2. Teaching Methodologies

3. Objectives
After this course the participants will be
able to:
• Define teaching methods
• identify the strengths, weaknesses and
preparation criteria for different teaching
methods.
• develop the criteria to select a teaching
method.
• Plan a lesson according to the need of
different teaching methods.

4. What is a Teaching Method?
• Method is a cluster of teaching procedures utilized
in classroom situations.
• Method is a set of techniques based on a course of
a study, which uses certain types of materials.
• Method is said to be a way of teaching, especially a
regular, orderly, and definite procedure.
• A system for planning, carrying out, and
evaluating a series of learning experiences.

5. Retention And Participation
Rates

6. Classroom Climate

7. Active &
Passive
Learning

8. Some Common Teaching
Methods

9. Lecture
• A continuous speech.
• Presentation of subject contents.
• Clarification of Ideas.
• Use of Av/aids
• Learners see/listen and take notes
• Usually content knowledge is tested

10. Lecture
• Advantages
– Allows maximum teacher
control
– Presents minimal threats to
students or teacher
– Able to enliven facts and ideas
that seem tedious in the text
– Able to clarify issues relating to
confusing/intricate points
– Teacher knows what has been
taught
– Lecture material can become
basis of publication
– Able to accommodate larger
numbers of students
– Cost effective
– Economy of time
• Disadvantages
– Attempt to cover too much
material in given time
– An easy teaching method but a
far less effective learning
strategy
– Presumes that all students are
learning at the same pace
– Not suited to higher levels of
learning
– Creates passive learners
– Provides little feedback to
learners
– May be boring
– One way communication
– Students are less motivated

11. Planning a Lecture
1. Establish objectives.
2. Know the students.
3. Plan the lesson
4. Prepare the lesson guide
5. Prepare for the presentation
6. Present the lecture
7. Delight environment
8. Use scaffoldings
9. Do the testing
10. Follow-up on the results

12. Lecture Rules
• Tell them what you are going to say
• Tell them
• Tell them what you have said

13. Group Discussion Method
• A topic is chosen.
• Material is given or suggested.
• Students come prepared.
• Facilitator checks students’ knowledge and
understanding.
• Different point-of-views are encouraged.
• Critical approach and logical thinking are required
• Argumentation is essential.
• Personal comments are avoided.
• Understanding is tested through
assignments/projects

14. Group Discussion
• Must have clear objectives conveyed to class
• Preparatory work of students very important
• Physical environment must be appropriate
• Size of the group 5-7
• Teacher’s role – facilitator

15. Group Discussion
• Be in tune with the feelings of the group and
acknowledge them
• Evaluate the discussion by determining whether
critical thinking occurred
• It is not the amount of discussion that occurred
but the quality of the discussion that matters

16. Group Discussion
• Set the ground rules for the discussion
• Teacher prepares some questions or statements to
get the discussion going
• Allow for quiet times to process
• Ensure that quiet students have an opportunity to
join the discussion
• Redirect group when they stray from topic
• Ensure the tone of the group is respectful
• Avoid giving any authoritative comment
• Never forget humour and keep smiling.
• At the end recap all the discussion and the final
observation.

17. Group Discussion
• Advantages
– Meets principles of learning
– Excellent vehicle for affective
content
– Allows less experienced
learners to benefit from more
experienced ones
– Can stimulate critical thinking
– The most democratic way of
teaching.
– Grooms higher order thinking.
– Develops language and social
skills.
– Students are highly motivated.
– Students become active
participants.
– Teaches tolerance and respect
towards different point-of-
views.
– Worthy for abstract ideas.
Disadvantages
– Teacher may not feel in control
– Sometimes difficult to keep on
track
– May be difficult to deal with
emotions that arise
– Challenging to prevent some
students from monopolizing the
discussion
– Takes a great deal of
preparation if done correctly

18. Discovery Method
• Teacher presents some examples.
• Learners are invited for brainstorming.
• Teacher puts more examples
• Learners are invited to compare both sets of examples.
• Teacher presents some non-examples.
• Learners are encouraged to draw comparison and
contrast.
• Learners classify the features and patterns and uncover
some relationships
• Learners finally state the new concept they have
discovered
• Problem solving questions are one way of testing

19. Discovery Method
Merits
• Real life experience boosts
motivation among learners.
• Fosters observational and
analytical skills.
• It develops understanding of
learning process among the
learners.
• Students learn problem
solving
• Discovered concepts are
easy to remember.
• Discovery method is
essentially student-centered
Demerits
• Method is time
consuming
• Requires highly skilled
teacher
• Demands intense
planning
• Not-effective in big
classes

20. The Scientific Method
• Observation: Problem identification
• Developing a hypothesis
• Experiment : Gathering data, Analyzing data
• Forming conclusion

21. Merits
• Makes keen observer
• Develops ‘higher-
order-thinking’
• Fosters ‘problem
solving’ skill
• Encourages objective
thinking
• Leads to facts
• Learners work in
collaborative
environment
Demerits
• Time and cost
management
• Limitations of
observation
• Problem of
hypothesis
• Problems of learners’
abilities

22. PROJECT/ASSIGNMENT METHOD
Merits
• Practical Work
• Sense of Ownership
• Creativity
• involvement
Demerits
• Time Consumption
• Goals/Targets Achievement
is Difficult
• Difficult to assess
performance in case of
group project

23. Games
• Good for cognitive objectives
• Can be individually focused and used as assignments –
crossword puzzles
• Can be participative and take place during class time –
physical assessment trivial pursuit
• Determination, explanation, and strict adherence to the
rules of the game
• Try out the game on friends before using it in class
• Gather all necessary equipment ahead of class
• Token prizes

24. Games
• Determination, explanation, and strict
adherence to the rules of the game
• Try out the game on friends before using it
in class
• Gather all necessary equipment ahead of
class
• Token prizes

25. VIDEO TAPES / SLIDES
Strengths:
• interesting and
entertaining
• keep students attentive
• looks very professional
• stimulates discussion
Limitations:
• can raise too much issues.
• expensive way
• discussion may not have
full participation
• only as effective as
facilitator prepares
questions to discuss during
the show or after the show
• Real objectives may be
neglected

26. ROLE PLAY
Strengths:
• Introduces problem
situation dramatically.
• Allows for exploration of
solutions.
• Provides opportunities to
practice skills
• Provides opportunity to
assume roles of others and
thus appreciate another
point of view
Limitations:
• Not appropriate for
large groups
• Very little number of
students can
participate
• Students may be too
self-conscious

27. Problem Based Learning
• Students learn to search for the information to
help them understand the case and possibly
resolve it
• One student becomes the recorder and during
class discussion, categorizes current information
– Analysis of the problem – what is known
– Potential diagnoses
– Student learning issues – what is unknown
– Informational resources with name of student
responsible for finding the information

28. Concept Mapping
• Requires active participation of learners
• Students are able to access their own
thinking and find new associations
• Requires critical thinking
• Begins with a core concept
• Students are then to connect all other
concepts that they know are related to the
core concept

29. Concept Mapping

30. TEACHING METHODS OF THE PROPHET(PBUH)
• Repetition and enforcement
• Memorization
• Presentation
• Questions and answers
• Explanations and description
• Dialogue
• Discussion
• Debate
• Dictation
• Analogy
• Story telling
• Action and imitation
• Demonstration
• Examples
• Use of intellect
• Problem solving
• Individualization
• Preaching and reminders
• Punishment
• Play and leisure
• Practice (inculcating habits)
• Rhetorical questions
• Persuasion and discouragement
• Indications and physical movements
• Drawing and demonstration
• Similarities and contrasts
• Competition
• Experimentation and observation
• Motivation
• Enjoying the morally right and
forbidding the morally wrong

31. Principles of Teaching
• Be clear about your objectives and clear them to your
students.
• Consider the abilities of your Class.
• Reflect on the nature of task.
• Consider facilities and time available.
• Consider the size of class.
• Judge your own strengths and weaknesses
• Choose a method that has worth for all
• Don’t be slave to any one method
• Use different techniques for single concept
• Involve students at every step of learning
• Keep motivation level of your students high

32. Thank You