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CCNA 1 Routing and Switching v5.0 Chapter 4
1.
Chapter 4: Network
Access Introduction to Networks © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All Presentation_ID rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 1
2.
Chapter 4: Objectives
Upon completion of this chapter, you will be able to: Identify device connectivity options. Describe the purpose and functions of the physical layer in the network. Describe basic principles of the physical layer standards. Identify the basic characteristics of copper cabling. Build a UTP cable used in Ethernet networks. Describe fiber-optic cabling and its main advantages over other media. Describe wireless media. Select the appropriate media for a given requirement and connect devices. Presentation_ID © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 2
3.
Chapter 4: Objectives
(cont.) Upon completion of this chapter, you will be able to: Describe the purpose and function of the data link layer in preparing communication for transmission on specific media. Describe the Layer 2 frame structure and identify generic fields. Identify several sources for the protocols and standards used by the data link layer. Compare the functions of logical topologies and physical topologies. Describe the basic characteristics of media control methods on WAN topologies. Describe the basic characteristics of media control methods on LAN topologies. Describe the characteristics and functions of the data link frame. Presentation_ID © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 3
4.
4.4 Media Access
Control © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All Presentation_ID rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 4
5.
Chapter 4 4.1
Physical Layer Protocols 4.2 Network Media 4.3 Data Link Layer Protocols 4.4 Media Access Control 4.5 Summary Presentation_ID © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 5
6.
4.1 Physical Layer
Protocols © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All Presentation_ID rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 6
7.
Getting it Connected
Connecting to the Network Presentation_ID © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 7
8.
Getting it Connected
Connecting to the Network (cont.) Presentation_ID © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 8
9.
Getting it Connected
Network Interface Cards Connecting to the Wireless LAN with a Range Extender Presentation_ID © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 9
10.
Purpose of the
Physical Layer The Physical Layer Presentation_ID © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 10
11.
Purpose of the
Physical Layer Physical Layer Media Presentation_ID © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 11
12.
Purpose of the
Physical Layer Physical Layer Standards Standard Organization Networking Standards ISO • ISO 8877: Officially adopted the RJ connectors (e.g., RJ-11, RJ-45) • ISO 11801: Network cabling standard similar to EIA/TIA 568. EIA/TIA • TIA-568-C: Telecommunications cabling standards, used by nearly all voice, video and data networks. • TIA-569-B: Commercial Building Standards for Telecommunications Pathways and Spaces • TIA-598-C: Fiber optic color coding • TIA-942: Telecommunications Infrastructure Standard for Data Centers ANSI • 568-C: RJ-45 pinouts. Co-developed with EIA/TIA ITU-T • G.992: ADSL IEEE • 802.3: Ethernet • 802.11: Wireless LAN (WLAN) & Mesh (Wi-Fi certification) • 802.15: Bluetooth Presentation_ID © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 12
13.
Fundamental Principles of
Layer 1 Physical Layer Fundamental Principles Media Physical Components Frame Encoding Technique Signalling Method Copper Cable • UTP • Coaxial • Connectors • NICs • Ports • Interfaces • Manchester Encoding • Non-Return to Zero (NRZ) techniques • 4B/5B codes are used with Multi-Level Transition Level 3 (MLT-3) signaling • 8B/10B • PAM5 • Changes in the electromagnetic field • Intensity of the electromagnetic field • Phase of the electromagnetic wave Fiber Optic Cable • Single-mode Fiber • Multimode Fiber • Connectors • NICs • Interfaces • Lasers and LEDs • Photoreceptors • Pulses of light • Wavelength multiplexing using different colors • A pulse equals 1. • No pulse is 0. Wireless Media • Access Points • NICs • Radio • Antennae • DSSS (direct-sequence spread-spectrum) • OFDM (orthogonal frequency division multiplexing) • Radio waves Presentation_ID © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 13
14.
Fundamental Principles of
Layer 1 Bandwidth Presentation_ID © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 14
15.
Fundamental Principles of
Layer 1 Throughput Presentation_ID © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 15
16.
Fundamental Principles of
Layer 1 Types of Physical Media Gigabit Ethernet Interfaces SHDSL Interface Management Ports FastEthernet Switch Ports USB Mini-B Connector USB Type A Connector Presentation_ID © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 16
17.
4.2 Network Media
© 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All Presentation_ID rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 17
18.
Copper Cabling Characteristics
of Copper Media Presentation_ID © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 18
19.
Copper Cabling Copper
Media Shielded Twisted Pair (STP) Cable Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP) Cable Coaxial Cable Presentation_ID © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 19
20.
Copper Cabling UTP
Cable Presentation_ID © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 20
21.
Copper Cabling STP
Cable Braided or Foil Shield Foil Shields Presentation_ID © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 21
22.
Copper Cabling Coaxial
Cable Presentation_ID © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 22
23.
Copper Cabling Cooper
Media Safety Presentation_ID © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 23
24.
UTP Cabling Properties
of UTP Cabling UTP cable does not use shielding to counter the effects of EMI and RFI. Instead, cable designers have discovered that they can limit the negative effect of crosstalk by: Cancellation Varying the number of twists per wire pair Presentation_ID © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 24
25.
UTP Cabling UTP
Cabling Standards Presentation_ID © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 25
26.
UTP Cabling UTP
Connectors Presentation_ID © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 26
27.
UTP Cabling Types
of UTP Cable Presentation_ID © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 27
28.
UTP Cabling Testing
UTP Cables After installation, a UTP cable tester should be used to test for the following parameters: Wire map Cable length Signal loss due to attenuation Crosstalk Presentation_ID © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 28
29.
Fiber Optic Cabling
Properties of Fiber Optic Cabling Fiber-optic cabling is now being used in four types of industry: Enterprise Networks Fiber-to-the-home (FTTH) and Access Networks Long-Haul Networks Submarine Networks Presentation_ID © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 29
30.
Fiber Optic Cabling
Fiber Media Cable Design Presentation_ID © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 30
31.
Fiber Optic Cabling
Types of Fiber Media Presentation_ID © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 31
32.
Fiber Optic Cabling
Network Fiber Connectors Presentation_ID © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 32
33.
Fiber Optic Cabling
Testing Fiber Cables Presentation_ID © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 33
34.
Fiber Optic Cabling
Fiber versus Copper Implementation Issues Copper Media Fibre Optic Bandwidth Supported 10 Mbps – 10 Gbps 10 Mbps – 100 Gbps Distance Relatively short (1 – 100 meters) Relatively High (1 – 100,000 meters) Immunity To EMI And RFI Low High (Completely immune) Immunity To Electrical Hazards Low High (Completely immune) Media And Connector Costs Lowest Highest Installation Skills Required Lowest Highest Safety Precautions Lowest Highest Presentation_ID © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 34
35.
Wireless Media Properties
of Wireless Media Wireless does have some areas of concern including: Coverage area Interference Security Presentation_ID © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 35
36.
Wireless Media Types
of Wireless Media • IEEE 802.11 standards • Commonly referred to as Wi-Fi. • Uses CSMA/CA • Variations include: • 802.11a: 54 Mbps, 5 GHz • 802.11b: 11 Mbps, 2.4 GHz • 802.11g: 54 Mbps, 2.4 GHz • 802.11n: 600 Mbps, 2.4 and 5 GHz • 802.11ac: 1 Gbps, 5 GHz • 802.11ad: 7 Gbps, 2.4 GHz, 5 GHz, and 60 GHz • IEEE 802.15 standard • Supports speeds up to 3 Mb/s • Provides device pairing over distances from 1 to 100 meters. • IEEE 802.16 standard • Provides speeds up to 1 Gbps • Uses a point-to-multipoint topology to provide wireless broadband access. Presentation_ID © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 36
37.
Wireless Media Wireless
LAN Cisco Linksys EA6500 802.11ac Wireless Router Presentation_ID © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 37
38.
Wireless Media 802.11
Wi-Fi Standards Standard Maximum Speed Frequency Backwards Compatible 802.11a 54 Mbps 5 GHz No 802.11b 11 Mbps 2.4 GHz No 802.11g 54 Mbps 2.4 GHz 802.11b 802.11n 600 Mbps 2.4 GHz or 5 GHz 802.11b/g 802.11ac 1.3 Gbps (1300 Mbps) 2.4 GHz and 5.5 GHz 802.11b/g/n 802.11ad 7 Gbps (7000 Mbps) 2.4 GHz, 5 GHz and 60 GHz 802.11b/g/n/ac Presentation_ID © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 38
39.
4.3 Data Link
Layer Protocols © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All Presentation_ID rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 39
40.
Purpose of the
Data Link Layer The Data Link Layer Presentation_ID © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 40
41.
Purpose of the
Data Link Layer Data Link Sublayers Network Data Link LLC Sublayer MAC Sublayer Physical 802.3 Ethernet 802.11 Wi-Fi 802.15 Bluetooth Presentation_ID © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 41
42.
Purpose of the
Data Link Layer Media Access Control The Data Link Layer Presentation_ID © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 42
43.
Purpose of the
Data Link Layer Providing Access to Media Presentation_ID © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 43
44.
Data Link Layer
Formatting Data for Transmission Presentation_ID © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 44
45.
Layer 2 Frame
Structure Creating a Frame Presentation_ID © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 45
46.
Layer 2 Standards
Data Link Layer Standards Standard organization Networking Standards IEEE • 802.2: Logical Link Control (LLC) • 802.3: Ethernet • 802.4: Token bus • 802.5: Token passing • 802.11: Wireless LAN (WLAN) & Mesh (Wi-Fi certification) • 802.15: Bluetooth • 802.16: WiMax ITU-T • G.992: ADSL • G.8100 - G.8199: MPLS over Transport aspects • Q.921: ISDN • Q.922: Frame Relay ISO • HDLC (High Level Data Link Control) • ISO 9314: FDDI Media Access Control (MAC) ANSI • X3T9.5 and X3T12: Fiber Distributed Data Interface (FDDI) Presentation_ID © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 46
47.
Topologies Controlling Access
to the Media Presentation_ID © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 47
48.
Topologies Physical and
Logical Topologies Presentation_ID © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 48
49.
Topologies Physical and
Logical Topologies (cont.) Presentation_ID © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 49
50.
WAN Topologies Common
Physical WAN Topologies Presentation_ID © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 50
51.
WAN Topologies Physical
Point-to-Point Topology Presentation_ID © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 51
52.
WAN Topologies Logical
Point-to-Point Topology Presentation_ID © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 52
53.
WAN Topologies Half-
and Full-Duplex Half-Duplex Full-Duplex Presentation_ID © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 53
54.
LAN Topologies Physical
LAN Topologies Presentation_ID © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 54
55.
LAN Topologies Logical
Topology for Shared Media Presentation_ID © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 55
56.
LAN Topologies Contention-Based
Access Characteristics Contention-Based Technologies • Stations can transmit at any time • Collision exist • There are mechanisms to resolve contention for the media • CSMA/CD for 802.3 Ethernet networks • CSMA/CA for 802.11 wireless networks Presentation_ID © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 56
57.
LAN Topologies Multi-Access
Topology Presentation_ID © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 57
58.
LAN Topologies Controlled
Access Characteristics Controlled Access Technologies • Only one station can transmit at a time • Devices wanting to transmit must wait their turn • No collisions • May use a token passing method • Token Ring (IEEE 802.5) • FDDI Presentation_ID © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 58
59.
LAN Topologies Ring
Topology Presentation_ID © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 59
60.
Data Link Frame
The Frame Presentation_ID © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 60
61.
Data Link Frame
The Header Presentation_ID © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 61
62.
Data Link Frame
Layer 2 Address Presentation_ID © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 62
63.
Data Link Frame
The Trailer Presentation_ID © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 63
64.
Data Link Frame
LAN and WAN Frames Presentation_ID © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 64
65.
Data Link Frame
Ethernet Frame Presentation_ID © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 65
66.
Data Link Frame
Point-to-Point Protocol Frame Presentation_ID © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 66
67.
Data Link Frame
802.11 Wireless Frame Presentation_ID © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 67
68.
Network Access Summary
The TCP/IP network access layer is the equivalent of the OSI data link layer (Layer 2) and the physical layer (Layer 1). The OSI physical layer provides the means to transport the bits that make up a data link layer frame across the network media. The physical layer standards address three functional areas: physical components, frame encoding technique, and signaling method. Using the proper media is an important part of network communications. Without the proper physical connection, either wired or wireless, communications between any two devices will not occur. Wired communication consists of copper media and fiber cable. There are three main types of copper media used in networking: unshielded-twisted pair (UTP), shielded-twisted pair (STP), and coaxial cable. UTP cabling is the most common copper networking media. Presentation_ID © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 68
69.
Network Access Summary
(cont.) Optical fiber cable has become very popular for interconnecting infrastructure network devices. It permits the transmission of data over longer distances and at higher bandwidths (data rates) than any other networking media. Wireless media carry electromagnetic signals that represent the binary digits of data communications using radio or microwave frequencies. The data link layer is responsible for the exchange of frames between nodes over a physical network media. It allows the upper layers to access the media and controls how data is placed and received on the media. Among the different implementations of the data link layer protocols, there are different methods of controlling access to the media. These media access control techniques define if and how the nodes share the media. The actual media access control method used depends on the topology and media sharing. LAN and WAN topologies can be physical or logical. Presentation_ID © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 69
70.
Network Access Summary
(cont.) WANs are commonly interconnected using the point-to-point, hub and spoke, or mesh physical topologies. In shared media LANs, end devices can be interconnected using the star, bus, ring, or extended star (hybrid) physical topologies. All data link layer protocols encapsulate the Layer 3 PDU within the data field of the frame. However, the structure of the frame and the fields contained in the header and trailer vary according to the protocol. Presentation_ID © 2008 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 70
71.
Presentation_ID © 2008
Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 71
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