2. Cleft: means fissure.
FACIAL CLEFT: a fissure resulting from
incomplete merging or fusion of embryonic
processes normally uniting in the formation of the
face
3. EPIDEMOLOGY
INDIAN EPIDEMIOLOGICAL DATA STATES
FREQUENCY IN THE RANGE OF 1:700 TO 1:1000 .
FOGH-ANDERSON (1942) FROM DENMARK ,
WOOLF AND BROADBENT (1963) FROM US AND
WILSON (1972) FROM BRITAIN ALL REPORTED
THE OVERALL FREQUENCY OF CLEFT LIP AND
PALATE AS 1.47 PER 1000 LIVE BIRTHS
4. There is an excess of males with cleft
lip/palate 2 : 1
Female excess has been reported in isolated
cleft palate cases.
45% - CLEFT LIP AND PALATE
25% - CLEFT LIP
30% - CLEFT PALATE
5. FOGH – ANDERSON ET AL
IN ALMOST ALL THE
SERIES, THERE IS A LEFT
SIDED PREPONDERANCE
OF CLEFT LIP
68 % OF UNILATERAL
CLEFT LIP ARE ASSOCIATED
WITH CLEFT PALATE -
FRASER ( 1970 )
7. PARENTAL AGE
THERE IS SOME EVIDENCE THAT THE RISK
OF PRODUCING AN AFFECTED CHILD IS
DECREASED IN YOUNGER PATIENTS.
FRASER AND CALNAN (1951) CONCLUDED
THAT THE MOST IMPORTANT FACTOR WAS
ELEVATED PARENTAL AGE AND NOT
MATERNAL AGE ALONE.
9. Neural crest cells plays an important role in facial
morphogenisis
Just before neural fold fuse to form neural tube neuro
ectodermal cells adjacent to neural plate migrate to
facial region
These cells form the skeletal and connective tissue of
the face like bone, cartilage, fibrous tissue, dental
tissue (except enamel)
10. Devolopment of face is controlled by 2 organic centres
1. Procencephalic organizer – induces the formation of
upper 3rd
of the face
2. Rombencephalic organizer – forms the middle and
caudal 3rd
of face
11. 4th
week – stomedium (primitive oral cavity) is
covered by maxillary, mandibular and fronto nasal
prominence
12. 5TH
WEEK – Nasal placods arise as thicknening of either
side of the frontal prominence
Horse shoe shaped ridge consisting of medial and nasal
swelling sorrounds each nasal placodes
As mesenchyme elevates the ridge the nasal pits are
formed
13. 6TH
AND 7TH
WEEK
TWO MANDIBULAR PROMINENCE EMERGE IN THE MID LINE
THE MAXILLARY PROMINENCE FUSE WITH MEDIAL NASAL
PROMINENCE
14. MEDIAL NASAL
PROMINENCE MERGE WITH
EACH OTHER FORMING 3
PARTS
1. PHILTRUM
2.DENTAL ARCH
COMPONENT FOR
MAXILLARY INCISORS
3. PALATAL PART UP TO
INCISIVE FORAMEN ANT.
PART
15. A UNILATERAL CLEFT LIP RESULTS FROM FAILURE
OF FUSION OF THE MEDIAL NASALPROMINENCE
WITH THE MAXILLARY PROMINENCE.
18. GENETICS
Genetic factors are assosiated with orofacial clefting
Incidence cleft lip palate is more for monozygotic twins
than for dizygotic twins
22. THEORIES
THEORY OF DURSY & HIS:
Put forward the hypothesis of failure of fusion of the various
facial process.In fact it sounded a very convincing theory
The fusion theory is no longer because it is realized that
importance is for localized prominence.
23. THEORY OF FAILURE OF MESODERMAL MIGRATION
Fleischmann, a zoology prof in (germany1910)
stated that cleft palate isthe arrest of the
disappearence of the epithelial membrane,which
remains intact,not penetrated by the adjacent
mesoderm.This theory was further supported by
victoe veau (1935) & by stark
24. Failure of sufficient mesoderm to migrate into a
specific area is responsible for the persistance of a
groove. With subsequent breakdown of the
epithelium, the persistant groove gives way to an
established cleft
25. IT IS NOW ACCEPTED THAT NO THEORYIT IS NOW ACCEPTED THAT NO THEORY
UNIVERSAL ACCEPTANCE.UNIVERSAL ACCEPTANCE.
27. DAVID AND RITCHIE (1922)
on anatomical basis
GROUP III – ALVEOLAR CLEFTS
UNILATERAL BILATERAL OR MEDIAN.
GROUP I – PRE-ALVEOLAR CLEFTS
UNILATERAL , BILATERAL OR MEDIAN
GROUP II – POST-ALVEOLAR CLEFTS
• SOFT PALATE ONLY
• SOFT AND HARD PALATES
• SUBMUCOUS CLEFT
28. VEAU (1931)
1 ) Cleft of soft palate only.
2 ) Cleft of hard and soft palate
extending no further than incisive
foramen, thus involving secondary
palate alone.
3) Complete unilateral cleft, extending
from the uvula to the incisive foramen
in the midline, then deviating to one
side and usually extending through
alveolus at the position of the future
lateral incisor tooth.
4) Complete bilateral cleft, resembling
Group III with two clefts extending
forwards from the incisive foramen
through the alveolus
29. FOG ANDERSONS - 1942
GP -1 – CLEFT LIP – U/B
GP -2 – CLEFT LIP & PALATE – U/B
GP -3 – CLEFT OF PALATE UP TO INCISIVE
FORAMEN
30. INTERNATIONALLY APPROVED
CLASSIFICATION (landmark-incisive foramen) –
sanvenelo – roseli 1967
GROUP I: cleft of ant palate
a.LIP – R&/L
b.Alveolus - R&/L
GROUP II : CLEFT OF ANT & POST PALATE
a. LIP – R&/L
b. Alveolus – R&/L
c. HARD PALATE – – R&/L
31. GROUP III: CLEFTS OF POST PALATE
a. Hard palate : r& / l
b. Soft palate
GROUP IV: RARE FACIAL CLEFTSRARE FACIAL CLEFTS
32. KERNAHAN (1971)
1,4 – LIP
2,5 – ALVEOLUS
3,6 – PALATE ANT TO INCISIVE FORAMEN
7,8 – PALATE POST. TO INCISIVE FORAMEN
9 – SOFT PALATE
33. The LAHSAL code splits the relevant
parts of the mouth into six parts:
Right Lip
Right Alveolus
Hard Palate
Soft Palate
Left Alveolus
Left Lip
The first character is for the patient's
right lip, and the last character for the
patient's left lip. Example –
. . HS . L – Complete Cleft of Hard &
Soft Palate with Left Complete Cleft Lip
LAHSAL CODE 1987
38. MUSCULAR ANATOMY
It is devided into 3
rings
Upper ring
Transversus nasi
Levator labi superioris
alaeque nasi
Levator labi superioris
Zygomaticus minor
MIDDLE RING
It represent the
oral sphincter
Consist of upper
and lower lip
orbicularis oris
muscle
LOWER RING
Orbicularis
inferior
Triangularis labi
Quadratus labi
inferioris
39. The upper lip orbicularis oris is made up of 3 strata
Horizontal band – internal orbicularis
Oblique band – external orbicularis
Incisal bands
Mytriformis
40. Internal orbicularis –
horizontal fibers from one commisure to another
Muscles are superficialy inserted into the mucocutaneous
junction giving the prominence “ white roll”
External orbicularis –
these are superficial to internal orbicularis
This determines the presence of philtral crest
Oblique in nature
This fibers fans out from nasal spine runs to commisures
and intermingles with other fibers
41. Incisal fibers –
They lie deep to the oblique fibers
Get inserted into border of mitriform fossa ( apex of the
latral incisors) and then move towards the commisures
Mytriformis –
Small fibers which get attached to mitriform fossa and
then with fibers of transverse nasi
42. Triangularis labi –
Begins at the lower mandibular border latral to chin
It intermingles with the orbicularis oris
Quadratus labi - orginates more medially from lower
border of mandible and insert into inferior orbicularis
43. NORMAL LIP ANATOMY
THE ELEMENTS OF THE NORMAL
LIP ARE - CENTRAL PHILTRUM,
PHILTRAL COLUMNS , CUPID'S
BOW
THE MUCOCUTANEOUS RIDGE
ABOVE THE JUNCTION OF THE
VERMILION-CUTANEOUS BORDER
IS A FREQUENTLY REFERRED TO
AS THE WHITE ROLL.
WITHIN THE RED VERMILION OF
THE LIP IS A NOTICEABLE
JUNCTION DEMARCATING THE
DRY AND WET VERMILION.
44. LEVATOR LABII SUPERIORIS
ARISING FROM THE MEDIAL ASPECT OF THE
INFRAORBITAL RIM, SWEEP DOWN TO INSERT
NEAR THE VERMILION CUTANEOUS JUNCTION.
ITS MEDIAL-MOST FIBERS SWEEP DOWN TO
INSERT NEAR THE CORNER OF THE IPSILATERAL
PHILTRAL COLUMN AND VERMILION-
CUTANEOUS JUNCTION, HELPING TO DEFINE
THE LOWER PHILTRAL COLUMN AND THE
PEAK OF THE CUPID'S BOW.
LEVATOR SUPERIORIS ALAEQUE
ARISES ALONG THE FRONTAL PROCESS OF THE
MAXILLA AND COURSES INFERIORLY TO INSERT
ON THE MUCOSAL SURFACE OF THE LIP AND
ALA.
45. TRANSVERSE NASALIS
ARISES ALONG THE NASAL DORSUM
AND SWEEPS AROUND THE ALA TO
INSERT ALONG THE NASAL SILL FROM
LATERAL TO MEDIAL INTO THE
INCISAL CREST AND ANTERIOR NASAL
SPINE.
DEPRESSOR SEPTI ( MYTRIFORMIS )
WHICH ARISES FROM THE ALVEOLUS
BETWEEN THE CENTRAL AND
LATERAL INCISORS TO INSERT INTO
THE SKIN OF THE COLUMELLAR TO
THE NASAL TIP AND THE FOOTPLATES
OF THE MEDIAL CRURA.
46. ORBICULARIS ORIS
DEEP (INTERNAL) FIBERS RUN
HORIZONTALLY FROM COMMISSURE
(MODIOLUS) TO COMMISSURE AND
FUNCTIONS AS THE PRIMARY
SPHINCTERIC ACTION FOR ORAL
FEEDING.
SUPERFICIAL (EXTERNAL) FIBERS
RUN OBLIQUELY, INTERDIGITATING
WITH THE OTHER MUSCLES OF
FACIAL EXPRESSION TO TERMINATE
IN THE DERMIS.
THE SUPERFICIAL FIBERS OF THE ORBICULARIS DECUSSATE IN THE MIDLINE
AND INSERT INTO THE SKIN LATERAL TO THE OPPOSITE PHILTRAL GROOVE
FORMING THE PHILTRAL COLUMNS. THE RESULTING PHILTRAL DIMPLE
CENTRALLY IS DEPRESSED AS THERE ARE NO MUSCLE FIBERS THAT DIRECTLY
INSERT INTO THE DERMIS IN THE MIDLINE.
47.
48. Lateral displacement of non-cleft premaxilla and tilts upwards into the cleft.
Nasal septum and columella is bent laterally towards the non-cleft side .
The orbicularis oris muscle is inserted laterally into the maxillary bone in the
region of the alar base and also into the lateral crus of the alar cartilage.
Medially, it inserts into the bony margin of the cleft and into the nasal spine.
The nose is asymmetrical and there is no nostril sill.
On the cleft side, the alar base is displaced posteriorly, inferiorly and laterally.
The alar cartilage is usually unfolded and droops down .
49. BILATERAL CLEFT
Short columella
medial crus
Malinsertions of muscles
No nasal sil
Broad nasal tip
Dome ofAlar cartilage-down
rotation
The base of the ala are
broadened and withdrawn as a
result of back ward position of
underlying skeleton and also
muscle insertion stops at this
level
50. Effect of 3 muscle rings on skeletal growth
The muscle rings anatomy and function greatly affect the
growth of the underlying skeleton
The integrity of 1st
ring ( often disrupted in cleft lip) is
fundamental for sustaining and allowing the normal
function of other 2
52. TOTAL UNILATERAL CLEFT
ALTERATIONS IN
NASOLABIAL MUSCULATURE
-;
Lack of fusion of maxillary and
nasal process - prevents the
nerve, muscle and blood supply
reaching the mid line
All the muscle which attaches to
nasal spine ,septum, premaxilla,
gets attached to the latral
border of the cleft
53. The absence of central incisor
lead to disequilibrium b/w 1st
and 2nd
ring
Nasal abnormalities
Nasal septum , columella will
be deviated to contralatral
side of the cleft due to
unbalanced traction of
muscles
54. Alar cartilae on affected side is ptotic streched and rotated
Cartilagenous structures are deformed and dislocated but not
hypoplastic
Premaxillary contralatral deviation
55. MUCOCUTANEOUS ABNORMALITIES
From both external and internal stump of the cleft
the skin of the nasal floor has to be defferentiated
from lip
Nasal skin – 1.Fine grained appearance
2. Skin is much flatter
Lip skin – has cutaneous retraction associated with
insertion of muscles
56. SKELETAL
ABNORMALITIES
The main stump is rotated
out wards due to the pressure
from tongue and traction of
the muscle of the healthy
side, whch is not counter
balanced by the cleft side
Hypoplasia of the
alveolomaxillary portion of
the premaxilla which lies b/w
cleft and median suture
57. Increase in transverse
diametre of maxillary
tuberosity and pterygoid
process because of the non
fusion of palatine
musculature along the mid
line
Both bony and cartilagenous
part of the nasal septum is
streched towards healthy part
58. MUSCULOMUCOSAL HARD AND SOFT PALATE
ALTERATIONS
Reduction in the fibro mucosa of palatine lamina in
the lateral stumps
Where as the maxillary and gingival fibromucosa
remain practically normal
59. BILATERAL CLEFT
Alteration in nasolabial musculature
In lateral stumps similar to unilateral cleft
But in medial tubercle no trace of muscles because
muscles orginating from sides and stops at the border of
the cleft
60.
61. NASAL ALTERATIONS
Nasal alterations are similar to unilatral cleft only
difference is they are symetrical
The base of the ala are broadaned and withdrawn as
a result of back ward position of underlying skeleton
and also muscle insertion stops at this level
The domes of the alar cartilage shows downward
rotation
62. SKELETAL ABNORMALITIES
The pre maxilla is protrubrant and rotated
forward( with its fulcrum at the level of the nasal
spine
Transverse dimension of the pre maxilla are
reduced because of the under activity of the median
suture which does not under go musculo periosteal
traction leading to its traction
63. MUSCULO MUCOSAL HARD AND SOFT PALATE
ALTERATIONS
The posterior part of the nasal septum is vertically under
devoloped and does not reach the level of the palatine
process
64. EVOLUTION OF CLEFT LIP SURGERY
390AD in china and document the cutting and
suturing of cleft lip edges
Ambroise pare in 1564 did a straight line freshening
of cleft edges by introducing long needle through
both lip elements wrapped with a thread in fig of 8
65.
66. Rose (1891) and
thompson(1912)
described angled
excisions of short cleft
edges to obtain length
with closure
Mirault (1844)
described latral inf
triangular flap to be
aproximated to a
medial parring
67. In 1949 le mesurier –
latral quadilatral flap
introduced into a
releasing incison in the
medial element created
an artificial cupids bow
Tennison 1952
designed an z - plasty
68. In 1959 randal modified
tennison method with
mathematical markings
Skoog 1969 later
modified his approach by
keeping the inferior latral
flap
69. TIMING OF THE OPERATION
Most surgeons delay lip repair until 10 weeks after birth to
get sufficient tissue bulk .
RULE OF TENS states that cleft lip surgery should be delayed until
the child is 10 pounds heavy, has a haemoglobin level of 10 gm% and a
WBC count of 10,000/mm3 and is at least 10 weeks old.
71. Later
Incomplete lip – 3 – 6 months
Complete clefts
Lip adhesion – 3weeks
Definitive closure 6 – 8 months
Soft and hard palate – 1 ½ - 2 ½ yrs
72. Delaire
Unilatral cleft lip – end of 6 months
Bilatral cleft lip – 4th
month
And during 7th
month dento alveolar element of pre
maxilla and latral segments are realinged for gingivo
perioplasty
73. Recent concept
Talamant
Primary lip nose repair – 6 months in same step as
that of closure of soft palate
Hard palate – 18 months of age in 2 planes with a
mid line approach with out vomerine flap or
denude bone area
76. Problems???
Nasal deformity
Alar cartilage flared to affected side
Columnella pulled to non-cleft side
Feeding
Swallowing normal (hypo pharynx)
Ineffective sucking (lack in Negative pressure
+ poorly developed musculature)
78. Problems???
Speech
Retardation of carsonant sounds (p, b, t, d, k, g)
These are necessary for early development of
vocabulary
Hyper nasality (Due to loss of velopharyngeal
function)
Articulation suffers (due to dental malformations)
79. SURGICAL GOAL
Approximation of the cleft edges should
be achieved with out loss of natural land
mark
There should be little to no discard of
tissue
The cupids bow should end in a balanced
position
80. The scar of union should be placed along a
natural line
The muscle should be brought together with
full bodied alingment resulting eversion of lips
free border
Alar base should be balanced and columella
equal on both sides
81. The defenite result should be symetrically
functional and esthetically natural
A symetrical red border
82. STEFFENSON (1953) HAS LISTED FIVE
CRITERIA FOR A SATISFACTORY LIP REPAIR.
Accurate skin, muscle and mucous membrane union
with adequate lip lengthening
Symmetrical nostril floor
Symmetrical vermilion border and white roll
Slight eversion of the lip
A minimal of scar which by contraction will not interfere
with the other stated requirements.
TWO CRITERIAS WERE ADDED LATER BY MUSGRAVE (1971)
• Preservation of the cupid’s bow
• Production of symmetrical nostrils
87. DELAIRE TECHNIQUE
A- upper corner of
healthy nostril
A1- upper corner of
cleft nostril
B- base of the healthy
columella
C- mid point of the
philtrum at the
mucocutaneous
junction
88. D- summit of the
cupids bow on the
non cleft side
1- base of columella
cleft side at equal
distance from
midline to B
2- continuation from
B-1 intersects the
mucocutaneous line
89. 3- point in
mucocutaneous line
whose distance from
mid line is little less
than distance from C-
D ( CD =C3)
4- point in straight
line from 3 ,between
vermillion and wet
mucosa
5- base of the nasal ala
on the cleft side
90. 6- point on the
mucocutaneous line
perpendicular from
land mark 5
7- point on greatest
vermilion width on the
cleft side where the
mucocutaneous rim
begins to diminish
(future lateral peak of
cupids bow)
91. 8- Point on line with 7
between vermilion and
wet mucosa
Cutaneous incision
begins at the inner
stump, passes to 2-3-4
From 2 it goes up
along the
mucocutaneous
junction until it
reaches the base of the
alveolar process
92. The mucosa and the
mucocutaneous border of
the free side of the main
stump is discarded
in the small stump the
incision 5-6
And then if the
mucocutaneous line is
not pronounced from 6-
7-8
93. If the mucocutaneous
line is pronounced
then it is necessary to
preserve the white roll
from 7-E in the form
of a triangular flap
Once the cutaneous
incision, excision, and
preservation of the
free border is
performed
94. Finding the muscles
The muscles and there insertions has to be
identified
Transverse nasi – can be identified immediately
beneath nasal skin ( above line of 5-6)
Levator labi sup. Alaque nasi - prolongation
of the line 5-6 to the base of the ala after under
mining a few mm of skin muscle can be found
95. Levator labi sup – mucosal level at the base of the fornix
– this fibers should not be detached these fibers will keep
the mucosa well raised once the reconstruction is over
96. SUB PERIOSTEAL UNDERMINING
In order to ensure tension free suturing of the nasolabial
musculature, the muscular insertion of the anterior face
of maxilla must be widely undermined
97. Ideal way of doing it is sub periosteally and not supra
periosteally – a procedure that does not have any effect
on facial growth
Through the incision made in the fornix , the sub
periosteal dissection has to be extended to frontal
branch of maxilla, orbital rim (going around the infra
orbital nerve), to the zygoma as far as the maxillo
malar buttress
98. Sub perichondrial undermining and releasing of alar
cartilage –
For a corrected nasal deformity to be symmetrical it is
necessary to free the pathological half of the nose
completely from its connection from its healthy half
Through incision 1-2 blunt dissection is done to the 2
medial cura – tip – skin separated from alar cartilage on
cleft side
99. Same under mining done on the dome of the healthy side
and dorsum over the triangular cartilage
The freeing of 2 half of nose is completed by sectioning
the mid line connective tissue in b/w the intercural
tunnel
Base of the columella on cleft side is released by sub
mucosal dissection
100. Superficial and deep levator labi muscle as well as the
external orbicularis are sutured to the nasal spine and
the corresponding contralateral muscle
Then the internal orbicularis is sutured to vermilion
Then skin is approximated in the most superficial part of
nasal floor and the upper half of the lip
101. Lower half of the lip is sutured subcutaneously
If while assessing the symmetry of the lip if it is too short
z- plasty done just above the mucocutaneous border
For optimal continuity of the mucosal layer should be
released for a few mm from under lying orbicularis
The innervention concludes with careful reconstruction
of vermillion
103. Surgical technique
Rotation
Components on cleft side –
2/3rd
– 3 quarters of cupids bow
Median tubercle on the vermillion
One column of philtrum and its associated dimple
All this is rotated down to the normal philtrum
105. Advancement
An advancement flap fills the gap and corrects the alar
flare and wide nostril
Advancement flap is marked generally to fit the rotation
106. Unilateral cleft lip repair
1- junction of mucocutaneous
junction in the middle of
cupids bow
2- placed in the height of the
bow on the non cleft side
The distance from 1-2
determines the exact distance
towards the cleft for point 3
109. Advisable to mark with dots
the normal philtral column to
indicate the ideal matching
philtral column position of
the scar of union during cleft
closure
Rotation incision starts at
point 3 freshening the cleft
with a gentle curve to the
base of the columella
110. This procedure provides 4mm
edge towards matching the
10mm of the normal side
At the columella base the
rotation incision continues
2/3rd
the way across closely
hugging the base, which
provides another 3mm of edge
111. The rotation is increased with
a acute back cut approximately
90 degree running parallel but
medial to the normal philtral
column
This provide another 2-3 mm
edge on the rotation side
The rotation incision is carried
through the muscles to liberate
the labial mucosa from
maxilla
112. The skin and the mucosa of
the rotation edge is elevated
no more than 1-2mm from
the muscle
Flap – c – which during
incision is cut from lip but is
left attached to the side of
the columella
113. Flap- c – is rotated into
the back cut, this provides
extra length at the base of
the short columella
The lateral lip element
should be pared to equal
the length of rotation side
114. Release of the lip from
alar base by a horizontal
incision helps to free the
advancement flap
The lateral lip element is
detached from
attachements to maxilla
and advanced into the
rotation gap to observe
the fit
115. MUSCLE DESSECTION
Latral lip element should
be freed genourously
from skin by careful
underminig
Usually tip of
advancement flap left
undessected so that
mucosa and skin
advanced together
116. ALAR BASE CINCH
The alar base is freed
from the lip by a circum
alar incison
The tip of the alar base
flap is denued of
epithelium and then
threaded under flap c and
sutured to the base of the
septum to cinch the alar
flare
117. Unilateral cleft lip repair Pros & Cons
Repair Advantages Disadvantages
Millard rotation
advancement
•Procedure allows adjustment
as operation proceeds
•Minimum amount of tissue is
discarded
•Scar are placed in anatomically
correct position, in line of
philateral coloumn
•Nostril sill is reinforced and
built up
•Revision is easy
•Most difficult for beginner
to master
•Approximation of two
convex curves leaves the
majority of bulk in the centre
of the lip and not on the
lower free border this may
cause pouting appearance in
wide clefts
•Tendency is to early
contracture of long vertical
lip scar
•Technically difficult in wide
clefts
•Tendency is toward a
constricted nostril on cleft
side
118. triangular flap
repairs
•Relatively inexperienced
surgeons can obtain
reasonable results
•Achieves excellent
lengthening of shortened
cleft side
•Horizontal scars at
triangle site
transgress normal
anatomical features of
lip
Tennyson
-Randall
•Cupid bow is preserved and well
aligned
•Procedure is of particular value
in wide cleft
•Only small amount of tissue is
discarded
•Cleft side may end up too
long, to avoid this cleft
side repair should be
designed 1 mm shorter
than non cleft side
Nakajima •Straight scar line is easy to
revose
•Triangular flap is hidden at
nostrill sil
•May form vertical
contacture
Rose -thompson •Scar orientation good
•Uncomplicated by small flaps
•May form vertical
contracture
•Poor procedure for wide
cleft
•Too much tissue
discarded
120. If the pre maxilla is properly positioned surgery is
recommended – 4 th month
As in unilatral cleft lip the repair begins with repair of
soft palate
Nasal layer is not closed with vomerine flap – maxillary
growth will be hampered
121. Correction of lateral stumps
are similar to that of
unilateral cleft lip
But in the prolabium there is
absence of muscle distention
The skin of the columella
descent into prolabium
122. Its considered that, in dimensions running from upper
inside angle of the nares to the future top of the cupids
bow on the skin of the prolabium the upper half is the
columellar skin and the lower half is labial skin
123. Two symmetrical points 2 are
there fore marked on ideal
extension of lateral border of
columella
And the points at the top of the
two peaks of cupids bow is
identified
2-3 an incision is made
following a curve medially
concave
124. Then incision is continued to
the mid line following a
curve whose concave side is
downward( always remain
above the mucocutaneous
border)
At the mid line it meets the
corresponding contralateral
incision
125. From point 2 another
incision is made
perpendicular to
mucocutaneous border
once junction is reached it
is prolonged to the level of
the bone
The prolabial skin is lifted
by cleaving it from the
underlying periosteum
126. Nasal spine and the lower border of the septal cartilage is
reached ,these are exposed along with lower border of
piriform aperture
Sup periosteal and sub peri chondral undermining of the
septum is also done
Nasal layer closed, transverse nasi, orbicularis oris
muscle sutured to mid line( nasal spine) and the
vermillion border sutured
127. BILATERAL CLEFT REPAIR
This technique needs large prolabium
Lateral vermilion mucosal flaps with white rolls
are brought to the mid line while the prolabial
vermillion is turned downward
128. Muscle to mucosa and
mucosa to muscle is done
behind philtral strip of
prolabium
2nd
stage v-y advancement
is done to lengthen the
columella
This is done in pre school
period
129. Repair of columella
Most procedure – forked flap
technique by millard which
takes tissue from lateral
prolabium and brings it into
columella
New concept
States that there is no skin
deficiency in columella
130. The nasolabial angle is probably the only land mark that
separates the nose from the philtrum and should be
respected in ideal repair
Surgical repositioning of alar cartilage is enough alone to
build up a normal columella with out skin plasty to bring
tissue into it
131. ADVANTAGES
Allows adjustments as operation proceeds
Minimal amount of tissue discarded
Scars placed in anatomically correct position
Nostril sill is reinforced and built up
Ease of revision
132. DISADVANTAGES
Difficult technique to master
Two convex curves- pouting appearance
Contracture of long vertical lip scar
Difficult in wide scar
Inadequate length
Scar across base of columella
133. Complications
Wound infection
Wound disruption or spreading of scar – due to
excessive tension and infection can complicate the
problem
Tilting or retrusion of the premaxilla
Can be avoided by preventing excessive traction
The vomer should not be resected in the region of the
provomerne – vomeral suture
134. Whistle deformity – can be prevented by using
lateral muscle vermillion flaps to augment the
thickness of prolabium
Excessive long lip
135. RECENT CONCEPT – J C TALAMANT
Pre surgical nasoalveolar molding ,lip adhesion not
needed
Precise repositioning of the lower lateral cartilages
enough for columellar lengthening
136. And there is no need for pre surgical naso alveolar
molding or bringing tissue from lip
The new concept is “ the columella is inside the nose”
Primary lip nose repaired at 6 months of age in same
step as that of closure of soft palate
137. The remaining cleft of hard palate is closed at 18 months
in 2 planes with a mid line approach with out vomerine
flap or denuded bone area
Dissection of nasal cartilage from the overlying skin
beginning medially on the septum and laterally of the
caudal end of the lateral cura is important
138. Repositioning secured
by custom made
appliance is necessary
Complete repositioning
of the alar bases of the
nose trills both on
horizontal and vertical
axis must be under
taken
139. Various other methods
Tennison method –
s: central part of vermillion
protrudes in a normal
manner than in straight line
closure
: result in zig zag scar
Revision difficult due to scars
Only 1 side repaired at a time
142. Wynn method
Can be used if
prolabium is small
It makes prolabium too
long
Does not provide
sufficient augmentation
for thin prolabial
vermillion
143. PRIMARY ABBE FLAP
NOT CONSIDERED AS A PRIMARY PROCEDURE
RECOGNIZED AS A SECONDARY TREATMENT
FOR TIGHT BILATERAL CLEFT LIP
145. Secondary lip repair
Z- plasty is done to correct the notch in the
vermillion
Basic idea is to raise vermillion-muscle flaps and
transpose them in a way that they will fill the notch
and approximate the edges of the vermillion,
creating fullness and symmetry
148. Vertical scar contracture
After excision of the
scar, a triangular flap in
the upper portion of the
non cleft segment will
be transferred into the
defect created around
the base of the ala on
the cleft side.
149. Excision o f the existing
scar to release both lip
segments
Incision extended
around the base of the ala
on the cleft side and
bring it to symmetric
position with the ala on
the opposite side
150. To prevent secondary
secondary vertical scar
contracture additional
z plasty including
skin, muscle, in the
lower portion of the
lip
151. Intra uterine cleft lip repair
Fetal surgery is an emerging technology in which the
patients are not born and interventions have to be
done in intrauterine life.
Indications:
1. A defect that if not corrected can cause the fetus not to
survive till delivery.
2. A defect that if not corrected before birth can cause the
permanent anatomic or physiological loss of organs.
3. A defect if not intervened before birth can advanced to
such a degree that cannot be retrieved
postnatally.
152. Cleft lip and palate repair is one of the the condition
for which fetal surgery has been implicated
Modalities in Fetal Surgery:
Open Fetal Surgery
FETENDO (fetoscopic/endoscopic)
FIGS (fetal image-guided surgery)
153. Open Fetal Surgery:
This is the most invasive form of fetal surgery.
The mother is anaesthetized and an incision is given
in lower abdomen to expose uterus.
USG is used to localize the placenta. Fetus is injected
a narcotic analgesia and muscle relaxant.
Amniotic fluid is aspirated and preserved for
reperfusion.
Now uterus is opened using a special stapling device
to prevent hemostasis in highly vascularised uterus.
Warm saline is continuously infused around the
fetus.
154. Fetus is monitored by pulse oximetry and radio
telemetry.
Fetus is intervened and uterine incision is closed
with absorbable sutures and fibrin glue.
It is interesting observation that fetal incisions heal
without scars.
This revolutionized the repair for cleft lip and cleft
palate in intrauterine life.
155. EXIT (exutero intrapartum treatment):
This is special type of open fetal surgery.
Usual open fetal surgery is performed round about
midgestation but this type (EXIT) is performed to
coincide with delivery i.e. fetus is intervened but not
returned in uterine cavity and delivered.
In this type of open fetal surgery fetus is delivered
out of uterine cavity but cord is not clamped so that
fetus is sustained by mother’s placenta.
156. EXIT is performed in cases where there is airway
obstruction by large neck tumors such as cervical
teratoma and cystic hygroma etc.
EXIT provides time to maintain the airway by
resecting the tumor or performing tracheostomy
before ligating the umbilical cord.
157. FETENDO (fetoscopic surgery):
This is developed in 1990s to avoid incision in uterus
and minimize preterm labor.
In this technique fetoscopes are inserted through
mini-holes in uterus and then in fetus and procedure
is performed with less chances of preterm labor
158. FIGS (fetal image guided surgery):
This is the least invasive form of fetal surgery.
The manipulations are done entirely under crosssectional
view provided by sonograms.
It can be done under regional anesthesia even under local
anesthesia.
FIGS was first used for amniocentesis and fetal blood
sampling but now is used for a variety of manipulations
including radiofrequency ablation of anomalous vessels in
case of TTTS and TRAPS and placement of vesico-amniotic
shunts to decompress the urinary tract in case of posterior
urethral valves.
159. Complications:
Preterm labor:
This risk varies in magnitude depending upon the
invasiveness of the procedure. The risk of preterm
labor is more with open fetal surgery and least with
FIGS.
Bleeding:
Infection:
Puncture of membranes:
Anesthesia complications:
160. Complications of prematurity:
Studies has shown there is increased risk of
premature deliveries in mothers underwent fetal
surgery causing premature births and prematurity
associated problems.
Drugs related harm:
Various drugs are used post operatively to control
pain and preterm labor that may itself cause fetal
and maternal complications:
Abruption placenta:
Fetal death in utero and during procedure
161. Advantages
Fetal repairs may achieve result that more closely
approximate normality
Decresead need for extensive post op care, orthodontia and
speech therapy
Alleviate the psychologic trauma associated with the birth
of an infant with craniofacial malformations experienced
by parents and infant
Sullivan approximation of cleft lip edges without incision
underwent refusion and reorganization into lip architecture
nearly indistinguishable from noramal
162. Another advantage of fetal lip and palate repairing is
reduction of bony deformation
For example when post natal repair is limited to only
cleft lip in complete unilateral clefting of palate
,there is progressive bony deformation and mal
alignment of alveolar ridge.
Fetal repair may further limit the extent of bony
deformation at a point early during bone
development and render a more functional
anatomy ,decreasing subsequent surgical
163. Fetal diagnosis
Routine pre natal ultrasonographic examination
Better ultrasonic resolution has improve ability to
identify defect
Diagnosis are now being made even at gestation age
prior to 20 weeks
Bilateral cleft lip and palate is more elusive than
unilateral because premaxilla and primary palate
protrude beyond the coronal plane
164.
165. How and when to intervene
Early intervene in gestation near 20 weeks or less
Skin immaturity would likely to provide better
wound healing than during late third trimester
repair.
[Skin development and diffrentiation with increasing
dermal complexity and maturation of extracellular
matrix may be a limiting feature of scarless wound
healing]
166. This stage uterus more ameanable to manipulation
and endoscopic intrusion reducing the risk of
inducing pre term labour
168. Procedure
Use of endoscope diameter less than 1 mm allowed
to visualization
Limitations – suturing
suture placing
external knot tying with out excessive
tissue compression
170. Intra uterine fetal surgery is emerging as the next
frontier in advancement of cleft lip and palate
repair
Although the prospects for fetal cleft lip and palate
repair promising,extensive research comparing the
risk and benefits must be employed before this type
of surgery.
171. Rehabilitation of the patient with cleft lip
and palate is a challenging task to the
surgical team. The main aim should not be
just aesthetics but also anatomy,form &
function for betterment of an individual…
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172. REFERENCES
Mccarthy - vol 4
Peter Wardbooth – vol 1
Principles of oral and maxillofacial surgery –
Peterson vol.2
Surgery of mouth and jaw- J.R.MOORE
Clinics of plastic surgery- prospectives in cleft lip
and palate repair vol 20 no 4 october 1993
FETAL SURGERY -Muhammad Bilal Mirza peadiatric
surgery apr 2008
Alveolar cleft can affect dev. of both per. And deciduous teeth.
Congenital absence-mainly canine and incisors
Supernumerary-its important that extraction of the supernumerary be done 2-3 months prior to bone grafting so as to maintain surrounding bone
-
Often class III-due to maxillary arch retruded growth
If cleft extends to floor the alar cartilage on affected side is flared and the columnella is pulled to non-cleft side there is also lack of underlying bone which compounds this problem
swallowing normal only if food reaches hypo pharynx
Negative pressure is not created during sucking in addition to poorly developed musculature (ineffective sucking)
Ear infection levator veli paltini and tensor veli palatini originate from / near auditory tube and they control opening of ostium into nasopharynx
Because muscle attachment is absent ear function is also disturbed which makes draining dificult ,there is accumulation of fluid resulting in otits media
If otitis media becomes chronic there is threat to hearing