1. 'Generations to
come, it may be,
will scarcely
believe that such
a one as this ever
in flesh and blood
walked upon this
earth'
- Einstein, 1944
One of the greatest
men that ever
walked on the face
of this earth.
Mahatma Gandhi.
The man largely
responsible for
India's freedom
through Ahimsa
from the imperial
British rule after
approximately 190
years.
3. TRUTH
• ".. 'BEING TRUE' MEANS KEEPING ONE'S IDEALS,
SOUL, AND THOUGHT INTACT OF ANY
PROVOCATIONS AND IN ANY CIRCUMSTANCES..“
• WHAT THEN IS TRUTH?
•
• THAT IT IS WHAT THE VOICE WITHIN TELLS YOU.
• HUMAN MIND IS NOT THE SAME FOR ALL, IT
FOLLOWS THAT WHAT MAY BE TRUTH FOR ONE
MAY BE UNTRUTH FOR ANOTHER,
4. SATYAGRAHA
• " (SATYA) IMPLIES TRUTH
• (AGRAHA) FIRMNESS
• ITS ROOT MEANING IS HOLDING ON TO
TRUTH, HENCE TRUTH-FORCE.
• GANDHI ALSO CALLED IT LOVE-FORCE OR
SOUL-FORCE."
• GANDHI ADVOCATED "SELF-SUFFERING"
AS A MEANS OF PROTEST AGAINST ANY
WRONG.
5. AHIMSA
• "LITERALLY SPEAKING, AHINSA MEANS
NON-VIOLENCE.
• BUT IT HAS MUCH HIGHER, INFINITELY
HIGHER MEANING.
• NOT TO OFFEND ANYBODY BY ACTION OR
THOUGHT INCLUDING OWN ENEMY
• WHO FOLLOWS THIS DOCTRINE, THERE
ARE NO ENEMIES.
6. Swaraj
• If India got freedom from the British by brute force,
political liberation would be achieved. This is one
meaning of swaraj or self-rule, a mere absence of
external rule.
• but there is another deeper meaning which in
Gandhi's eyes was more important.
• Another side of Swaraj was a development and
liberation of self through "self-restraint, self-
regulation, and self-dependence".
• Gandhi's Swaraj included spiritual freedom.
• For the Indian masses, Gandhi also
presented Swaraj as "a movement of self-
purification."
7. Swaraj
• He meant that to achieve spiritual liberation,
the evils in Indian Society - Hindu-Muslim
clashes, untouchability, and unequal
distribution of wealth - would have to be
conquered and eliminated.
• Swaraj was the banner under which Gandhi
and his contemporary Indian leaders
appealed to the minds of the Indian people.
8. Swaraj
• There is another idea that is linked in
Gandhi's thought to Swaraj and that is
Swadeshi, which has a range of meaning such
as self-sufficiency, self-reliance and even
patriotism.
• Specific expressions of swadeshi during the
freedom struggle included production of
khadi to boycott of foreign cloth.
• He also emphasized on the importance of
change with time and introducing new ideas
while moving on path of development
9. Swaraj
• The Swaraj which was achieved at
independence in 1947 was not true swaraj,
in a number of respects.
• The greatest disaster was partition of two
nations on religious basis.
• People who had been neighbours and
friends became enemies.
• And enmity increased with passage of time
to a explosive situation
10. True Swaraj
• It would be characterised by a relatively
• strong base of nearly self-sufficiency
through small scale local production
activities,
• self-governing villages containing
independent, well-educated individuals.
• All adults would elect a small body
(panchayat) to deal with disputes and crime,
and also relevant political and economic
matters.
• Higher education, certain industries and
services which are desirable but are unable
to be provided at village level would be
provided by the larger units.
11. Moving away from true swaraj
• Today most societies are urban,
• In the foreseeable future it seems unlikely that there
will be a return to the village as the centre of life for
most people.
• The increasing size of private companies whose
power extends around the globe and whose purpose
is primarily to perpetuate their own existence is one
that Gandhi surely would have been highly critical
of.
• The enviromental impact of economic activity has
become much greater in the 50 years since Gandhi's
death,
• low impact lifestyle is implicit in Gandhi's approach.
• Gandhi's starting point was the individual self
development to be extended to groups of
increasing size up to the whole world community.
12. Important quotes
• Nature provides enough for everybody's
needs but not for anybody's greed
• "Recall the face of the poorest and the
weakest man whom you may have seen and
ask yourself if the step you contemplate is
going to be of any use to him.
• In other words, will it lead to Swaraj for the
hungry and spiritually starving millions?"
13. Need for body protection
• Protection of body from the fury of weather (Heat,
cold, rain) must be need of human being from the
beginning
• There must be use of animal hides and skin for body
covering
• Conversion of plant fibres into ropes, twisting of
plant fibres into yarn and interlacement into fabric
must have come through creative minds of human
being.
• These innovations over a period of time led to the
development of fibre spinning and weaving
processes for fabric manufacture. Obviously
through hand spinning and hand weaving
operations.
14. Rich textile heritage
• Records indicate that cotton was cultivated in
India 8000 years ago. And the art of spinning
and weaving was practiced in India 5000
years ago
• All the fabrics which were produced before
industrial revolution in 18th century were
hand spun and hand woven
• India has a very rich a tradition of producing
exclusive hand spun hand woven fabrics
even today.
• Such fabrics were named by Mahatma Gandhi
as khadi fabric during the swadeshi
movement for freedom.
15. Industrial revolution
• 1771 first cotton mill in England was established
followed by dozens of similar mills.
• To keep the mills running cotton was imported from
India at cheap rates
• In return England exported woven fabric to India at
high price
• As a result no cotton was available for hand
spinning and weaving in India.
• millions of spinners and weavers throughout India
were rendered unemployed.
• Deprived of the only means to earn their livelihood
• Left free to die of starvation.
16. Swadeshi Movement
• The unchecked detrioration of Indian economy and
fast spreading of misery amongst Indian masses ,
specially artisans attracted the attention of patriotic
leaders
• In 1876 Dadabhai Naoroji published his famous book
“The poverty of India” exposing the deprivation of
Indian people by Britishers and the miserable
existence of Indian people at the verge of starvation.
• All the leaders felt that India’s acute poverty was the
direct result of destruction of cottage industries by
British regime.
• The nationalist leaders urged the people to use only
Indian goods to the exclusion of British goods and
gave a clarion call for swadeshi.
17. Khadi
• Mahatma Gandhi is not only the father of nation but
father of khadi.
• In 1908 he discovered Charakha (Spinning wheel) in
London during discussion with fellow Indians
regarding the social and political conditions in India.
• “I saw as in a flash that without spinning wheel there
was no swaraj (Self rule) I knew at once that every
one has to spin”
• He had a clear vision of his programme of reviving
ancient industry for economic gains and also as a
tool of political awakening and achieving freedom.
• He returned to India in 1915 during which swadeshi
movement and boycott of foreign goods specially
cloth was going on.
18. Khadi
• In 1919 Gandhi launched the Khadi programme in
the country.
• In 1920 Indian national congress decided to
encourage khadi producing activities.
• 1925 All India spinners association or charkha sangh
was established.
• Gandhi firmly believed that charkha was his best
gift to the nation contributing to its all sided
development economic, political, social and moral
• I may deserve the curse for many mistakes of
omission and commission but I am confident of
earning blessings of nation for suggesting a revival
of charkha, because every revolution of wheel spins
peace, goodwill and love.
19. After independence
• The importance of khadi continued even after
independence in 1947
• 1948 Government policy on cottage and
village industries including khadi.
• 1953 All India khadi and village industries
board
• 1957 Khadi and village industries commission
(KVIC)
• Responsibility : to plan, organize and
implement the programmes of promoting and
developing khadi and village industries
20. Present status
• KVIC works under the administrative control of the
Ministry of Agro and Rural Industreies.
• KVIC has a 10 member commission at the policy
making level.
• one of whom is Chairman), t
• Two expert members and
• Two official members (the Chief Executive officer and
the Financial Advisor).
• The Chairman, CEO and FA are full time members.
• The head quarters of KVIC is in Mumbai
• it has its State and Regional Offices in all the States.
• It has training, production and Sales centres through
out the country.
21. Present status
• KVIC is having 30 State khadi and village
industries board,
• over 3500 institutions and
• over 29000 co-operative societies.
• There are around 14200 sales outlets in the
country in KVI Sector. I
• t is having 46% women participation in its
activities.
• 30% beneficiaries belongs to SC/ST.
• KVI Boards assist over 5 lakh artisans.
• It has reached 2.35 lakhs villages.
22. A COMPARISION OF MILL AND KHADI SECTOR
SR. MILL KHADI KHADI AS %
ITEM
NO. SECTOR SECTOR OF MILL
SPINDLE 1.86
1. 28.09 million 6.6
INSTALLED million
YARN
211 lac
2. PRODUCTION 16230 lac kgs. 1.4
kgs.
(COTTON)
3. EMPLOYMENT 10.1 lacs 14.93 lacs 146.4
23. FABRIC PRODUCTION (MILION SQ. METER)
SR. ALL KHADI AS % OF
ITEM KHADI
NO. SECTOR ALL SEC
1. COTTON 16343 89.22 0.55
2. WOOLLEN 109 10.61 9.73
3. SILK 211 5.43 2.57
24. Village industries
• Group-I : Mineral based industry
• Group-II : Forest based Industry
• Group-III :Agro based and food industry
• Group-IV :
Polymer and chemical based industry
• Group-V :
Engineering & non- conventional ene
• Group-VI : Textile Industry
• Group-VII : Service Industry
25. Group-I :Mineral based industry
• 1. Cotttage pottery industry
• 2. Lime Stone, Lime shell and other Lime products
industry
• 3. Stone Crushing, Crushing Carving and Engraving for
Temples and Buildings.
• 4. Utility articles made out of stone
• 5. Slate and Slate pensil making
• 6. Manufacture of Plaster of Paris
• 7. Utensil Washing Power
• 8. Fuel Brequetting
• 9. Jewellery out of Gold, Silver, Stone,Shell and Synthetic
materials.
• 10. Manufacture of Gulal-Rangoli
• 11. Manufacture of Bangles
• 12. Manufacture of Paits, Pigments, Varnishes and
Distemper
26. Group-II : Forest Based Industry
13. Hand Made Paper
14. Manufacture of Katha
15. Manufacture of Gums and Resins
16. Manufacture of Shellac
17. Cottage Match Industry, Manufacutre of Fire Works and
Agarbatties
18. Bamboo and Cane Works
19. Manufacture of Paper Cups, Plates, Bags and other paper
containers
20. Manufacutre of exercise book binding, envelope making
register making including all other stationery items made
out of papers
21. Khus tattis and broom making
22. Collection, Processing and Packing of Forest Products
23. Photo Framing
24. Manufacutre of Jute Products (under Fibre Industry)
27. Group-III : Agro Based And Food Industry
25. Processing, Packing and Marketting of Cereals, Pulses
Spices, Condiments, Masala etc.
26. Palmgur and other palm products industry
27. Manufacture of Cane gur and khadisari
28. Bee keeping
29. Fruit and vegitables processing, Preservation and Canning,
including Picles
30. Ghani oil industry
31. Fibre other than Coir
32. Collection of Forest Plants and fruits for Medicinal purpose
33. Processing of Maize and Ragi
34. Pithwork - Manufacture of Pith Mata and garlands etc.
35. Cashew Processing
36. Leaf Cup Making
37. Menthol
28. Group-IV : Polymer and Chemical Based
Industry
38. Flaying, curing and tanning of hides and skins and
ancillary industries connected with the same and Cottage
Leather Industry
39. Cottage Soap Industry
40. Manufacture of Rubber Goods (dipped latex products).
41. Products out of Rexins, PVC etc.
42. Horn and Bone including ivory products
43. Candle, Camphor and sealing wax making
44. Manufacture of Packaging items of Plastics
45. Manufacture of Bindi
46. Manufacture of Mehendi
47. Manufacture of Essential Oils
48. Manufacture of Shampoos
49. Manufacture of Hair Oils
50. Detergents and Washing Power making (Non-toxic)
29. Group-V : Engineering and Non-Conventional
Energy Industry
51. Carpentry
52. Blacksmithy
53. Manufacture of House-hold Aluminimum Utensils
54. Manufacture and use of manure and methane (gobar gas from
cowdung and other waste products such as flesh of dead
animals, night soil etc.
55. Manufacutre of Paper, Clips, Safety Pins, Stove pins etc.
56. Manufacture of decorative bulbs, bottles, glass etc.
57. Umbrella assembling
58. Solar and Wind Energy implements
59. Manufacture of hand made Utensil out of Brass
60. Manufacture of hand made Utensils out of Copper
61. Manufacture of hand made Utensils out of Bell Metal
62. Other articles made out of Brass, Copper and Bell Metal
63. Production of Radios
64. Prodction of Cassette Player whether or not fitted with Radio
30. Group-V : Engineering and Non-Conventional
Energy Industry
65. Prodction of Cassette Recorder with or without
Radio
66. Production of Volltage Stabiliser
67. Manufacture of Electronic Clocks and Alarm
Time Pieces
68. Carved wood and Artistic Furniture making
69. Tin Smithy
70. Motor Winding
71. Wire Net Making
72. Iron Grills Making
73. Manufacture of Rural transport vehicles such as
Carts, Bullock Carts, Small Boats, Assembly of
Bi-cycles, Cycle-rikshaw, motorised carts etc.
74. Manufacture of Musical Instruments
31. Group-VI : Textile Industry
75. Polyvastra (Blended fabric)
76. Manufacture of Lok Vastra Cloth
77. Hosiery
78. Tailoring and Preparation of reaqdymade Garments
79. Batik work
80. Toys and Doll making
81. Thread Balls and Woolen Balling, Lacchi making
82. Embroideary
83. Manufacture of Surgical Bandages
84. Stove Wicks
32. Group-VII : Service Industry
85. Laundry
86. Barber
87. Plumbing
88. Servicing of Electrical wiring and Electronic domestic
appliances and equipments
89. Repairs of diesel engines, pump sets etc.
90. Tyre Vulcanising Unit
91. Agriculture servicing for sprayers, insecticides, pump sets etc.
92. Hiring of sound systems like loudspeaker, amplifier,
mike etc.
93. Battery charging
94. Art Board Painting
95. Cycle repair shops and
96. Masonry.
33. Achievements
Production
1956 1985- 1991- 1993- 1993- 1994-
-57 86 92 94 94 95
A Khadi Qty.M.sq.mtrs 36.20 104.94 109.11 105.26 98.42 136.90
Value (In Rs. Crores) 8.23 195.01 328.64 353.64 357.28 445.50
B. Village Industries value (In Rs.Crores) 12.72 929.03 2264.13 2523.45 2876.58 3433.50
Total value (In 20.95 1124.04 2592.77 2876.95 3233.86 3879.00
Rs.Crores)
34. Employment
1956- 1985- 1991- 1993- 1993- 1994-
57 86 92 94 94 95
A. Khadi 8.80 13.47 14.20 14.45 13.87 14.50
B. Village Industries 6.78 25.61 35.96 38.05 39.41 44.30
Total 15.48 39.08 50.16 52.16 53.28 58.80
