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1. Gender and Health
By: Nabina Paneru

2. Terminologies
Gender:
According to WHO, the word gender is used to describe the
characteristics, roles and responsibilities of women and men, boys and
girls, which are socially constructed.
The term gender refers to the social roles and relations between women
and men.

3. Contd.
• Gender is the social construction of the biological differences between
man and women.
• Gender refers to the economic, social & cultural attributed &
opportunities associated with being male or female in a particular
point of time.
• Gender is learnt through a process of socialization & through the
culture of the particular society concerned.

4. Sex
• The biological differences between women & men, which are innate,
universal, obvious & generally permanent.
• For example, pregnancy, childbirth and differences in physiology can
be attributed to sex-related characteristics.

5. Difference between sex and gender
Sex Gender
It is biological: chromosomal, hormonal
profiles, internal and external sex organs
It is socially constructed: the
characteristics that a society or culture
delineates as masculine or feminine
Human being is born with sex It derives during the process of
socialization
Sex is determined by genetic and
anatomical characteristics
Gender identity is an acquired that is
learned.
Sex is fixed and based in nature Gender is like fluid and based in culture
Male and female Masculine and feminine

6. Sex Gender
Universal phenomena Dynamic differ between culture
Sex is biological and refers to visible
difference in genitalia and related
difference in procreation
Gender is socio-cultural and it refers to
masculine and feminine qualities
behaviors patterns role and
responsibilities.

8. Gender Equity
• Is the process of being fair to both women and men.

9. Gender Equality
• Gender equality requires equal enjoyment by women and men of
socially-valued goods, opportunities, resources and rewards.

10. Gender Discrimination
• The state of being male or female. The practice of unfairly treating a
person or group of people differently from another people or groups of
people.
• It is the practice of treating a group of people differently based upon
their gender.

11. Gender discrimination in Nepal

12. Cause of discrimination
• Root cause is based in socio-culture.
• Cultural explanations describe “Women’s work” and “Men’s work” in
the home and community.
• Generally women have less personal autonomy, fewer resources and
less influence then men regarding decisions which affect and form
their societies and their own lives.

13. Factors Contributing to construction of gender
roles
• Socio-cultural

14. Contd.
• Religious

15. Contd.
• Economical

16. Contd.
• Educational

17. Contd.
• Occupational

18. Contd.
• State (legal/political)

19. Impact of gender on health in various life stages
• The influence of gender is manifested at every stages of life cycle of
women & men.
• Intrauterine period

20. Contd.
Birth and during neonatal period
• Birth of girl is not celebrated with the same interest as the birth of
boys.
• The birth of girl is taken as the burden from the beginning of life.
• There is also difference in the quantity and quality of postnatal care
provided to the mother who gives birth to male & female child.

21. Contd.
Infancy
• Boys are cared for with greater luxury than girls.
• Differences exist in providing weaning type, quality and quantity.
• Females have an inherent biological advantage over males due to their
hormonal and genetic characteristics.
• Mortality in infancy especially in the neonatal period, dominated by
perinatal cause to which, males are especially vulnerable.

22. Contd.
Childhood

23. Contd.
Adolescence
Female Male
Early marriage of girls (Deprivation of required
nutrition, education etc..)
Vulnerable to violence & homicide associated
with stereotyped masculine traits & attitude.
Adolescent pregnancy leading to maternal
morbidity and mortality
Injuries related to sports & road traffic accidents
Risk of sexual harassment & abuse inside or
outside home
Alcohol or substance abuse
Nutritional deficiency diseases May also be vulnerable to abuse

24. Contd.
Adulthood
Female Male
• Pregnancy & child birth related problems
• Psychological problem (Depression etc.)
• Physical and sexual violence
• Gynecological complication
• Forced prostitution
• Breast, Ovarian & cervical cancer
• Diabetes, Hypertension & obesity
• Inaccessible MCH services
• Little choice or control over family planning
• Conditions like cirrhosis of liver, lung cancer,
haemophilia, hernia, coronary artery disease
common in men.
• Alcohol consumption & smoking
• Male specific problems are given less attention
(female related attended by gynecologists)
• Some occupational problems and hazard.

25. Contd.
Elderly
• Elderly is a well-known fact that the old suffer due to biological as well
as social decline.
• Some specific health issues are:
Osteoporosis is eight times more common in women than men.
Mental depression is more common in women due to menopausal
symptoms and less attention toward their problems.

26. Gender Analysis Framework

27. We learned so far..
• Gender is a social construction depending upon time and culture.
• Women’s and men’s division of labor and access and control over resources is
different
• There is global gender inequality in favor of men
• Men’s work = paid = considered more important
Women’s work = unpaid = considered less important
• Due to gender discrimination women do not get their fair share of opportunities
and benefits

29. Answer these questions based on the picture
• DO you think this is equal opportunity for all animals?
• Does the same thing happens in development projects?
• Who will be able to get the food?
• What should be done instead?

30. Goals of Gender Analysis
• Better understand our community (women, men, girls and boys)
• Get better results from development programs

31. Gender Analysis Framework
Gender analysis
• Examines the differences in women’s and men’s lives, including those
which lead to social and economic inequity for women, and applies
this understanding to policy development and service delivery
• Is concerned with the underlying causes of these inequities
• Aims to achieve positive change for women

32. What does gender analysis recognizes
• Women’s and men’s lives and therefore experiences needs, issues and
priorities are different
• Women’s life are not all same; the interests that women have in common
may be determined as much by their social position or their ethnic identity
as by the fact they are women
• Women’s life experiences, needs, issues, and priorities are different for
different ethnic groups

33. Contd.
• The life experiences, needs, issues, and priorities vary for different
groups of women (dependent on age, ethnicity, disability, income
levels, employment status, marital status, sexual orientation and
whether they have dependents)
• Different strategies may be necessary to achieve equitable outcomes
for women and men and different groups of women

34. Gender analysis aims to achieve equity rather
than equality

35. Gender analysis frameworks are concerned with:
• The development context or patterns in an area, answering the questions
What is getting better? What is getting worse?
• Women’s and men’s activities and roles in the forestry sectors, answering
the questions Who does what?
• Women’s and men’s access to and control over resources, answering the
questions Who has what? And Who needs what?
• The forestry programme actions needed, answering the questions. What
should be done to lose the gaps between what women and men need? What
does development deliver?

36. Gender Analysis Framework
• The gender analysis framework has four parts and is carried out in two main
steps.
• First, information is collected for the Activity Profile and the Access and
control profile.
• Then this information is used in the analysis of factors and trends
influencing activities and access and control, and in the project cycle
analysis.

37. What is gender analysis?
• Gender analysis is a systematic gathering and examination of
information on gender differences and social relations to identify,
understand & re address gender inequities.
• It is the essential first step toward designing & implementing health
policies, programmes, services & health research in a gender sensitive
way.
• It examines the differences & disparities in the role that women & men
play, the power imbalances in their relations, their needs, constraints &
opportunities & the impact of these differences on their lives.

38. GenderAnalysis
Framework
Gender roles &
norms
Gender based
division of labor
Access & control
over
Power and decision
making
Influences life
experiences
including health

39. Gender Analysis Framework
Gender roles & norms:
• Behave in gender perspective way
• Have to dress differently, play different kinds of games, be interested
in different issues & subjects & have different emotional responses to
situation.
• So gender analysis framework studies about the social roles and norms
of male and female.

40. Contd.
Gender based division of labor
• Men and women perform different activities, although the nature & range of
these activities vary across classes and societies.
• Women are typically responsible for children and household work, but they
are also engaged in producing goods for household consumption or for the
market.
• Men are typically responsible for meeting household’s needs for food and
resources.

41. Contd.
Access to and control over resources
Gender analysis framework studies the inequalities in access and control over the
following resources:
• Economic resources
• Social resources
• Political resources
• Education/ information resources
• Time utilization resources
• Local & internal resources

42. Contd.
Power and decision making
• Men make powerful decision than women do.
• Men’s power and control over resources & decisions are
institutionalized through the laws & policies of the state, and through
the rules & regulations and formal institutions.
• Laws in many countries of the world give them greater control over
wealth & greater right o marriage & over children.

43. Why Gender Analysis
• Development of management plans to ensure that the contributions of both
men and women are adequately recognized in determining access to and
control over resources.
• Development, or review, of policy to ensure sustainability through equitable
participation.
• Restructuring of activities and organizations to ensure equitable
participation in all levels and in a diversity of functions by both women and
men.

44. Gender Mainstreaming
• Defined by UNECOSOC as : the process of assessing the implications for
women & men of any planned action, including legislation, policies or
programmes in any area and all levels.
• It is a strategy for making women’s as well as men’s concerns &
experiences an integral dimension in designing, implementing & monitoring
& evaluating policies & programmes in all political, economic & social
sphere, such that inequality between men & women is not perpetuated.

45. Concept of gender mainstreaming in health
• Gender mainstreaming takes into account the gender differences/ addressing
gender inequalities in overall goal, structures, rule for running the
organization, the entire range of programs & policies, allocation of finances,
organizational structure, job description, staffing, monitoring & evaluation
system.
• Women & Men have equal rights to be healthy through appropriate
opportunity & access to preventive, Promotive, curative & rehabilitative
service. SO gender main streaming is important in health.