ancient Mariner’ by Coleridge. S.T.

6. ‘The Man He Killed’- Thomas Hardy
1.Who shot whom? – The poet shot his enemy**.
2. Who stared face to face? – The poet and his foe/enemy***
3. Why did the narrator shot him? – Because he was his
enemy/foe***.
4. Who do ‘he’ and ‘I’ refer to? – The poet and his enemy*.
5. What is ‘nipperkin’? – Wine glass***.
6. What is ‘infantry’? – Foot-soldiers*.
7.What is ‘half a crown’? – British coin, five shillings.
8. What is ‘quaint and curious’? - treat one in bar but kill him in the
war***.
• Figure of Speech:
1.Simile: If the given poetic line has ‘like, as, so’, it has a ‘simile’ as the figure of
speech.
2. Metaphor: If the given poem line does not have ‘like, as so’, it has a ‘metaphor’.
Alliteration: repetition of ‘consonant’ sounds more than once in the beginning of the
word in a poem line.
• ‘In the word’s broad field of battle’- ‘b’ sound is repeated. Alliterated words are
‘broad and battle’.

Clue words for ERC
• Clue words for ERC: 1.Poem:A Psalm of Life, Poet: W.H. Longfellow-mournful
numbers, slumbers, life is real, grave, dust, art is long, to act,
muffled drums, funeral marches, worlds broad field of battle, bivouac of life,
dumb driven cattle, lives of men, foot prints.
• 2. Poem: Women’s Rights, Poet: Annie Louisa Walker- rights we cherish,
claim to dwell, inane abstraction, home sunshine, humble plants, and
cherished circle.
• 3. Poem: A Noiseless Patient Spider, Poet: Walt Whitman – promontory,
explore the vast, filament, O soul, ocean of space, sphere to connect, bridge,
gossamer thread.
• 4. Poem: English Words, Poet: V. K. Gokak – speech, leech-craft, tongues of
fire, dawn and sunlight, winged seeds, swarm of fireflies, nascent loveliness,
nectar in fruit jars, clustered stars, homing bees, aeons bright, gospel, Indo
Aryan, global merchandise, word was God
• 5. Poem Snake, Poet: D.H. Lawrence- second comer, as drinking cattle do,
earth brown earth golden, Sicilian July Etna, like a guest, voice of education,
kill him, looked around like a God, like lightning, thought of the albatross,
like a king in exile.
• 6. Poem: The Man he Killed, Poet: Thomas Hardy- ancient inn, nipperkin,
killed him in his place, shot him dead, foe, out of work, quint and curious,
half a crown.

To remember the Poet and the Poem
• 1. ‘Psalm….’ oru ‘Long…’ pattu.
• 2. ‘Annie…’ oru ‘Women..’
• 3 ‘…spider’ on the ‘Walt…’
• 4. ‘English..’ ‘..Gokak’
• 6. ‘Snake’ ‘Dhla..’
• 7. ‘….killed’ ‘…..Hardy’

paragraphs
• A PSALM OF LIFE
W.H. Longfellow says that life is not an empty dream. It is
real. Only the body dies but the soul is deathless. Our heart beat
tells us that time is short. Our life on earth is temporary. We
should not waste our time. We must act and work hard. The
world is a battle field. We must act like heroes. We have the
footprints of great men to make our life great. Let us work hard
and achieve.
• WOMEN’S RIGHTS
Annie Louisa Walker tells that men cannot rob the rights
women cherish. They live alone and silently under the roof. They
do not lead a meaningless life. Humble plants on the road side
give happiness to all. Similarly, women make the home bright
with happiness. They are not noticed but they are happy. They
are not known beyond the family circle. They share their love
with their near and dear. Women are projected as symbol of
sacrifice not as a modern woman.

1. The Selfish Giant
1. Children entered through -a hole on the wall*.
2. The giant stayed with his friend Cornish Ogre for – 7
years*****.
3. Autumn did not give any – fruit*.
4. The giants final journey to – the paradise/God’s garden****.
5. The giant died of – old age and feeble*.
6. The giant longed for – the little child**.
7. 12 peach trees have – pink and pearl flowers*.
8. The giant knocked down – the wall with axe*,
9. The children have – no place to play*.
10. These are the wounds of – love.
11. The giant was covered with – white blossoms.
12. The little child was – infant Jesus.

The Lottery Ticket
• 1. Ivan want to visit – India**.
• 2. Ivan’s income – 1200 roubles per annum**.
• 3. Ivan has – no faith in lottery***.
• 4. The lottery belongs to – Masha*.
• 5. The prize amount – 75,000 roubles**.
• 6. Real property – 25000**.
• 7. To the bank - 40000*,
• 8. Immediate expenses- 10000.
• 9. Disappointment of not winning lottery – hate each
other***.
• 10. Ivan did not visit – Italy, India and south of France*.
• 11. The series number – 9499,

The Last Leaf
• 1. Sue and Johnsy – painters/ common taste in painting,
coffee, chicory***.
• 2. They have rented in – Greenwich Village*.
• 3. Johnsy, Joanna, affected by pneumonia, counted from – 12**.
• 4. Johnsy was watching – Ivy vine*,
• 5. Johnsy’s ambition was – painting The Bay of Naples*.
• 6. The colour of the woollen scarf – blue*,
• 7. Behrman, a failure in art, wanted to paint – masterpiece*.
• 8. Behrman earned his living – served as a modal**.
• 9. Behrman died of - pneumonia***.
• 10. Behrman’s Master Piece – The last Leaf***.
• 11. Pneumonia is - deadly disease*.

How The Camel Got Its Hump
• 1. The camel did not work for – 3 days********.
• 2. The animals, dog, horse, ox were – angry*.
• 3. Camel is – lazy**.
• 4. The camel is lived in – the middle of howling
desert*.
• 5. Dijinn is – in charge of desert**.
• 6. Dijinn punished the camel – with magic
power**.
• 7. The camel can live without food for – 3 days.

Two Friends
• 1. The two friends were – anglers/fishing
friends**.
• 2. They have common interest in – fishing***.
• 3. They drank – absinth***.
• 4. The Prussian general asked – password for
release*.
• 5. The two friends were – shot dead**.
• 6. The Prussians shot them and - threw them into
the river***.
• 7. The value depicted in this story is – patriotism

Refugees
• 1. The uncommon men are from – one region**.
• 2. They were refugees due to – flood/the dike broke**.
• 3. The women wore – blue stuff wrapped like hanky**.
• 4. The city dwellers – hated the refugees with
bitterness**.
• 5. The passer by gave the old man – a silver and a
copper***.
• 6. The vendor was – keen on selling noodles **.
• 7. The old man spent – the copper*.
• 8. He kept the silver for – buying seeds**.
• 9. The child was his – grandson*.

Open Window
• 1. Veera was Sappleton’s – Niece ****.
• 2. Veera’s speciality was – romance at short notice***.
• 3. The tragedy took place – 3 years ago **.
• 4. The hunting party went through – the French window*
• 5. The hunting party was accompanied by – spaniel, the
dog***.
• 6. The hunting party was engulfed in – bog***.
• 7. Snipe is a – bird*.
• 8. Nuttel was afraid of – dogs*.
• 9. The three figures came – at twilight *.
• 10. Nuttel’s sister, sent Nuttel with a letter of introduction,
as he has nervous breakdown worked in a - rectory 3 years
ago.

essays
• THE SELFISH GIANT
The selfish giant stayed with his friend for seven
years. Children played in his garden. When he returned, he
chased the children out. The unhappy children had no place
to play. Spring season came but winter stayed in the garden.
Nature was angry.
One day he heard some music. He found flowers in
eleven peach trees and children brought the spring. Under
one tree a small boy stood crying. He was not able to climb.
The Giant helped him and the boy kissed him. That tree too
gave flowers. The giant realised his mistake. He allowed the
children in his garden.
He could not find the small child afterwards. One day
he came with wound of nail in his palm and legs. They were
wounds of love. The giant found infant Jesus in the child. He
died of old age and was taken to paradise.

• THE LOTTERY TICKET
The lottery belongs to Masha. Ivan had no
faith in lottery. He was a middle class man. He saw
the series 9499 in the newspaper. They started
dreaming about the prize money. Ivan wanted to
go abroad, invest in real business and deposit in
bank. His relatives are not good. He did not like to
go with Masha.
Masha also wanted a villa and deposit in the
bank for interest. The lottery number is 26. The
number in the newspaper was 46. They lost the
lottery. Their dream dropped. The disappointment
made them hate each other.

• THE LAST LEAF
Sue and Johnsy were friends and painters. They
stayed in Greenwich Village. Pneumonia attacked the
village and Johnsy was affected. Sue took care of her.
Johnsy lost the will to live. She saw the Ivy leaves
falling and associated it with her life. She said when
the last leaf fell, she would die.
Sue told this to Behrman, a failure in art, living
by posing as model, stayed in the second floor. He
painted the last leaf of the Vine and pasted it there.
When Johnsy found the last leaf, she regained.
Behrman was affected by pneumonia and died. His
‘Last Leaf’ saved Johnsy. It is the masterpiece.

Study Skill
• 1. What are the different sections in a library? – a)Journal
section, b)The stack, c) Electronic section d)Reference Section
and e) The reprography********.
• 2. What is electronic section? – It is the print and electronic
sources. It contains audio-visual materials such as audio/video
cassettes and CD, ROMs, microforms like micro films, computer
facilities and internet**.
• 3. What does the reference section contain? – Indexes,
bibliographies, abstracts, dictionaries, encyclopaedias, year
books, atlases, Gazettes and important books in all
disciplines**** (write any four).
• 4. Expand and explain OPAC: On line Public Access Catalogue.
Any document can be searched through computer. ************
• 5. What is Note-taking – 1. Listening and writing. 2. Use
abbreviations*****************.

• 6. Two E-mail ID of two service organizations
1.redcross@yahoo.com 2. teresa@vsnl.com
*****************.
• 7. What is cliché? –Word or phrase too often used to the
point of monotony. He arrived- with kith and kin/ bags
and baggage/ last but not the least/ first and
foremost***********.
• 8. What are the two systems of classifications? – Dewy
decimal system and Library of American Congress
System*****.
• 9. Two instructions for using library – 1. Keep silence 2.
Don’t tear pages***.
• 10. What is the use of ‘thesaurus? – to find synonyms and
antonyms and related concepts***.
• 11. Mention any two search/search engines of books – 1.
Author search, 2. Title search, 3. Computer search*.

• 12. What is a)E-mail b)www. –a) Electronic mail.
Messages can be sent quickly. B) World Wide Web.
We get all information through internet**.
• 13. Why do we consult a dictionary? – to find out
the meaning, pronunciation and stress***.
• 14. What is ‘euphemism’? – using inoffensive word
in place of offensive. Eg. ‘Visually challenged’ for
‘Blind’***.
• 15. What is summarising? - 1. Use a rough draft and
a fair draft. 2. Remove abbreviations and titles.
• 16. Arrange two author in library catalogue –
William Wordsworth and Kamal Doss –
Wordsworth, William and Doss, Kamala (it should
be arranged in apathetical order) Doss, kamala and
Wordsworth, William (this question is asked in all
exams)************************.

Spot the Error and Correct
• 1.‘If’ clause:
• a) If he had contacted me I would help would
have helped him******.
• b) If I was were a bird, I would fly away**.

Articles
• a) Cow is an a useful animal**.
• b) He gave me an a one rupee note****.
• c. We speak the English*.
• d) Guilty must be punished*.(The guilty..)
• e) John is best student in the class* (… the best..)
• f) A An honest man is always respected*.
• g) Sun rises in the east*. (The sun…)
• h) He is a an M.P/ M.L.A/M.Sc./M.A/ M. Ed***.
• i) He wears a an HMT watch***.
• j) He made an a universal appeal/ He joined an a
European university***.

Prepositions
• a) Kevin has been working from since 2003**.
• b) She is angry at with her husband**.
• c) She is inferior/junior/superior/ than to me***.
• d) He is confident on of his success**.
• e) The cat is sitting in on the wall**.
• f) Children prefer coffee than to tea******.
• g) He goes to school by on foot*.
• h) He congratulated me for on my success**.

Conjunction
• A)Though/although she is weak but/yet/still she is
active*******. (keep one of the conjunctions).
• b) As I am suffering from fever so give me leave ***.
• c) Sitting near the window and he saw the crowd/working
hard and he passed**.

Concord: Subject Verb Agreement
• a) Neither Ram nor John are is present**. /
Neither he nor I are am active*.
• b) One of the/a group of/none of the/ each
of the students are is happy (the noun is
always plural but the verb is
singular)**********.
• c) The principal with /along with /together
with/as well as all teachers are is present*.
• d) Gomes is one of the tallest boy boys in
the class**

Nouns
• 1. My father gave me a lot of advices advice ***.
• 2. He took up gymnastic gymnastics when he was 7
years old*.
• 3. Mathematics are is my favourite subject. (Luggage**,
news**, furniture****, meal*, scenery*, civics** are all
singulars)

Words in Excess
• 1. He is my cousin brother**.
• 2. He discussed about the matter**.
• 3. He went to abroad* / 4. Raj told to me.

Advertisement-application
From
Xxxx,
Yyy
To
(the address in the question paper)
Sir,
Sub: application for the post of________(fill the post wanted in the
Advertisement)
Ref : your advertisement in the news paper
With reference to the advertisement I herewith apply for the post. I
have enclosed my Bio-data.

BIO-DATA
Name : xxxxx
Father’s name : xxxxx
Date of birth : 02-06-1997
Address for communication : xxxxx,
Yyyyy
Qualification :Degree in _____( fill in as
per the post)
Languages known :Tamil and English
Activities : Sports, NSS, Red Cross
Experience :Two years in TVS Chennai.
If I am appointed I would work sincerely.
Thanking you,
Yours sincerely,
Xxxx

Proverbs and Meanings
• 1. Waste not want not – do not waste, be frugal**.
• 2. All the glitters are not gold – appearances are
deceptive/misguiding******.
• 3. Seeing is believing - do not believe in rumours*
• 4. Look before you leap – think well before you act *****.
• 5. Even homer nods – even great men make mistakes******.
• 6. Haste makes waste – hurry makes you worry****.
• 7. Rome was not built in a day – nothing can be achieved at
once***
• 8. Strike while the iron is hot/make hay while the sun shines –
make use of the opportunity/act in time******.
• 9. Birds of the same feather fly together – Like minded make
good friends***.
• 10. No pains no gains – one cannot succeed without hard
work***.

• 11. Blood is thicker than water – family bond is always
closer ***.
• 12. Covert all, lose all – be happy with what you have***.
• 13. Where there is a will there is a way – strong will
power needed to achieve**
• 14. As you sow so shall you reap –accept the result of
your action**.
• 15. Empty vessels make much noise – who talk more will
achieve, nothing**.
• 16. Pen is mightier than the sword - words are powerful
than wars**.
• 17. To err is human – no one is perfect**.
• 18. Honesty is the best policy/truth alone triumphs –
always speak the truth*
• 19. United we stand, divided we fall – union is strength*
• 20. Too much cook spoil the broth – work should not be
entrusted to many*

Slogans/products
• Box of matches - makes fire*,
• Air conditioners – brings Switzerland into your room/keeps cool****
• Digital camera/ camera– say cheese and freeze/ fine snaps / the world at click/
freeze your memory / freeze memorable moment / capture the moment******
• Lipstick - paint the town red***
• Shoes - a comfortable sole / put your best foot forward***
• Glass- handle with care***
• Mobile phones / cell phone - immediate contact / talk more pay less /
anywhere connectivity / connect the world / brings people to your palm********
• Detergent - cleans well and fine**
• Shampoo - leaves your hair smooth and silky**
• Dress - modest/dashing and smart look****
• Ointment - for external use*
• Tooth paste - a sparkling smile/pearls in your mouth / clean with glee / say
cheese and freeze*********
• Ball point pen/ micro tip pen - flawless writing /it glides on the paper***
• Eraser - erases everything but past**
• Lens - give a clear vision*

• Computer - door step to knowledge / information at door step
/technology at door step/ the world in your room******
• Music system - hear more enjoy more**
• Tea - the cup that cheers every Indians**
• Motor-bike/ scooter - for extra mile and smile / for smooth riding***
• Ice cream - no more summer, children special/ children’s delight**
• Gum - fixes everything except broken heart**
• Watch - sharp time for sharp people / fits your wrist, an
ornament****
• Newspaper - world news for a rupee*
• All out - have a peaceful sleep*
• Mineral water - quench your thirst/ fresh from Himalaya**
• Dictionary - increase your word power**
• Credit card - buy now pay later*****
• Mixer grinder - kitchen-mate**
• Boost - secret of my energy*
• Radio - enjoy the news and music*
• Car - make the travel easier**
• Calendar - point out the passing days*

• Shaving cream - a neat face in two seconds*
• Fan - keeps you cool*
• Coffee - rejuvenates you*
• Washing powder - removes the adamant dirt*
• Washing machine - soft on cloth, hard on dirt*
• Lock - guarantee you great safety*
• Furniture - carved with love and care*
• Basmathi rice - proven to ensure health**
• Onida - neighbours envy*
• Maruti 800 - eye it, buy it*
• Torch light - sun beam in your hand*
• Five star hotel - live on the lap of luxury*
• Floor tiles - tread on style*
• Inverter - no power cut, no worry*
• Tube light - consumes less, lasts longer*
• Paper cups - non pollutant and cheap*
• Burglar alarm - lock and travel in peace*
• Books - gate way to knowledge*
• Diary - plan your day*
• T-shirt - a good casual wear*
• Mouse - the world at a click*

General Essays
• My ambition/my aim/my favourite profession/my
career***********
• Science******
• Deforestation*****
• Pollution****
• Rain Water Harvesting****
• Role of women****
• Computer ***
• Television**
• My hobby**
• The book I like- Julius Caesar**
• My favourite leader / my favourite person- Gandhiji**.

• My ambition/my aim/my favourite profession/my
career
I want to become a teacher. They are
dedicated. They serve the humanity. Help the
children get knowledge. They teach us all subjects
and shape our life. Teachers are the role models.
They help the nation.
I want to serve the humanity. The selfless
service of our teachers helps the society. They are
removing the caste and race barriers. Teachers
bring unity and peace to all. So I want to become a
teacher.

• Science/ compuer/Television
Science has changed the world. Science has
given us many things from a pin to rocket. All the
beautiful things around us are the gift of science. It
has made our life easy. We can travel quickly, cook
anything fast, solve maths in minutes and reach the
world in seconds.
Computer is one of the best inventions. We can
solve any problems through computer. We can
contact our friends living in USA in seconds.
Internet plays an important role. E-mail help us
send messages quickly. We use science in space, in
sea and on land. Television changed our life and
thinking. It brought information and
entertainment.

• Role of Women
Women play an important role in our life.
They play the role of a mother, a teacher, a
friend, a guide and a goddess. Their role as a
mother is more superior. A child is nothing
without a mother.
Women in India are great with ability and
intelligence. There are Prime-ministers, Chief-ministers,
Judges, IAS and IPS officers from
women. We got Kalpana Chawla in space, great
writers like Amritha Pritham, great leaders like
Sarojini Naidu, great and freedom fighters like
Jhansi Rani.

English material for slow learners of HSC students of Tamilnadu

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English material for slow learners of HSC students of Tamilnadu