All the steps of earthquake disaster management 1. Risk Assessment 2.Mitigation 3.Preparedness 4.Response 5.Recovery

1. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE
TOPIC : EARTHQUAKE MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES
PRESENTED BY : NEERAJ GARWAL;
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2. INTRODUCTION
WHAT IS AN EARTHQUAKE ?
• An earthquake is what happens when two blocks of the earth suddenly slip past
one another.
• The surface where they slip is called the fault or fault plane.
• The location below the earth’s surface where the earthquake starts is called the
hypocenter.
• The location directly above the hypocenter on the surface of the earth is called the
epicenter.
• The largest, main earthquake is called the mainshocks.
• The smaller earthquakes that follow the main earthquake is called the foreshocks.
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3. • The instrument used to record the earthquake is
called seismographs.
• The recording they make is called a seismogram.
• The size of the earthquake is called its magnitude.
• Richter scale is used to assign a numerical value or to
quantify the energy released during an earthquake
(intensity).
• The scientists are not able to predict the earthquakes.
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4. STRATEGIES
 Risk assessment or vulnerability analysis :-
Three main factors together determine seismic risk :
The level of seismic hazard, the number of people and amount of property
that are exposed to seismic hazards, and how vulnerable these people and
property are to the hazards.
 Seismic hazards – these are sources of potential harm or loss during
earthquake.
• They can be natural phenomena, such as landslides or tsunamis.
• They can also be vulnerable buildings, brittle piping or loose equipment.
 Seismic risk – these are the harm or losses that are likely to result from
exposure to seismic hazards.
 Risk in our area = hazard +exposure + vulnerability. 4

5. Mitigation :-
It means how to minimize the effects of an earthquake.
 Structural –
• Earthquake resistant buildings and infrastructure.
• Providing the building with strength, stiffness and inelastic deformation capacity.
• Selection of an appropriate structural configuration.
• Using earthquake shaking table to test the response of structures.
Nonstructural –
• Building codes have to be suitably formulated.
• Legal implications properly stated.
• Guidelines for earthquake-resistant construction and retrofitting.
Seismic retrofitting – it is the modification of existing structures to make them more
resistant to seismic activity, ground motion or soil failure due to earthquakes.
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6. Pre-disaster preventive measures –
Long term measures –
• Re-framing building codes, guidelines, manuals, and byelaws
and their strict implementation.
• Supporting Research and Development.
• Making all public utilities earthquake proof.
• Incorporating earthquake resistant features in all buildings at
high-risk areas.
Medium term measures –
• Retrofitting of weak structures.
• Preparation of disaster related literature.
• Networking of local NGOs. 6

7. Post-disaster preventive measures –
• Maintenance of law and order.
• Prevention of trespassing, looting etc.
• Evacuation of people.
• Recovery of dead bodies and their disposal.
• Medical care for the injured.
• Supply of food and drinking water.
• Temporary shelters like tents, metal sheds etc.
• Repairing lines of communication and information.
• Restoring transport routes. 7

8. PREPAREDNESS :-
It is a set of measures taken at the individual, organizational and societal level to minimize the
effects of an earthquake.
These measures are :–
• Securing heavy objects.
• Structural modifications.
• Storing supplies.
• Having insurance.
• An emergency kit.
• Evacuation plans.
• Educating individuals what to do during an earthquake.
• Avoiding storing items above beds or sofas.
• Planning for a related tsunami.
• Earthquake prone areas should have specific building codes.
• Proper training and drills.
• Using educational videogames.
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9. RESPONSE :-
The actions taken during and immediately after disaster impact, and are
designed to protect life and property.
The activities associated with earthquake response are –
• Early warning.
• Evacuation / migration.
• Search and rescue.
• Post-disaster assessment.
• Emergency relief.
• Logistics and supply.
• Communication and information management.
• Survivor response and coping.
• Security.
• Emergency operations management.
• Rehabilitation and reconstruction. 9

10. RECOVERY :-
Recovery activities consist of actions taken to return to (or, ideally, exceed) pre-
earthquake levels of activity and productivity.
These activities include –
• Reconstruct and restore the earthquake-stricken area.
• Deal with the disruption that the disaster has caused.
• Mitigate future hazards.
• Planning for “business continuation.”
• Rebuilding.
• Provide accurate and timely information.
• Identify suitable, earthquake resistant short- and long- term shelters.
• Promote funding and training of post-earthquake building inspection volunteers.
• Enhance ability to provide crisis counseling to individuals in affected areas.
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11. REFERENCES :
HTTPS://WWW.FEMA.GOV/YOUR-EARTHQUAKE-RISK
HTTPS://EN.M.WIKIPEDIA.ORG/WIKI/EARTHQUAKE_PREPAREDNE
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HTTPS://NIDM.GOV.IN/EASINDIA2014/ERR/PDF/EARTHQUAKE/PR
EV_MITIGATION_MEASURES.PDF
SESSION%2011%20RESPONSE%20AND%20RECOVERY_01.PDF
HTTPS://WWW.SLIDESHARE.NET/PUNEETSIDHU/EARTHQUAKE-
PPT-6483569
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